Nsomba ku Greenland ndiyosachedwa, koma mbali inayo imakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri, ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa zachilengedwe: nthawi yonse ya moyo wake komanso momwe amasinthira madzi amadzi oundana ndizosangalatsa. Kwa nsomba zamtunduwu, izi ndizapadera. Kupatula apo, mosiyana ndi "abale" ake akumwera, ndiwodekha ndipo saopseza anthu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Greenland shark
Nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yotchedwa shark, dzina lawo m'Chilatini ndi Selachii. Wakale kwambiri mwa iwo, hybodontids, adawonekera m'nthawi ya Upper Devonia. Selachia wakale adasowa pakutha kwa Permian, kutsegulira njira pakusintha kwachilengedwe kwa mitundu yotsalayo ndikusintha kwawo kukhala nsombazi zamakono.
Maonekedwe awo adayamba koyambirira kwa Mesozoic ndipo amayamba ndikugawana asaka ndi cheza moyenera. M'nthawi ya Lower ndi Middle Jurassic, panali kusintha kwachangu, ndiye pafupifupi malamulo onse amakono adapangidwa, kuphatikiza ma katraniformes, omwe ndi a Greenland shark.
Kanema: Greenland Shark
Makamaka nsombazi zidakopeka, ndipo mpaka pano amakopeka ndi nyanja zotentha, momwe ena mwa iwo adakhazikika munyanja zozizira ndikusintha kuti azikhalamo sizinakhazikitsidwe moyenera, komanso nthawi yomwe izi zidachitika - ili ndi limodzi mwa mafunso omwe akatswiri amafufuza ...
Malongosoledwe a asodzi a Greenland adapangidwa mu 1801 ndi Marcus Bloch ndi Johann Schneider. Kenako adalandira dzina la sayansi Squalus microcephalus - liwu loyamba limatanthauza katrana, lachiwiri limamasuliridwa kuti "mutu wawung'ono".
Pambuyo pake, pamodzi ndi mitundu ina, adapatsidwa banja la somnios, pomwe akupitilizabe kukhala mu dongosolo la ma katranifomu. Chifukwa chake, dzinalo lidasinthidwa kukhala Somniosus microcephalus.
Kale mu 2004, zidadziwika kuti zina mwa nsombazi, zomwe kale zimadziwika kuti Greenlandic, ndizosiyana - zidatchedwa Antarctic. Monga dzinalo likutanthauza, amakhala ku Antarctic - ndipo mmenemo, pomwe ma Greenland - ku Arctic kokha.
Zosangalatsa: Chodziwika kwambiri ndi nsombazi ndi moyo wawo wautali. Mwa anthu omwe zaka zawo zidapezeka, wamkulu kwambiri ali ndi zaka 512. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala chamoyo chamoyo chakale kwambiri. Oimira onse amtunduwu, pokhapokha atafa ndi mabala kapena matenda, amatha kukhala ndi moyo kufikira zaka mazana angapo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Greenland Arctic Shark
Ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi torpedo, zipsepse ndizosiyana pathupi lake pamlingo wochepa kwambiri kuposa nsomba zambiri, chifukwa kukula kwake ndikochepa. Mwambiri, amakula bwino, ngati phesi la caudal, chifukwa chake kuthamanga kwa Sharkland sikusiyana konse.
Mutu nawonso siwodziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha mphuno yayifupi komanso yozungulira. Ma slill a gill ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa nsombazo. Mano apamwamba ndi opapatiza, pomwe otsika, m'malo mwake, ndi otakata, kuphatikiza apo, ndi opyapyala komanso omata, mosiyana ndi omwe ali pamwamba kwambiri.
Kutalika kwa nsombazi ndi pafupifupi 3-5 mita, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 300-500 kilogalamu. Sharkark ya Greenland imakula pang'onopang'ono, koma imakhalanso ndi moyo nthawi yayitali kwambiri - zaka mazana, ndipo panthawiyi anthu akale kwambiri amatha kufika 7 mita ndikulemera mpaka 1,500 kilograms.
Mtundu wa anthu osiyanasiyana umatha kusiyanasiyana: chowala kwambiri chimakhala ndi mtundu wa imvi, ndipo chakuda kwambiri chili chakuda. Zithunzi zonse zakanthawi zimaperekedwanso. Mtundu umadalira malo okhala ndi chakudya cha nsombazi, ndipo amatha kusintha pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yunifolomu, koma nthawi zina pamakhala mdima kapena yoyera kumbuyo.
Chosangalatsa: Asayansi amafotokoza za kutalika kwa nsombazi ku Greenland makamaka chifukwa chakuti amakhala m'malo ozizira - kagayidwe kake ka thupi kamachepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake zimakhala kuti zimasungidwa nthawi yayitali. Kuphunzira za nsombazi kumatha kupereka chinsinsi chochepetsera ukalamba wa anthu..
Kodi nsombazi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Greenland shark
Amakhala m'madzi okhaokha m'nyanja ya Arctic - kumpoto kwa nsomba ina iliyonse. Malongosoledwe ake ndiosavuta: Shaki yaku Greenland imakonda kuzizira ndipo, ikapezeka munyanja yotentha, imafa msanga, chifukwa thupi lake limasinthidwa ndimadzi ozizira okha. Kutentha kwamadzi komwe kumakondedwa kumakhala pakati pa 0,5 mpaka 12 ° C.
Makamaka malo ake amakhala nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Arctic Oceans, koma osati onse - choyambirira, amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Canada, Greenland komanso kumpoto kwa Europe, koma m'malo omwe amasambitsa Russia kuchokera kumpoto, alipo ochepa.
Malo okhalamo:
- kuchokera kugombe lakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa US (Maine, Massachusetts);
- gombe la St. Lawrence;
- Nyanja ya Labrador;
- Nyanja ya Baffin;
- Nyanja ya Greenland;
- Bay ya Biscay;
- Nyanja Kumpoto;
- madzi ozungulira Ireland ndi Iceland.
Nthawi zambiri amapezeka pashelefu, pafupi ndi gombe la kumtunda kapena zilumba, koma nthawi zina amatha kusambira mpaka kumadzi am'nyanja, mpaka kufika mamita 2,200. Koma nthawi zambiri samatsikira pansi kwambiri - mchilimwe amasambira mamita mazana angapo kuchokera pansi.
M'nyengo yozizira, amasunthira pafupi ndi gombe, panthawiyi amatha kupezeka m'malo ozungulira kapena pakamwa pamtsinje, m'madzi osaya. Kusintha kwakuya masana kunazindikiridwanso: nsombazi zingapo zochokera m'nyanja ya Baffin, zomwe zimawonedwa, zimatsikira mpaka kuzama kwamamita mazana angapo m'mawa, ndipo kuyambira masana adakwera, ndi tsiku lililonse.
Kodi Greenland shark amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Greenland Arctic Shark
Sangathe kukula osati kuthamanga kokha, koma ngakhale liwiro lapakati: malire ake ndi 2.7 km / h, omwe amachedwa pang'onopang'ono kuposa nsomba ina iliyonse. Ndipo izi zimamupangirabe - sangakhale ndi liwiro "lalitali" kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakula 1-1.8 km / h. Ndi mikhalidwe yothamanga kwambiri, sangathe kutsatira zomwe zimachitika munyanja.
Kufooka kumeneku kumafotokozedwa ndikuti zipsepse zake ndizochepa, ndipo unyolo ndi waukulu, kupatula, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kake, minofu yake imagwiranso ntchito pang'onopang'ono: zimatenga masekondi asanu ndi awiri kuti ayende limodzi ndi mchira wake!
Komabe, a Greenland shark amadyetsa nyama mwachangu kuposa iwowo - ndizovuta kuigwira ndipo, ngati tingayerekeza ndi kulemera kwake, ndi nyama zingati zomwe nsomba za ku Greenland zitha kugwira ndipo ena mwachangu amakhala munyanja zotentha, zotsatira zake zidzasiyana kwambiri. ndipo ngakhale mwakulamula kwakukulu - mwachilengedwe, osakondera a Greenland.
Komabe, ngakhale kugwidwa kocheperako kumamukwanira, popeza chilakolako chake chimalamuliranso kwambiri kuposa shark othamanga omwewo - izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kake.
Maziko a zakudya za ku Greenland:
- nsomba;
- mbola;
- ziphuphu;
- Nyama zam'madzi.
Zomalizazi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri: ndizothamanga kwambiri, chifukwa chake, ali maso, nsombazi zilibe mwayi wowagwira. Chifukwa chake, amawabisalira atagona - ndipo amagona m'madzi kuti asatengeke ndi zimbalangondo. Iyi ndi njira yokhayo yomwe Greenland shark imatha kuyandikira kwa iwo ndikudya nyama, mwachitsanzo, chisindikizo.
Carrion amathanso kudya: sichitha kuthawa, pokhapokha ngati titengeke ndi funde lofulumira, pambuyo pake a Greenland shark sangathe kupitiliza. Chifukwa chake, m'mimba mwa omwe adagwidwawo, zotsalira za agwape ndi zimbalangondo zidapezeka, zomwe asaki sangathe kuzigwira.
Ngati nsombazi wamba zimasambira ndi fungo la magazi, ndiye kuti Greenlandic imakopeka ndi nyama yovunda, chifukwa chake nthawi zina amatsata zombo zausodzi m'magulu athunthu ndikudya nyama zomwe zaponyedwa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Old Greenland Shark
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kagayidwe kake, nsombazi ku Greenland zimachita chilichonse pang'onopang'ono: amasambira, amatembenuka, amatuluka ndikusambira. Chifukwa cha ichi, adadziwika kuti ndi nsomba zaulesi, koma kwa iwo eni, zonsezi zimawoneka ngati zachangu, chifukwa chake sizinganenedwe kuti ndi aulesi.
Iwo samva bwino, koma ali ndi mphamvu ya kununkhiza, yomwe amadalira makamaka pofunafuna chakudya - ndizovuta kuitcha kuti kusaka. Gawo lalikulu latsikulo limathera pakusaka uku. Nthawi yotsala ndiyopumira, chifukwa sangathe kuwononga mphamvu zambiri.
Amadziwika kuti akuwukira anthu, koma zowona zake sizikhala zowopsa zilizonse: milandu yokhayo imadziwika ndikamatsatira zombo kapena kusiyanasiyana, pomwe sichisonyeza zolinga zowopsa.
Ngakhale pachikhalidwe cha ku Iceland, nsombazi za ku Greenland zimawoneka ngati zikukoka ndi kuwononga anthu, koma, kuweruza malinga ndi zomwe zachitika masiku ano, izi sizongonena chabe, ndipo kwenikweni sizowopsa kwa anthu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ofufuza mpaka pano sanavomerezane ngati nsomba za ku Greenland zitha kutchulidwa kuti ndi thupi lokalamba. Anapezeka kuti ndi amoyo wautali kwambiri: thupi lawo silimafota chifukwa chakanthawi, koma amafa chifukwa chovulala kapena matenda. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti zamoyozi zimaphatikizaponso mitundu ina ya nsomba, akamba, mollusks, hydra.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Greenland shark
Zaka zimakhala zosiyana kotheratu kwa iwo - mosazindikira kwambiri kuposa anthu, chifukwa zochitika zonse mthupi lawo zimayenda pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa chake, amakula msinkhu pofika zaka zana limodzi ndi theka: pofika nthawiyo, amuna amakula mpaka pafupifupi mita 3, ndipo akazi amakula kokwanira theka ndi theka.
Nthawi yobereka imayamba nthawi yachilimwe, pambuyo pa umuna, mkazi amabala mazira mazana angapo, pomwe avareji a 8-12 omwe ali ndi shaki okhwima kale amabadwa, atabadwa kale amafika kukula kwakukulu - pafupifupi masentimita 90. Mkazi amawasiya atangobereka kumene ndipo sasamala.
Ana ongobadwa kumene amayenera kufunafuna chakudya ndikumenyana ndi adani awo - m'zaka zoyambirira za moyo, ambiri amwalira, ngakhale kuli kwakuti pali nyama zolusa zochepa m'madzi akumpoto kuposa zam'mwera zotentha. Chifukwa chachikulu cha izi ndikuchedwa kwawo, chifukwa cha zomwe alibe chitetezo - mwamwayi, kukula kwake kwakukulu kumawateteza kwa adani ambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Shark Greenland samapanga ma otoliths mkati mwa khutu lamkati, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa zaka zawo - kuti ali ndi zaka zana, asayansi adziwa kwanthawi yayitali, koma kutalika kwa moyo wawo sikungadziwike.
Vutoli linathetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi kusanthula kwa radiocarbon kwa mandala: mapangidwe a mapuloteni mmenemo amapezeka ngakhale kubadwa kwa shark, ndipo sasintha pamoyo wake wonse. Kotero kunapezeka kuti akuluakulu amakhala ndi moyo zaka mazana ambiri.
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba za Greenland
Chithunzi: Greenland Arctic Shark
Nsomba zazikulu zili ndi adani ochepa: mwa nyama zazikuluzikulu m'nyanja zozizira, anamgumi amapha makamaka. Ofufuzawo anapeza kuti ngakhale nsomba zina zimapezeka kwambiri pamndandanda wa whale whale, Greenland shark amathanso kuphatikizidwa. Amakhala otsika kuposa anamgumi opha msinkhu ndi liwiro, ndipo sangathe kuwatsutsa.
Chifukwa chake, amakhala nyama yosavuta, koma kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimakopa anamgumi osakhazikika sizinakhazikike - ndipamene zimadzaza ndi urea, ndipo ndizovulaza anthu komanso nyama zambiri. Mwa nyama zina zomwe zimadya nyama zakumpoto, palibe nsomba zonse za ku Greenland zomwe zimaopsezedwa.
Ambiri mwa iwo amafa chifukwa cha munthu, ngakhale kulibe usodzi wokangalika. Pali lingaliro pakati pa asodzi kuti amadya nsomba kuchokera pachimake ndikuwononga, chifukwa asodzi ena, ngati atakumana ndi nyama zoterezi, amadula mchira wake, kenako ndikuponyanso munyanja - mwachilengedwe, imafa.
Amakwiyitsidwa ndi tiziromboti, ndipo kuposa ena ndimatope a nyongolotsi, olowa m'maso. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono amadya zomwe zili m'diso, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka komwe kumawonongeka, ndipo nthawi zina nsomba zimachita khungu kwathunthu. Kuzungulira maso awo, ma copepods owala amatha kukhala - kupezeka kwawo kumawonetsedwa ndi kuwala kowoneka kobiriwira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Sharkland wa Greenland amatha kupulumuka ku Arctic ndi trimethylamine oxide yomwe ili m'matumba amthupi, mothandizidwa ndi omwe mapuloteni mthupi amatha kupitilizabe kugwira ntchito pamazizira otsika ° C - popanda iwo, sangathenso kukhazikika. Ndipo ma glycoprotein opangidwa ndi nsombazi amateteza ngati kuzizira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Old Greenland Shark
Siphatikizidwa m'gulu lazinthu zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, komabe, sangatchedwe olemera - ali ndi chiopsezo chotetezeka. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, chomwe chikuchepa pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale phindu la nsomba imeneyi ndilotsika.
Komabe ndi - choyamba, mafuta a chiwindi awo ndi ofunika. Chiwalo ichi ndi chachikulu kwambiri, kuchuluka kwake kumatha kufikira 20% ya thupi lathunthu la shark. Nyama yake yaiwisi ndi yapoizoni, imayambitsa chakudya poyizoni, kugwedezeka, ndipo nthawi zina imapha. Koma pokonza nthawi yayitali, mutha kupanga haucarl kuchokera pamenepo ndikudya.
Chifukwa cha chiwindi chamtengo wapatali komanso kutha kugwiritsa ntchito nyama, a Greenland shark anali atagwidwa kale ku Iceland ndi Greenland, chifukwa kusankha komweko sikunali kotakata kwambiri. Koma mzaka makumi asanu zapitazi, sipanakhalepo nsomba, ndipo zimangodulidwa ngati zodziwikiratu.
Kusodza pamasewera, komwe nsomba zambiri zimavutika, sikuchitikanso poyerekeza ndi izi: kulibe chidwi chambiri posodza chifukwa chakuchedwa kwake ndi ulesi, sichimatsutsa. Kusodza pa ichi kumafaniziridwa ndi kusodza nkhuni, zomwe, sizisangalatsa kwenikweni.
Chosangalatsa: Njira yokonzekera haukarl ndiyosavuta: nyama ya shark yodulidwa iyenera kuikidwa m'makontena odzaza ndi miyala komanso okhala ndi mabowo pamakoma. Kwa nthawi yayitali - nthawi zambiri masabata 6-12, "amachoka", ndipo timadziti timene timakhala ndi urea timatuluka.
Pambuyo pake, nyamayo imachotsedwa, kupachikidwa pa zingwe ndikusiya kuti iume mlengalenga kwa milungu 8-18. Kenako kutumphuka kudulidwa - ndipo mutha kudya. Zowona, kukoma kwake ndikotsimikizika, monganso fungo - sizosadabwitsa, popeza iyi ndi nyama yovunda. Chifukwa chake, asodzi a Greenland adatsala pang'ono kugwidwa ndikudya pomwe njira zina zitha kuchitika, ngakhale m'malo ena haukarl akupitilizabe kuphika, ndipo m'mizinda yaku Iceland palinso zikondwerero zoperekera mbale iyi.
Nsomba ku Greenland - nsomba yopanda vuto komanso yosangalatsa kwambiri kuti muphunzire. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muchepetse kuchepa kwa anthu, chifukwa ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa nyama zomwe ndizosauka kale ku Arctic. Shark amakula pang'onopang'ono ndikuberekana bwino, chifukwa chake zidzakhala zovuta kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwawo atagwera pamikhalidwe yovuta.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06/13/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 10:22
