Kondwani - yekhayo amene anali moyo woimira wakale wakale wa coelacanthus. Chifukwa chake, ndichapadera - mawonekedwe ake abwinobwino sakudziwikanso, ndipo kafukufuku wake akuwulula zinsinsi za chisinthiko, chifukwa ndizofanana kwambiri ndi makolo omwe adadutsa panyanja zapadziko lapansi nthawi zakale - ngakhale asanafike pamtunda.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Latimeria
Ma coelacanths adawoneka pafupifupi zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo kamodzi lamuloli linali lochulukirapo, koma mpaka lero mtundu umodzi wokha womwe udapulumuka, kuphatikiza mitundu iwiri. Chifukwa chake, ma coelacanth amawerengedwa ngati nsomba yotsalira - zotsalira zamoyo.
M'mbuyomu, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti zaka zapitazi, ma coelacanths sanasinthebe chilichonse, ndipo timawawona chimodzimodzi monga anali m'masiku akale. Koma ataphunzira ma genetic, adapezeka kuti amasintha pamlingo wabwinobwino - ndipo zidapezeka kuti ali pafupi ndi ma tetrapods kuposa nsomba.
Coelacanths (mofananamo, ma coelacanths, ngakhale asayansi amatcha imodzi mwazomwe zimasankhidwa mwanjira imeneyi) amakhala ndi mbiri yayitali kwambiri ndipo adabweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana: kukula kwa nsomba za dongosololi kumachokera pa masentimita 10 mpaka 200, anali ndi matupi amitundu yosiyanasiyana - kuchokera yotakata ngati eel, zipsepse zimasiyana kwambiri ndipo zinali ndi mawonekedwe ena.
Kanema: Latimeria
Kuchokera pa chord, iwo adapanga chubu chotanuka, chomwe ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi nsomba zina, mawonekedwe a chigaza alinso achindunji - palibenso nyama zomwe zili ndi zofananira zomwe zasungidwa padziko lapansi. Evolution yatenga ma coelacanths patali kwambiri - ndichifukwa chake, ngakhale atataya mwayi wa nsomba zomwe sizinasinthe ndi nthawi yayitali, ma coelacanths amakhalabe ndi tanthauzo lalikulu lasayansi.
Pachimake pogawa ma coelacanths padziko lonse lapansi akukhulupirira kuti adachitika mu nthawi ya Triassic ndi Jurassic. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chofukulidwa m'mabwinja chimagwera pa iwo. Atangofika pachimake, ma coelacanths ambiri adatheratu - mulimonsemo, palibe zomwe angapeze pambuyo pake.
Amakhulupirira kuti adazimiririka kale ma dinosaurs. Chodabwitsa kwambiri kwa asayansi ndikutulukira: akupezekabe padziko lapansi! Zidachitika mu 1938, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi mitundu ya Latimeria chalumnae idalandila za sayansi, idapangidwa ndi D. Smith.
Anayamba kuphunzira mwakhama coelacanths, adapeza kuti amakhala pafupi ndi Komoro, koma ngakhale kwa zaka 60 sanakayikire kuti mtundu wachiwiri, Latimeria menadoensis, umakhala gawo lina ladziko lapansi, m'nyanja za Indonesia. Malongosoledwe ake adapangidwa mu 1999 ndi gulu la asayansi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Coelacanth fish
Mitundu ya Comorian ili ndi imvi, pali malo ambiri oyera otuwa pathupi. Ndiwo omwe amadziwika - nsomba iliyonse ili ndi chitsanzo chake. Mawanga awa amafanana ndi ma tunicates omwe amakhala m'mapanga momwemo ma coelacanth okha. Chifukwa chake utoto umawalola kubisala. Amwalira, amasanduka abulauni, ndipo pamitundu ya ku Indonesia uwu ndi mtundu wabwinobwino.
Akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna, amatha kukula mpaka masentimita 180-190, pomwe amuna - mpaka 140-150. Amalemera makilogalamu 50-85. Ndi nsomba zokhazokha zokha zomwe zili kale zazikulu, pafupifupi masentimita 40 - izi zimafooketsa chidwi cha adani ambiri, ngakhale mwachangu.
Mafupa a coelacanth ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi makolo awo akale. Zipsepse za Lobe ndizodabwitsa - zilipo zisanu ndi zitatu mwa izo, zolumikizidwa zokhala ndi malamba amfupa, kuyambira nthawi zakale zomwezo, malamba amapewa ndi m'chiuno amapangidwa ndi nyama zam'mbali atapita kumtunda. Kusintha kwa notochord mu coelacanths kunachitika mwa njira yake - m'malo mwa ma vertebrae, anali ndi chubu chocheperako, momwe mumakhala madzi mopanikizika kwambiri.
Kapangidwe ka chigaza kali ndipadera: cholumikizira chamkati chimachigawa m'magawo awiri, chifukwa chake, coelacanth imatha kutsitsa nsagwada m'munsi ndikukweza chapamwamba - chifukwa cha ichi, kutsegula pakamwa ndikokulirapo ndipo kukoka kwake kumakhala kwakukulu.
Ubongo wa coelacanth ndi wocheperako: umalemera magalamu ochepa chabe, ndipo umatenga gawo limodzi ndi theka la chigaza cha nsomba. Koma ali ndi zovuta zotsogola za epiphyseal, chifukwa chake amatha kujambula bwino. Maso akulu owala amathandiziranso izi - amasinthidwa kukhala moyo wamdima.
Komanso, coelacanth ili ndi zina zambiri zapadera - ndi nsomba yosangalatsa kwambiri kuphunzira, momwe ofufuza akupezera zinthu zatsopano zomwe zingawunikire zinsinsi zina za chisinthiko. Inde, m'njira zambiri imakhala yofanana ndi nsomba zakale kwambiri kuyambira nthawi yomwe kunalibe zamoyo zonse pamtunda.
Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chake, asayansi atha kuwona momwe zamoyo zakale zimagwirira ntchito, zomwe ndizothandiza kwambiri kuposa kuphunzira mafupa akale. Kuphatikiza apo, ziwalo zawo zamkati sizisungidwa konse, ndipo asanapezeke coelacanth, munthu amangoganizira momwe angakonzedwere.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chigoba cha coelacanth chimakhala ndi mphako ya gelatinous, yomwe imatha kutenga kusinthasintha kwakung'ono kwamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, safuna kuwala kuti azindikire komwe wovutikayo anali.
Kodi coelacanth amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Coelacanth fish
Pali madera atatu akuluakulu okhala:
- Mozambique Strait, komanso malowa kumpoto pang'ono;
- kuchokera kugombe la South Africa;
- pafupi ndi doko la Kenya la Malindi;
- Nyanja ya Sulawesi.
Mwina si kutha kwake, ndipo akukhalabe kumadera akutali a dziko lapansi, chifukwa dera lomaliza la malo ake lidapezeka posachedwa - kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Nthawi yomweyo, ili kutali kwambiri ndi awiri oyamba - chifukwa chake palibe chomwe chimalepheretsa mtundu wina wa coelacanth kupezeka kwina mbali ina ya dziko lapansi.
M'mbuyomu, pafupifupi zaka 80 zapitazo, coelacanth adapezeka pamtsinje wa Chalumna (chifukwa chake dzina la mtundu uwu m'Chilatini) pafupi ndi gombe la South Africa. Zinawonekeratu kuti fanizoli lidabwera kuchokera kudera lina - dera la Comoros. Ndipafupi nawo pomwe coelacanth amakhala kwambiri.
Koma pambuyo pake zidadziwika kuti anthu awo akukhalabe kufupi ndi gombe la South Africa - amakhala ku Sodwana Bey. Wina adapezeka pagombe la Kenya. Pomaliza, mtundu wachiwiri unapezeka, wokhala kutali kwambiri ndi woyamba, munyanja ina - pafupi ndi chilumba cha Sulawesi, munyanja la dzina lomweli, ku Pacific Ocean.
Zovuta zakudziwika kwa ma coelacanth zimalumikizidwa ndi kuti amakhala mozama, pomwe amakhala m'nyanja zotentha zokha, magombe omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osakhazikika bwino. Nsombayi imamva bwino kutentha kwa madzi kumakhala pafupifupi 14-18 ° C, ndipo m'malo omwe amakhala, kutentha koteroko kumakhala kwakuya kwa 100 mpaka 350 mita.
Popeza chakudya chimasowa kwambiri, coelacanth imatha kukwera usiku kuti ipeze chakudya. Masana, amathumiranso m'madzi kapena amapita kukapuma m'mapanga a pansi pamadzi. Chifukwa chake, amasankha malo omwe mapanga oterewa amapezeka mosavuta.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake amakonda malo ozungulira a Comoros kwambiri - chifukwa chaphalaphala lomwe lakhalapo kwanthawi yayitali, ma void ambiri am'madzi awonekera pamenepo, omwe ndi abwino kwambiri kwa ma coelacanths. Pali chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri: amakhala m'malo omwe madzi abwino amalowa m'nyanja kudzera m'mapanga awa.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala nsomba za coelacanth zopangidwa ndi mtanda. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi coelacanth amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Coelacanth yamakono
Ndi nsomba zolusa, koma amasambira pang'onopang'ono. Izi zimakonzeratu zakudya zake - makamaka zimakhala ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe sizimatha kusambira ngakhale pamenepo.
Ndi:
- nsomba zapakatikati - beryx, snappers, makadinala, ma eel;
- cuttlefish ndi molluscs ena;
- anangula ndi nsomba zina zing'onozing'ono;
- nsombazi zazing'ono.
Coelacanths amafunafuna chakudya m'mapanga momwemo momwe amakhala nthawi zambiri, akusambira pafupi ndi makoma awo ndikuyamwa nyama zomwe zabisala - mawonekedwe a chigaza ndi nsagwada zimawalola kuyamwa chakudya mwamphamvu. Ngati sikokwanira, ndipo nsomba imamva njala, ndiye kuti usiku imasambira ndikusaka chakudya pafupi ndi pamwamba.
Zitha kukhala zokwanira nyama yayikulu - mano amapangidwira izi, ngakhale zing'onozing'ono. Mwa kuchedwa kwake konse, ngati coelacanth yagwira nyama yake, zimakhala zovuta kuthawa - iyi ndi nsomba yamphamvu. Koma poluma ndikung'amba nyama, mano ake sanasinthidwe, chifukwa chake muyenera kumeza wovulalayo.
Mwachilengedwe, zimatenga nthawi yayitali kupukusa, pomwe coelacanth ili ndi valavu yopangidwa bwino - gawo linalake lomwe limapangidwa ndi nsomba zingapo. Kugaya m'mimba ndikotalika, koma kumakupatsani mwayi woti mudye chilichonse popanda zovuta.
Chosangalatsa: Kukhala ndi coelacanth kumatha kuphunziridwa pansi pamadzi - ikakwera pamwamba, kupuma kumachitika chifukwa chamadzi ofunda kwambiri, ndipo imamwalira ngakhale itayikidwa mwachangu m'madzi ozizira wamba.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Latimeria kuchokera ku Red Book
Coelacanth imakhala tsiku lonse kuphanga, kupumula, koma usiku amapita kukasaka, pomwe imatha kulowa mkati mwazitsulo zamadzi, komanso mosiyana, imadzuka. Sagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri posambira: amayesa kukwera zamakono ndikuzilola kuti zizinyamula zokha, ndipo zipsepse zawo zimangoyendetsa ndikuzungulira zopinga.
Ngakhale coelacanth ndi nsomba yochedwa, koma kapangidwe ka zipsepse zake ndi chinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri pophunzira, amalola kuti isambire mwachilendo. Choyamba, imafunika kuthamanga, chifukwa imamenya madzi ndi zipsepse zake zolimbitsa mwamphamvu, kenako ndikuyandama m'madzi kuposa kusambira pa iyo - kusiyana ndi nsomba zina zambiri mukamayenda.
Chinsalu choyamba chakumbuyo chimakhala ngati seyera, ndipo kumapeto kwa mchira kumakhala kosagwedezeka nthawi zambiri, koma ngati nsomba ili pachiwopsezo, imatha kuthamanga kwambiri mothandizidwa nayo. Ngati akufunika kutembenuka, amasindikiza chimbudzi chimodzi chamthupi, ndikuwongola inayo. Pali chisomo chochepa pakuyenda kwa coelacanth, koma ndizochuma kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake.
Ichi ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamtundu wa coelacanth: chimakhala chaulesi komanso chosowa choyambira, makamaka osati chankhanza, ndipo zoyesayesa zonse za chinsomba ichi cholinga chake ndikupulumutsa chuma. Ndipo kusinthaku kwapita patsogolo kwambiri!
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Latimeria
Masana, ma coelacanth amasonkhana m'mapanga m'magulu, koma nthawi yomweyo palibe njira imodzi yamakhalidwe: monga ofufuza apezera, anthu ena nthawi zonse amasonkhana m'mapanga omwewo, pomwe ena amasambira kupita kosiyanasiyana nthawi iliyonse, ndikusintha gululo. Zomwe zidapangitsa izi sizinachitike.
Coelacanths ndi ovoviviparous, mazira ngakhale asanabadwe amakhala ndi mano komanso dongosolo logaya chakudya - ofufuza amakhulupirira kuti amadya mazira owonjezera. Malingaliro awa ndi azimayi angapo apakati omwe agwidwa: mwa iwo omwe ali ndi pakati, mazira 50-70 adapezeka, ndipo mwa omwe mazira anali pafupi kubadwa, panali ochepa - kuyambira 5 mpaka 30.
Komanso mazirawo amadyetsa mwa kuyamwa mkaka wa m'mimba. Njira zoberekera za nsomba nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa bwino, kulola kuti kale zipangidwe kale komanso mwachangu zazikulu kuti zibadwe, zitha kudziyimira pomwepo. Mimba imakhala yopitilira chaka.
Ndipo kutha msinkhu kumachitika ndi zaka 20, pambuyo pake kubereka kumachitika kamodzi zaka 3-4 zilizonse. Feteleza ndi mkati, ngakhale zambiri sizidziwikabe kwa asayansi. Sizinakhazikitsidwenso komwe ma coelacanth achichepere amakhala - samakhala m'mapanga ndi akulu, nthawi yonse yakufufuza, ndi awiri okha omwe adapezeka, ndipo amangosambira m'nyanja.
Adani achilengedwe a coelacanth
Chithunzi: Coelacanth fish
Coelacanth wamkulu ndi nsomba yayikulu ndipo, ngakhale ndiyosachedwa, amatha kudziteteza. Mwa okhala pafupi ndi nyanja, ndi shaki zazikulu zokha zomwe zingathe kuthana nazo popanda vuto lililonse. Chifukwa chake, ndi ma coelacanth okha omwe amawopa - pambuyo pake, nsombazi zimadya pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chimangokopa.
Ngakhale kukoma kwa nyama ya coelacanth, kununkhira mwamphamvu ngati kovunda, sikuwasokoneza ngakhale pang'ono - pambuyo pake, samanyansidwa ndi kudya nyama yowola. Koma kukoma uku mwanjira ina kunathandizira kuteteza ma coelacanths - anthu omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo awo, mosiyana ndi asayansi, amadziwa za iwo kwanthawi yayitali, koma sanadyepo.
Koma nthawi zina amadya, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti nyama ya coelacanth imathandizira malungo. Mulimonsemo, nsomba zawo sizinali zogwira ntchito, choncho anthu mwina ankasungidwa pamlingo wofanana. Adavutika kwambiri panthawi yomwe msika wakuda weniweni udakhazikitsidwa, komwe adagulitsa madzi kuchokera pazovuta zawo zachilendo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Makolo a coelacanth anali ndi mapapo athunthu, ndipo mazira awo amakhalabe - koma kamwana kameneka kamakula, kukula kwa mapapo kumachedwetsa, ndipo pamapeto pake amakhala osatukuka. Kwa ma coelacanths, adangoleka kufunikira atayamba kukhala m'madzi akuya - poyamba, asayansi adatenga zotsalira zopanda mapapu kuti zisambe chikhodzodzo cha nsomba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Coelacanth fish
Mitundu ya ku Indonesia imadziwika kuti ndi yotetezeka, ndipo a Comorian atsala pang'ono kutha. Onsewa akutetezedwa, kuwedza kwawo ndikoletsedwa. Asanatulukire nsombazi, ngakhale anthu am'mbali mwa nyanja ankadziwa za iwo, sanawagwire mwachindunji, popeza sanadye.
Pambuyo popezeka izi, izi zidapitilira kwakanthawi, koma kenako mphekesera zidafalikira kuti madzi omwe amachokera pachimake amatha kutalikitsa moyo. Panali ena, mwachitsanzo, omwe amatha kupanga mankhwala achikondi mwa iwo. Ndiye, ngakhale zoletsedwa, adayamba kuwagwira, chifukwa mitengo yamadziyi inali yokwera kwambiri.
Opha nyama mwachangu anali otanganidwa kwambiri m'ma 1980, chifukwa chake ofufuzawo adapeza kuti anthu adatsika kwambiri, kuzikhalidwe zofunikira - malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwawo, ma coelacanths 300 okha ndi omwe adatsala m'chigawo cha Comoros pofika zaka za m'ma 1990. Chifukwa cha milandu yolimbana ndi opha nyama mosavomerezeka, nambala yawo idakhazikika, ndipo pano akuwerengedwa kuti ndi anthu 400-500.
Ndi ma coelacanth angati omwe amakhala kunyanja ya South Africa ndipo ku Sulawesi Sea sanakhazikitsidwe ngakhale pafupifupi. Zimaganiziridwa kuti pali ochepa mwa iwo poyamba (sikungakhale kuti tikulankhula za mazana a anthu). Kachiwiri, kufalikira kumatha kukhala kwakukulu kwambiri - pafupifupi anthu 100 mpaka 1,000.
Kuteteza ma coelacanths
Chithunzi: Coelacanth nsomba kuchokera ku Red Book
Coelacanth itapezeka pafupi ndi ma Comoros ndi France, omwe anali nzika zake panthawiyo, nsomba iyi idadziwika kuti ndi chuma chadziko ndipo imasungidwa. Kuwagwira kunali koletsedwa kwa aliyense kupatula iwo omwe adalandira chilolezo chapadera kuchokera kwa oyang'anira aku France.
Zilumbazi zitapeza ufulu kwanthawi yayitali, palibe zomwe zidachitidwa kuti ziteteze ma coelacanths, chifukwa chake kupha nyama mwanzeru kudakula bwino kwambiri. Pokhapokha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90 pomwe nkhondo yolimbana naye idayamba, ndipo zilango zoyipa zidaperekedwa kwa iwo omwe adagwidwa ndi coelacanths.
Inde, mphekesera zonena zamphamvu zawo zozizwitsa zidayamba kuchepa - chifukwa chake, tsopano sagwidwa, ndipo asiya kufa, ngakhale kuchuluka kwawo kukucheperako, chifukwa nsombazi zimabala pang'onopang'ono. Ku Comoros, adalengezedwa kuti ndi chuma chamayiko.
Kupezeka kwa anthu pafupi ndi South Africa ndi mitundu yaku Indonesia kudalola asayansi kuti azipuma momasuka, koma ma coelacanth akadatetezedwa, kugwidwa kwawo sikuletsedwa, ndipo kuletsa uku kumachotsedwa pokhapokha pofufuza.
Zosangalatsa: Ma Coelacanths amatha kusambira m'malo osazolowereka kwambiri: mwachitsanzo, m'mimba kapena chammbuyo. Amazichita pafupipafupi, ndizachilengedwe kwa iwo ndipo samakumana ndi zovuta zina. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti azigubuduza mitu yawo pansi - amachita izi mosasunthika, nthawi iliyonse amakhala pamalowo kwa mphindi zingapo.
Kondwani ndiwofunika kwambiri kwa sayansi, chifukwa chakuwunika ndikuphunzira kapangidwe kake, zowonjezereka zatsopano zakufotokozera momwe chisinthiko chidachitikira zikupezeka nthawi zonse. Pali ochepa omwe atsala padziko lapansi, chifukwa chake amafunika kutetezedwa - mwamwayi, anthu akhalabe okhazikika, ndipo pakadali pano mtundu uwu wa nsomba sukuwopsezedwa kuti watha.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/24/2019 nthawi 20:54
