Snipe mbalame yodziwika bwino yomwe imayimiriridwa kwambiri ndi nyama zaku Russia. Zingakhale zovuta kuziwona chifukwa cha mtundu wake woderako wabulawuni komanso wachinsinsi. Koma nthawi yotentha, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimaima pamakoma a mpanda kapena zimakwera kumwamba ndikuthamanga mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu "mwamphepo" kopangidwa ndi mchira. Mutha kuphunzira zambiri za mbalame yaying'ono yoyambirira iyi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Snipe
Snipe ndi mtundu wa mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu 26. Mbalamezi zimagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula Australia. Mitundu ina yamtundu wa snipe imangokhala ku Asia ndi Europe, ndipo Snipe Coenocorypha imangopezeka kuzilumba zakutali za New Zealand. Zinyama zaku Russia zilipo mitundu isanu ndi umodzi - snipe, snipe yaku Japan ndi Asia, nkhwangwa zamatabwa, mapiri am'mapiri ndikungoyenda.
Kanema: Snipe
Mbalame zimakhulupirira kuti poyambirira ndi gulu la ma theropod dinosaurs omwe adayamba m'nthawi ya Mesozoic. Ubale wapafupi pakati pa mbalame ndi ma dinosaurs udayamba bwino m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mbalame yodziwika bwino ya Archeopteryx itapezeka ku Germany. Mbalame ndi zinyama zopanda dinosaurs zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi mafupa ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zakale za mitundu yoposa makumi atatu ya ma dinosaurs osakhala avian asonkhanitsidwa ndi nthenga zomwe zatsala. Zakalezo zikuwonetsanso kuti mbalame ndi ma dinosaurs amagawana zikhalidwe zofananira monga mafupa opanda pake, ma gastrolith am'mimba, kumanga chisa, ndi zina zambiri.
Ngakhale kuti mbalame zinayambira kuyambira kalekale zinali zovutitsa mu sayansi ya chisinthiko, ndi asayansi ochepa omwe amatsutsanabe za komwe mbalame za dinosaur zimachokera, kutanthauza kuti ndi mbadwa za mitundu ina ya zokwawa za archosaurian. Mgwirizano womwe umachirikiza mbadwa za mbalame zochokera ku ma dinosaurs umatsutsana motsatizana molondola kwa zochitika zosinthika zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mbalame zoyambirira zibwere pakati pa ma theropods.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kuwombera mbalame
Ming'alu ndi mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimayendayenda ndi miyendo yochepa ndi khosi. Mlomo wawo wowongoka, womwe umafika pa 6.4 cm, umakhala waukulu pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri mutu ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka chakudya. Amuna amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 130, akazi ndi ochepa, amalemera magalamu 78-110. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 39 mpaka 45 ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 26.7 (23 mpaka 28 cm). Thupi limasiyanasiyana ndi mtundu wakuda kapena wabulauni + mikwingwirima yachikaso pamwamba ndi mimba yotumbululuka. Ali ndi mzere wakuda womwe ukuyenda kudutsa m'maso, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yowala pamwamba ndi pansi pake. Mapikowo ndi amakona atatu, osongoka.
Snipe wamba ndiwofala kwambiri pamitundu ingapo yofanana. Izi zikufanana kwambiri ndi American snipe (G. delicata), yomwe mpaka pano idawonedwa ngati subspecies ya snipe wamba (G. Gallinago). Amasiyana nambala ya nthenga za mchira: awiriawiri asanu ndi awiri ku G. gallinago ndi awiriawiri eyiti ku G. delicata. Mitundu yaku North America imakhalanso ndi mphako yoyera pang'ono mpaka kumapiko. Amakhalanso ofanana kwambiri ndi Asia snipe (G. stenura) ndi Hollow snipe (G. megala) waku East Asia. Kuzindikiritsa mitundu iyi ndikovuta kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Snipe amapanga phokoso lalikulu, ndichifukwa chake anthu nthawi zambiri amatcha mwanawankhosa. Izi ndichifukwa choti mbalameyi imatha kutulutsa kulira kwakanthawi m'nyengo yamabele.
Snipe ndi mbalame yozindikirika kwambiri. Pamutu pake, chisoticho ndi bulauni yakuda ndi mikwingwirima yowoneka bwino. Masaya ndi zikhomo zamakutu zili ndi mitundu yakuda yakuda. Maso ndi akuda bulauni. Miyendo ndi miyendo ndi yachikasu kapena yobiriwira.
Kodi chinsalu chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Snipe ku Russia
Malo obisalira nkhono amapezeka ku Europe, North Asia ndi Eastern Siberia. Ma subspecies aku North America amabadwira ku Canada ndi United States mpaka kumalire a California. Mitundu yambiri ya ku Eurasia imadutsa kumwera kudzera kumwera kwa Asia ndi Central Africa. Amasamuka ndipo amakhala m'nyengo yozizira nyengo yotentha yaku Central Africa. Anthu oterewa amakhalanso ku Ireland ndi Great Britain.
Malo awo oberekera amapezeka pafupifupi ku Europe ndi Asia konse, kumadzulo kwa Norway, kum'mawa mpaka ku Nyanja ya Okhotsk, komanso kumwera mpaka pakati pa Mongolia. Amaberekanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Iceland. Msuziwo ukapanda kubereka, amasamukira ku India, mpaka kukafika kugombe la Saudi Arabia, kumpoto kwa Sahara, kumadzulo kwa Turkey ndi pakati pa Africa, kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka ku Mauritania mpaka ku Ethiopia, ndikufalikira kumwera chakumwera, kuphatikizapo Zambia.
Snipe ndi mbalame zosamuka. Amapezeka m'madambo amadzi opanda mchere komanso m'madambo ozizira. Mbalame zisa zouma udzu wouma, udambo wopanda madzi pafupi ndi malo odyetsera. Munthawi yakubereketsa, ming'alu imapezeka pafupi ndi madzi opanda madzi kapena madambo amchere, madambo am'madzi ndi ma swampy tundras pomwe pali zomera zambiri. Kusankha malo okhala munthawi yosaswana ndikofanana ndi nyengo yobereketsa. Amakhalanso m'malo okhala ndi anthu monga minda yampunga.
Kodi snipe amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Akuyendetsa mbalame
Ming'oma imadyetsa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, kupita kukawedza m'mawa ndi madzulo, m'madzi osaya kapena pafupi ndi madzi. Mbalameyi imasaka chakudya ikamayang'ana dothi ndi mlomo wake wautali, womwe umayenda monyanyira. Miseche imapeza chakudya chawo chambiri m'matope osaya mkati mwa 370 m chisa. Amayang'ana dothi lonyowa kuti apeze zakudya zambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi nyama zopanda mafupa.
Kuyambira Epulo mpaka Ogasiti, nthaka ikakhala yofewa kuti imveke ndi mulomo wake, chakudya cha snipe chimakhala ndi mavuvu apansi ndi mbozi. Mlomo wa snipe udapangidwa kuti uzolowere kudya kwamtunduwu. Zakudya zawo mchaka chimaphatikizapo 10-80%: mavuwombankhanga, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, timimba tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndi ma arachnids. Ulusi wazomera ndi mbewu zimadyedwa pang'ono.
Chosangalatsa: Kafukufuku wazinyalala zomwe zidawonetsedwa adawonetsa kuti zakudya zambiri zimakhala ndi njomba zam'madzi (61% yazakudya zolemetsa), mphutsi za udzudzu wamiyendo yayitali (24%), nkhono ndi slugs (3.9%), mphutsi za agulugufe ndi njenjete (3.7% ). Magulu ena a taxonomic, omwe amakhala ochepera 2% azakudya, amaphatikiza ma midges osaluma (1.5%), kafadala wamkulu (1.1%), kafadala (1%), mphutsi (0.6%) ndi akangaude (0.6) %).
Pakusaka, mbalameyi imamira mlomo wautali pansi ndipo osameza, imameza chakudya. Snipe amasambira bwino ndipo amatha kulowa m'madzi. Sigwiritsa ntchito mapiko ake posaka chakudya, koma amayenda pansi. Amagwiritsa ntchito mapiko kusamukira kumayiko ofunda.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Snipe mwachilengedwe
Snipe adazolowera bwino kukhala madambo onyowa, onyowa. Mbalameyi ndi yopanda ulemu ndipo imatha kukhazikika panthaka yadongo, pafupi ndi mayiwe ndi madambo okhala ndi masamba owopsa, momwe imatha kudzipezera pobisalira. Kutengera kutalika kwa zisa kupita kumalo odyetsera, akazi amatha kuyenda kapena kuwuluka pakati pawo. Zingwe zomwe zimadya mkati mwa 70 m malo obisalira zimayenda, ndipo zomwe zili zoposa 70 m kuchokera kumalo odyetserako zimauluka mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo.
Mtundu wa nthenga za mbalameyi umagwirizana mofanana ndi chilengedwe. Nthenga zotchinga zoterezi zimapangitsa chithunzicho kukhala chosawoneka ndi diso la munthu. Mbalameyi imayenda pamalo onyowa ndipo imayang'ana dothi ndi mlomo wake, ikuyang'ana uku ndi uku ndi maso aatali. Chithunzithunzi chosokoneza mosayembekezeka chimathawa.
Zima zimakhala kumadera ofunda. Malo ozizira amakhala pafupi ndi madzi oyera, ndipo nthawi zina pagombe la nyanja. Anthu ena amangokhala kapena amasamuka pang'ono. Ku England, anthu ambiri amakhala m'nyengo yozizira chifukwa mbalame zochokera ku Scandinavia ndi ku Iceland zimalumikizana ndi anthu akumaloko kuti asangalale ndi madzi osefukira, omwe amawapatsa chakudya chochuluka komanso masamba kuti atetezedwe. Akasamuka amauluka m'magulu, otchedwa "fungulo". Amawoneka ngati aulesi akuthawa. Mapikowo ndi akona zazing'ono zazing'ono, ndipo mlomo wake wautali umapendekeredwa kunsi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kuwombera mbalame
Ming'alu ndi mbalame zokhazokha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mwamuna m'modzi amakwatirana ndi wamkazi mmodzi pachaka. Amuna amatha kuwerengedwa kuti ndi otchuka kapena ogonjera. Akazi amakonda kukwatirana ndi amuna akuluakulu, omwe amakhala m'malo abwino kwambiri, omwe amatchedwa madera apakati, omwe amakhala pakatikati pa malo awo okhala.
Chosangalatsa: Akazi amasankha amuna kutengera luso lawo la kuyimba. Drum roll ndi njira ya mphepo, ndipo nthenga zakumchira zakunja zimapanga phokoso lapadera, lodziwika ndi mitundu.
Nthawi yoswana ya snipe imayamba kuyambira koyambirira kwa Juni mpaka pakati pa Julayi. Amakhala m'malo omwe amapezeka ndi zomera, pafupi ndi mathithi. Nthawi zambiri, ming'alu imayika mazira 4 azitona ndi ma bulauni akuda. Nthawi yawo yokwanira imakhala pafupifupi masiku 18-21. Mazirawo ataswa, amatenga masiku 15-20 anapiye asanachoke pachisa ndikupita paulendo wawo woyamba. Ming'oma imafika pakukhwima pakatha chaka chimodzi.
Pa nthawi yokwanira, amuna samakhudzana kwenikweni ndi mazira kuposa akazi. Mkazi akaikira mazira, amakhala nthawi yambiri akuwafungatira. Komabe, zazikazi sizimakhala nthawi yayitali pachisa masana monga zimakhalira usiku, makamaka chifukwa chotentha kwambiri usiku. Mazira ataswa, amuna ndi akazi amasamaliranso ana awiriwo mpaka atachoka pachisa.
Adani achilengedwe a snipe
Chithunzi: Snipe
Ndi mbalame yobisala komanso yobisa nthawi zambiri yomwe imabisala pafupi ndi zomera pansi ndipo imawuluka pokhapokha pakafika ngozi. Pakunyamuka, ming'alu imapanga phokoso lamphamvu ndikuwuluka pogwiritsa ntchito zigulu zamlengalenga zingapo kusokoneza adani. Pophunzira momwe mbalame zimakhalira, akatswiri azakuthambo adawona kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa awiriawiri oswana ndipo adapeza kuti odziwika bwino omwe amadyetsa nyama ndi awa:
- nkhandwe zofiira (Vulpes Vulpes);
- khwangwala wakuda (Corvus Corone);
- Kupweteka (Mustela erminea).
Koma nyama yomwe imadya kwambiri mbalame ndi amuna (Homo sapiens), omwe amasaka nyama kuti izisewera komanso nyama. Kubisa kumatha kulola kuti tcheru isapezeke ndi osaka m'malo akuthwa. Ngati mbalame ikuuluka, alenje amavutika kuwombera chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa mbalameyo. Zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kusaka nyama zimabweretsa mawu oti "sniper", monga mu Chingerezi amatanthawuza kuti mlenje wokhala ndi luso lokwanira kuponya mivi ndi kubisala yemwe pambuyo pake adasandulika wowombera kapena wina yemwe amawombera kuchokera pamalo obisika.
Chosangalatsa: Mawu oti "sniper" adachokera m'zaka za zana la 19 kuchokera ku dzina la Chingerezi loti snipe. Kuuluka kwa zig-zag ndi kukula pang'ono kwa snipe kunapangitsa kukhala chandamale chovuta koma chofunikira, popeza chowomberacho chomwe chinagweramo chimawerengedwa ngati virtuoso.
M'mayiko ambiri ku Europe, kuyerekezera kwapachaka kwa anthu osaka mbalame pafupifupi 1,500,000 pachaka, zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kuti azidya kwambiri mbalamezi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kuwombera mbalame
Malinga ndi mndandanda wa IUCN, kuchuluka kwa ming'alu ikuchepa pang'onopang'ono, koma akadali mitundu ya "Least Concern". Malinga ndi malamulo mbalame zosamukira, snipe alibe mwayi wapadera woteteza. Anthu okhala kumalire chakum'mwera kwa malo oswana ku Europe ndi osasunthika, komabe, mitunduyi ikuchepa kumadera ena (makamaka ku England ndi Germany), makamaka chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa minda komanso kukulitsa ulimi.
Zosangalatsa: Choopsa chachikulu kwa mbalamezi ndi kusowa kwa madzi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malo. Izi zimabweretsa kusowa kwa chakudya cha snipe. Kuphatikiza apo, chiwopsezocho chimachokera kwa anthu osaka mbalame. Pafupifupi 1,500,000 mbalame zimafa chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha kusaka.
Njira zosungira zomwe zilipo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito zimangophatikizidwa mu Europe, momwe zidalembedwera mu Zowonjezera II ndi III za EU Birds Directive. Zakumapeto II ndi pomwe mitundu ina imatha kusakidwa munthawi zodziwika. Nyengo yosakira snipe ili kunja kwa nyengo yoswana. Zakumapeto III zikutchula zochitika zomwe anthu akhoza kuvulaza anthu ndikuopseza mbalamezi. Njira zoyeserera zikuphatikiza kuthetsa ngalande zamadambo ofunikira ndikusunga kapena kubwezeretsa msipu woyandikana ndi madambowo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 10.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 22.09.2019 pa 23:52
