Yak nyama yayikulu yokhala ndi ziboda, mitundu yachilendo kwambiri. Chizindikiro chomwe chimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi oimira ena amtunduwu ndi malaya ataliatali komanso omata, omwe amangokhala pansi. Ma yak yakutchire omwe kale amakhala ku Himalaya mpaka Nyanja ya Baikal ku Siberia, ndipo m'ma 1800 adalipo ambiri ku Tibet.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Yak
Zotsalira zakale za Yak zoweta ndi makolo ake achilengedwe zimayambira ku Pleistocene. M'zaka 10,000 zapitazi, yak yakhala ikukula ku Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, yomwe imafikira pafupifupi 2.5 miliyoni km². Ngakhale kuti Tibet akadali likulu logawa zakumwa, ma yak zoweta amapezeka kale m'maiko ambiri, kuphatikiza ku America.
Kanema: Yak
Yak nthawi zambiri amatchedwa ng'ombe. Komabe, kusanthula kwa mitochondrial DNA kuti mudziwe mbiri yakusintha kwazinthu sikunachitike. Mwina yak ndi yosiyana ndi ng'ombe, ndipo pali malingaliro kuti imawoneka ngati njati kuposa mamembala ena amtundu womwe wapatsidwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mnzake wakale wa zamoyo zamtunduwu, Bos baikalensis, wapezeka kum'mawa kwa Russia, akuwonetsa njira yoti makolo ngati ana a njati zaku America alowe ku America.
Yak yakutchire idasetedwa ndikuweta ng'ombe ndi anthu akale a Qiang. Zolemba zaku China kuyambira nthawi zakale (zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BC) zikuchitira umboni za gawo lomwe lakhazikika kwakanthawi pachikhalidwe ndi moyo wa anthu. Lin yakuthengo yoyambirira idasankhidwa ndi Linnaeus mu 1766 ngati Bos grunniens ("subspecies of the domestic yak"), koma dzinali tsopano likukhulupirira kuti limangogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe owetedwa, ndi Bos mutus ("ng'ombe yosayankhula") kukhala dzina lodziwika kuthengo mawonekedwe.
Akatswiri ena a zoo akupitilizabe kulingalira zak zakutchire ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta Bos grunniens mutus, mu 2003 ICZN idakhazikitsa lamulo lololeza kugwiritsa ntchito dzina loti Bos mutus la nyama zamtchire, ndipo lero lagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Amakhulupirira kuti yak yakunyumba (B. grunniens) - ng'ombe yamphongo yayitali yomwe imapezeka mdera la Himalaya ku Indian subcontinent, ku mapiri a Tibetan komanso kumpoto kwa Mongolia ndi ku Russia - imachokera ku yak yakutchire (B. mutus). Makolo a yak yakutchire ndi yakunyumba adagawika ndikusamuka ku Bos primigenius kuyambira miliyoni mpaka 5 miliyoni zapitazo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal yak
Yaks ndi nyama zomangidwa kwambiri zokhala ndi thupi lopindika, miyendo yolimba, ziboda zozungulira komanso ubweya wolimba kwambiri womwe umakhala pansi pamimba. Ngakhale ma yak yakutchire nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima (akuda mpaka bulauni), ma yak yakunyumba amatha kukhala amitundumitundu, okhala ndi timatumba ta dzimbiri, bulauni ndi zonona. Amakhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono ndi mphumi lotakata ndi nyanga zakuda.
Mwaimuna (ng'ombe), nyanga zimatuluka kuchokera mbali zam'mutu, kenako zimapinda patsogolo, zimakhala ndi masentimita 49 mpaka 98. Nyanga zazimayi ndizochepera masentimita 27-64, ndipo ndizowongoka. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi khosi lalifupi lokhala ndi thumba pamapewa, ngakhale izi zimawonekera kwambiri mwa amuna. Nyama zamphongo zapakhomo zimalemera pakati pa 350 ndi 585 kg. Akazi amalemera pang'ono - kuyambira 225 mpaka 255 kg. Nyama zakutchire zimakhala zolemera kwambiri, ng'ombe zamphongo zolemera makilogalamu 1000, akazi - 350 kg.
Kutengera mtundu, ma yak yakulu yamwamuna amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 111 mpaka 138 atafota, ndipo akazi - masentimita 105-117. Ma yakiki achitchire ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri pamtundu wawo. Akuluakulu ali pafupifupi 1.6-2.2 m kutalika. Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi kuyambira 2.5 mpaka 3.3 m, kupatula mchira kuyambira 60 mpaka 100 cm. Akazi amalemera pafupifupi theka lachitatu ndikukhala ndi mzere wokulirapo Kutsika kwa 30% poyerekeza ndi amuna.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! Ma Yaks akunyumba amadandaula ndipo, mosiyana ndi ng'ombe, samatulutsa phokoso laphokoso laling'onong'ono. Izi zidalimbikitsa dzina lasayansi la yak, Bos grunniens (ng'ombe yodandaula). Nikolai Przhevalsky adatcha mtundu wakutchire wa yak - B. mutus (ng'ombe yamtendere), akukhulupirira kuti samveka konse.
Amuna ndi akazi onse amakhala ndi chovala chachitali chansalu chovala chovala chamkati chansalu pachifuwa, m'mbali ndi ntchafu kuti atetezedwe kuzizira. Pofika chilimwe, malaya amkati amagwa ndipo anthu okhala mmenemo amagwiritsira ntchito zosowa zapakhomo. Mwa ng'ombe, malaya amatha kupanga "siketi" yayitali yomwe nthawi zina imafika pansi.
Mchira ndi wautali komanso wofanana ndi kavalo, osati mchira wa ng'ombe kapena njati. Mawere ake mwa akazi ndi chikopa mwa amuna ndi aubweya ndipo ndi ang'onoang'ono kuti atetezedwe ku chimfine. Akazi ali ndi mawere anayi.
Kodi yak amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Yak yakutchire
Ma yak yakutchire amapezeka kumpoto kwa Tibet + kumadzulo kwa Qinghai, pomwe anthu ena amafalikira kumadera akumwera kwenikweni a Xinjiang ndi Ladakh ku India. Mitundu yaying'ono, yodzipatula yamtchire imapezekanso patali, makamaka kumadzulo kwa Tibet + kum'mawa kwa Qinghai. M'mbuyomu, nyama zakutchire zinkakhala ku Nepal ndi ku Bhutan, koma tsopano zimawerengedwa kuti zatha m'mayiko onsewa.
Malo okhala amakhala mapiri opanda mitengo pakati pa 3000 ndi 5500 m, olamulidwa ndi mapiri ndi mapiri. Amapezeka kwambiri kumapiri a Alpine okhala ndi udzu wandiweyani wa udzu ndi ma sedges, m'malo modutsa m'malo ouma.
Chosangalatsa! Thupi la nyama limasinthidwa kukhala lokwera kwambiri, chifukwa mapapo ake ndi mtima wake ndizokulirapo kuposa ziweto zotsika. Komanso, magazi ali ndi kuthekera kwakunyamula mpweya wambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin wa fetal (fetal) m'moyo wonse.
Komanso, yaks amakumana ndi mavuto m'malo otsika ndipo amavutika ndi kutentha kotentha kuposa 15 ° C. Kusintha kozizira kumakhala ndi - mafuta osanjikiza osakwanira komanso kusapezeka kwathunthu kwamatenda thukuta.
Ku Russia, kuwonjezera pa malo osungira nyama, ma yaks amapezeka m'mabanja ngati Tyva (pafupifupi mitu 10,000) + Altai ndi Buryatia (m'mabuku amodzi).
Kupatula ku Tibet, yak yakunyumba ndiyotchuka ndi oyendayenda:
- India;
- China;
- Tajikistan;
- Bhutan;
- Kazakhstan;
- Afghanistan;
- Iran;
- Pakistan;
- Kyrgyzstan;
- Nepal;
- Uzbekistan;
- Mongolia.
Pansi pa USSR, mitundu yanyama ya yak yasinthidwa ku North Caucasus, koma sinakhazikike ku Armenia.
Kodi yak amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Yak m'chilengedwe
Yak yakutchire imakhala makamaka m'malo atatu okhala ndi masamba osiyanasiyana: alpine meadows, alpine steppe ndi chipululu. Malo aliwonse amakhala ndi madera akuluakulu, koma amasiyana mtundu wa udzu / zitsamba, kuchuluka kwa zomera, kutentha kwapakati ndi mvula.
Zakudya za yak yakutchire zimakhala makamaka ndi udzu ndi ma sedges. Amadyanso zitsamba zazing'ono komanso ndere. Ziwombankhanga zimasuntha nyengo ndi nyengo kupita ku zigwa zakumunsi kukadya udzu wokoma kwambiri. Pakatentha kwambiri, amapitanso kumapiri ataliatali kukadya moss ndi ndere, zomwe zimasenda miyala ndi malilime awo olusa. Akafuna kumwa madzi, amadya chipale chofewa.
Poyerekeza ndi ziweto, mimba ya yaks ndi yayikulu modabwitsa, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wodya zakudya zopanda pake zambiri panthawi imodzi ndikuzigaya kwa nthawi yayitali kuti mutenge michere yambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Yaks amatenga 1% ya kulemera kwake tsiku lililonse, pomwe ng'ombe zimafuna 3% kuti zizigwirabe ntchito.
Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, yak ndi manyowa ake alibe fungo lililonse lomwe limapezeka likasungidwa bwino m'malo odyetserako ziweto kapena padoko lokhala ndi mwayi wokwanira wodyetsa komanso kuthirira madzi. Yak ubweya sugonjera ndi fungo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Yak Red Book
Ma Yak yakutchire amakhala nthawi yawo yambiri akudyetsa, nthawi zina amasamukira kumadera osiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo. Ndi nyama zoweta. Ziweto zimatha kukhala ndi anthu mazana angapo, ngakhale ambiri ali ocheperako. Makamaka khalani pagulu la anthu 2 mpaka 5 am'magulu amphongo amodzi ndi 8 mpaka 25 mwa akazi. Amuna ndi akazi amakhala mosiyana kwa pafupifupi chaka chonse.
Gulu lalikulu limakhala la akazi ndi ana awo. Akazi amadyetsa msinkhu wa mamita 100 kuposa amuna. Zazimayi zokhala ndi ma yak yakutchire zimakonda kudyera m'malo otsetsereka kwambiri. Magulu amapita pang'onopang'ono kumalo otsika m'nyengo yozizira. Nyama zakutchire zimatha kukhala zankhanza poteteza ana kapena nthawi yokomerako, nthawi zambiri zimapewa anthu ndipo zimatha kuthamanga mtunda wautali zikafikiridwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Malinga ndi umboni wa N.M. Przhevalsky, yemwe adafotokoza koyamba zak yakutchire, kale m'zaka za zana la 19, ziweto za yak-ng'ombe zokhala ndi ana ang'onoting'ono kale zidalipo mazana angapo, kapena ngakhale mitu masauzande.
B. grunniens amakula msinkhu wazaka 6-8. Nthawi zambiri sasamala nyengo yotentha ndipo amakonda kutentha kozizira. Kutalika kwa moyo wa yak ndi pafupifupi zaka 25.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Baby Yak
Nyama zakutchire zimakwatirana nthawi yotentha, kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembala, kutengera chilengedwe. Ng'ombe imodzi imabadwa mchaka chotsatira. Chaka chonse, ng'ombe zamtundu wa ng'ombe zimayendayenda m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a bachelors kutali ndi ziweto zambiri, koma nyengo yokhwima ikamayandikira, amakhala achiwawa ndipo amakangana nthawi zonse kuti akhazikitse ulamuliro.
Kuphatikiza pa ziwopsezo zopanda chiwawa, kubangula ndi nyanga zikung'amba pansi, ng'ombe zamphaka zimapikisananso wina ndi mnzake pogwiranagwirana, mobwerezabwereza akupukusa mitu yawo kapena kulumikizana ndi nyanga zosokonekera. Mofanana ndi njati, amuna amadumpha panthaka youma nthawi yamvula, nthawi zambiri amanunkhira mkodzo kapena zitosi.
Amayi amalowa ku estrus mpaka kanayi pachaka, koma amatengeka kwa maola ochepa kuzungulira kulikonse. Nthawi yobereka imatenga masiku 257 mpaka 270, kotero kuti ana ang'onoang'ono amabadwa pakati pa Meyi ndi Juni. Mkaziyo amapeza malo obisika kuti aberekerepo, koma mwanayo amatha kuyenda pafupifupi mphindi khumi atabadwa, ndipo posakhalitsa awiriwo amakumananso ndi gulu la ziwetozo. Amayi, onse okhala kuthengo komanso oweta, nthawi zambiri amabereka kamodzi pachaka.
Amphongo amayamwa patatha chaka chimodzi ndipo amadziyimira pawokha pambuyo pake. Ng'ombe zakutchire zimayambira kofiirira, ndipo pambuyo pake zimayamba kukhala ndi tsitsi lakuda mdima. Amayi amabereka nthawi yoyamba ali ndi zaka zitatu kapena zinayi ndipo amafika pachimake pobereka ali ndi zaka pafupifupi zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Adani achilengedwe a yak
Chithunzi: Yak nyama
Yak yakutchire imakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri, imakhala yochenjera, yamanyazi ndipo imafuna kuthawa ikazindikira ngozi. Nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika imathawa msanga, koma ikapsa mtima kapena kutsekedwa, imakhala yankhanza ndipo imamenya wakubayo. Kuphatikiza apo, ma yak amatenga njira zina zodzitchinjiriza, monga kukuwa mokweza komanso kuwukira zomwe akuwona kuti zikuwopseza.
Zowopsa:
- Mimbulu ya ku Tibetan (Canis lupus);
- Anthu (Homo Sapiens).
M'mbuyomu, nkhandwe yaku Tibet inali nyama yakutchire yakutchire, koma zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi akambuku a chipale chofewa nawonso amawonedwa ngati odyetsa m'malo ena. Ayenera kuti amasaka ma yak yakutchire kapena ofowoka.
Yak akuluakulu amakhala ndi zida, owopsa komanso olimba. Phukusi la mimbulu limatha kuwalimbana nawo pokhapokha ngati phukusi ndilokwanira mokwanira kapena chipale chofewa. Bull yaks sangazengereze kuwukira aliyense amene amawatsata, kuphatikiza anthu, makamaka ngati avulala. Yak yowononga imakweza mutu wake, ndipo mchira wake wachitsamba ukuuluka ndi ubweya wambiri.
Kupha nyama mosayembekezereka kunayambitsa kusowa kwanyama kwathunthu. Pambuyo pa 1900, abusa aku Tibetan ndi a Mongolia ndi asitikali adawasaka kuti atheretu. Chiwerengero cha anthu chinali pafupi kuwonongedwa ndipo zoyeserera zachilengedwe zokha ndizomwe zidapatsa ma mwayi mwayi wopita patsogolo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Big yak
Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kutsika kwa nyama zakutchire B. grunniens. Chiwerengero cha anthu pano chikuwerengedwa pafupifupi pafupifupi 15,000. Kudzera m'ntchito zawo zodyetsa, ma yak amatenga gawo lofunikira pakukonzanso zakudya m'zinthu zachilengedwe.
Ndi ziboda zokulirapo komanso zolimba, nyama zoweta zoweta ndi mpumulo waukulu kwa nzika za kumapiri aku Tibetan. Ubweya wopyapyala wa nyama zazing'ono umagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira zovala, pomwe ubweya wautali wa yaks wamkulu umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zofunda, mahema, ndi zina zambiri. Mkaka wa Yak umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga batala ndi tchizi wambiri potumiza kunja.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti! M'madera ena pomwe nkhuni sizipezeka, manyowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta.
Mnzake wakutchire wa B. grunniens amachita ntchito zofananira zambiri, ngakhale pang'ono. Ngakhale China idakhazikitsa zilango zosaka nyama zakutchire, amasakidwabe. Alimi ambiri akumaloko amawawona ngati gwero lawo lokhalo la nyama m'nyengo yozizira yozizira.
Palinso zotsatirapo zoyipa zochokera pagulu la nyama zogawanika. Ma Yak yakutchire amawononga mipanda ndipo, m'malo ena ovuta kwambiri, amapha nyama zoweta. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo omwe kumakhala nyama zakutchire ndi zakunyumba pafupi, pamakhala mwayi wofalitsa matenda.
Yak alonda
Chithunzi: Yak kuchokera ku Red Book
Bungwe la Zankhalango ku Tibetan likuyesetsa kwambiri kuteteza ma yak, kuphatikizapo chindapusa chofika $ 600. Komabe, kusaka kumakhala kovuta kupondereza popanda oyendetsa mafoni. Yak wakutchire amaonedwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo ndi IUCN lero. Amadziwika kuti anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, koma mu 1996 nyamayo idawonjezeredwa pamndandanda malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchepa.
Yak wakutchire amawopsezedwa ndi magwero angapo:
- Kupha nyama mopanda chilungamo, kuphatikizapo kuwononga chifukwa cha malonda, kumakhalabe koopsa kwambiri;
- Kuwonongeka kwa amuna chifukwa cha chizolowezi chawo choyendayenda okha;
- Kuwoloka kwa nyama zakutchire ndi zoweta. Izi zitha kuphatikizira kufalitsa matenda mu nyama za ng'ombe;
- Kusamvana ndi abusa, kupangitsa kubwezera kubwezera kulanda ma yak yakunyumba ndi ziweto zamtchire.
Pofika 1970, yak yakutchire inali pafupi kutha. Kusaka kwambiri ma yak yakutchire pofunafuna chakudya kunawakakamiza kuchoka m'mapiri ndikukakhazikika pamalo okwera kwambiri, pamwamba pa 4500 m ndikufika pamwamba pa mapiri okwera 6000 m. Anthu ena adapulumuka m'mapiri aku China Kunlun, komanso chifukwa choteteza boma la China , lero ziweto zamtchire zapezekanso kumtunda pakati pa 4000 ndi 4500 mita.
Chifukwa cha chitetezo chakanthawi, yak idayamba kumanganso anthu ake. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mitundu yakhala ikufalikira komanso kukula kwakukula. Komabe, chifukwa chakufikira bwino madera ambiri poyenda pamseu komanso kuchuluka kosaka kosaka, kupulumutsidwa kwa ma yakutchire sikutsimikizika.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi 15:42
