Mvuu ndi imodzi mwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndi chachiwiri kwa njovu zaku Africa. Zipembere amathanso kupikisana kukula ndi kulemera. Ngakhale kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake kwakukulu, mvuu zimatha kukhala nyama zothamanga kwambiri komanso zothamanga.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, nkhumba zimawerengedwa kuti ndi makolo komanso achibale a zipembere. Komabe, osati kalekale, akatswiri a zoo - ofufuza adapereka lingaliro lodabwitsa la ubale wawo ndi anamgumi!
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Behemoth
Mvuu ndizoyimira zovuta, gulu la mammalian, dongosolo la artiodactyl, non-ruminant porcine suborder, ndi banja la mvuu.
Akatswiri a zinyama amati kusinthika kwa nyamazi sikumveka bwino. Asayansi amati oimira banja la mvuu, omwe amafanana ndi mvuu zamakono, adawonekera padziko lapansi zaka zopitilira 5 miliyoni zapitazo. Makolo akale a nyama anali osatulutsa, omwe amatchedwa kondilartrams. Amakhala moyo wawokha, mwachilengedwe anali osungulumwa.
Kanema: Behemoth
Mitengo yamatope idasankhidwa kukhala malo okhala. Kunja, zimawoneka ngati mvuu zamakono. Zotsalira zakale kwambiri za nyama iyi zidapezeka kudera la Africa ndipo zidakhalapo nthawi ya Miocene. Makolo a nyamayo, omwe amatha kudziwika kuti ndi mvuu, ndipo amafanana kwambiri ndi mitundu yamakono, adawoneka pafupifupi zaka miliyoni ndi theka zapitazo. Pakati pa Pliocene ndi Pleistocene, adafalikira mokwanira.
Asayansi awonetsa kuti nthawi ya Pleistocene, kuchuluka kwa nyama kunali kwakukulu ndipo kudaposa kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zilipo mwachilengedwe masiku ano. Malinga ndi zotsalira za nyama zomwe zidapezeka ku Kenya, asayansi atsimikiza kuti kuchuluka kwawo munthawi ya Pleistocene kunali 15% ya zamoyo zonse zam'nthawi imeneyo, komanso 28% yazinyama zonse.
Mvuu sizinkangokhala kudera la Africa kokha, komanso kupitirira malire ake. Adachotsedwa kwathunthu kudera la Europe chifukwa cha Pleistocene Ice Age. Nthawi imeneyo panali mitundu inayi ya nyama, lero kuli imodzi yokha. Mvuu ya pygmy idasiyanitsidwa ndi tsinde lofala pafupifupi zaka 5 miliyoni zapitazo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mvuu yanyama
Kulemera kwa mvuu wamkulu ndi makilogalamu 1200 - 3200. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika mamita asanu. Kutalika kwa mchira ndi pafupifupi 30-40 cm, kutalika kwa kufota kumakhala kopitilira mita imodzi ndi theka. Mwa nyama, mawonekedwe azakugonana amawonetsedwa. Amuna ndi akulu komanso olemera kwambiri kuposa akazi. Komanso, amuna amakhala ndi zilonda zazitali.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Amuna amakula m'miyoyo yawo yonse. Akazi amasiya kukula akafika zaka 25.
Mtundu wa khungu la nyama ndi imvi-violet, kapena imvi yokhala ndi ubweya wobiriwira. Zigamba zakuda-pinki zimapezeka m'maso ndi m'makutu. Kakhungu kakang'ono ka khungu ndi kofewa komanso kosakhwima, chifukwa chake amatha kuvulala kwambiri ndikumavulala pankhondo. Khungu lanyama lonselo ndilolimba komanso lolimba.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti khungu la nyama silikhala ndi thukuta komanso mafinya. Pali zotupa zam'mimba zomwe zimatulutsa chinsinsi chapadera chofiira. Kwa nthawi yayitali amakhulupirira kuti uwu ndi magazi wokhala ndi thukuta. Komabe, pophunzira zochitika zofunikira ndi kapangidwe ka thupi la nyama, zidapezeka kuti chinsinsicho ndichophatikiza ma asidi. Madzi amenewa amateteza thupi la mvuu ku dzuwa lotentha la ku Africa mwa kuyamwa kunyezimira kwa dzuwa.
Nyamazo zili ndi miyendo yaifupi koma yamphamvu kwambiri yokhala ndi mapazi oluka. Kapangidwe kamiyendo kamakupatsani mwayi wolimba komanso mwachangu kuyenda m'madzi ndi pamtunda. Mvuu zimakhala ndi mutu waukulu komanso wolemera kwambiri. Kulemera kwake mwa anthu ena kumatha kufikira tani. Maso, makutu ndi mphuno za nyama ndizokwanira kuti zizikhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Ikamizidwa kotheratu, mvuu za m'mphuno ndi maso zimatsekeka, kuti madzi asalowe.
Mvuu zimakhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu kwambiri, zamphamvu zomwe zimatsegula pafupifupi madigiri 160. Nsagwada zili ndi zitoliro zazikulu komanso zotsekemera. Kutalika kwawo kumafika theka la mita. Mano ndi akuthwa kwambiri chifukwa amakhala onola nthawi zonse akamatafuna.
Kodi mvuu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mvuu yayikulu
Monga malo okhalamo, nyama zimasankha malo omwe mumakhala madzi osazama. Izi zitha kukhala madambo, mitsinje, nyanja. Kuzama kwawo kuyenera kukhala osachepera mita ziwiri, popeza nyama zimakonda kumiza m'madzi. Masana, nyama zimakonda kugona kapena kutentha padzuwa, m'madzi osaya, kapena kusambira m'matope akuluakulu. Mdima utayamba, nyama zimakonda kukhala pamtunda. Nyama zimakonda malo amchere amchere.
Malo okhala nyama:
- Kenya;
- Mozambique;
- Tanzania;
- Liberia;
- Cote DeIvoire;
- Malawi;
- Uganda;
- Lusaka, Zambia
Pakadali pano, nyama zimakhala zokha mdera la Africa, kumwera kwa Sahara, kupatula chilumba cha Madagascar. Kuyambira zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo, malo okhala nyama sanasinthe. Mvuu zinasowa kwathunthu m'dera la South Africa. Anthu amakhalabe okhazikika m'malo otetezedwa m'mapaki adziko ndi madera otetezedwa.
Mvuu zimayesetsa kupewa nyanja. Sizachilendo kuti azikhala m'madamu ngati amenewa. Nyama zimafunikira malo osungira okwanira kuti azikhala ndi ziweto, komanso kuti zisaume chaka chonse. Mvuu zimafunika zigwa zaudzu pafupi ndi madzi kuti zizidyetsa ziwetozo. Ngati dziwe louma panthawi yachilala chachikulu, nyama zimakonda kuyendayenda kufunafuna malo ena osambira.
Kodi mvuu imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mvuu m'chilengedwe
Nyama yayikuluyi komanso yamphamvu kwambiri ndi herbivore. Mdima utayamba, nyama zimapita kumtunda kukadya. Chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo ndi kukula kwa thupi, amafunikira chakudya chochuluka. Amatha kudya makilogalamu 50 a zakudya zamasamba nthawi imodzi. Nthawi zambiri, zakudya za nyama zimatha kukhala ndi mitundu itatu mwa mitundu yazomera zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, zomera zam'madzi sizoyenera kukhala chakudya cha mvuu.
Pakasowa chakudya, nyama zimatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Komabe, sangathe kuyenda maulendo ataliatali komanso ataliatali. Zakudya za nyama zimaphatikizapo pafupifupi chakudya chilichonse chomera - mphukira, mabango, udzu, ndi zina zambiri. Samadya mizu ndi zipatso za zomera, chifukwa alibe luso loti azipeze ndi kuzikumba.
Pafupifupi, chakudya chimodzi cha nyama chimatenga maola anayi ndi theka. Milomo yayikulu, yokhala ndi mnofu ndi yabwino kudya. Kutalika kwa mlomo umodzi kumafika theka la mita. Izi zimathandiza mvuu kugwetsa ngakhale udzu wandiweyani mosavutikira. Mano akulu kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama ngati mpeni wodulira chakudya.
Chakudyacho chimatha m'mawa. Chakudya chitatha, mvuu zimabwerera kumalo osungira. Mvuu sizikudya mtunda wopitilira makilomita awiri kuchokera ku dziwe. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya tsiku lililonse kuyenera kukhala osachepera 1-1.5% ya thupi lathunthu. Ngati mamembala a mvuu samadya chakudya chokwanira, amafooka ndikuchepa mphamvu.
Muzochitika zochepa chabe, pamakhala milandu yodya nyama ndi nyama. Komabe, akatswiri a zooge amati chodabwitsa choterechi chimachitika chifukwa cha zovuta zathanzi kapena zina zodetsa nkhawa. Njira yodyera mvuu sinapangidwe kuti idye nyama.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mvuu m'madzi
Mvuu ndi nyama zoweta ndipo zimakhala pagulu. Chiwerengero cha magulu akhoza kukhala osiyana - awiri kapena atatu dazeni awiri kapena mazana atatu. Gulu limakhala lotsogozedwa ndi yamphongo. Mwamuna wamkulu nthawi zonse amateteza kuyenera kwake kwa utsogoleri. Amuna nthawi zambiri amalimbana mwamphamvu pomenyera ufulu wawo, komanso ufulu wokwatiwa ndi mkazi.
Mvuu yogonjetsedwa nthawi zambiri imamwalira ndi zilonda zambiri zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zilonda zamphamvu komanso zowopsa kwambiri. Kulimbirana utsogoleri pakati pa amuna kumayamba akafika zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Izi zimawonekera pakukasamula, kubangula, kufalitsa manyowa ndi kugwira nsagwada. Amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi udindo wamtendere komanso wodekha m'gulu la ziweto.
Sizachilendo kuti magulu azikhala gawo linalake lomwe amakhala pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse. Masana nthawi zambiri amagona kapena amasamba m'matope. Mdima utayamba, amatuluka m'madzi ndikudya. Nyama zimakonda kulemba madera ndikufalitsa manyowa. Chifukwa chake, amawonetsa madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso malo odyetserako ziweto.
Mkati mwa ziweto, nyama zimalankhulana wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana. Amamveka mofanana ndi kung'ung'udza, kuphwanya, kapena kubangula. Phokoso limeneli limafalitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana osati pamtunda komanso m’madzi. Choyimitsacho chimatanthauza kusilira anthu achikulire komanso odziwa zambiri mgululi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti. Mvuu zimakonda kulira ngakhale zitamira m'madzi.
Nthawi zambiri, ikakhala m'madzi, nyama zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo ophera nsomba. Umenewu ndi mgwirizano wopindulitsana, chifukwa mbalame zimachotsa mvuu kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tomwe timasokoneza thupi la chimphonacho.
Mvuu poyang'ana koyamba zimawoneka zosamveka komanso zosasangalatsa. Amatha kuthamanga mpaka 35 km / h. Nzosadabwitsa kuti amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zosayembekezereka komanso zowopsa padziko lapansi. Mphamvu zosaneneka ndi zowawa zazikulu zimakulolani kuthana ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kwambiri m'kuphethira kwa diso. Zowopsa kwambiri ndi amuna ndi akazi achikulire, pafupi ndi ana awo. Mvuu imatha kupondaponda nyama, kuidya, kuiluma ndi zibambo zazikulu, kapena kungoikoka m'madzi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mvuu ya Khanda
Mvuu sizimapanga magulu awiriawiri. Komabe, safunikira izi, chifukwa nthawi zonse pamakhala azimayi omwe amafufuza. Anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi kwa nthawi yayitali ndikusankha bwenzi. Amamuyang'anitsitsa, akumununkhiza. Kusankha bwenzi ndi chibwenzi sikuthamangitsidwa, kukhazikika komanso kukhazikika. Amuna amayesetsa kupewa mikangano ndi anthu amphamvu. Mkazi atangoyankha pachibwenzi chachete, wamwamunayo amamutengera pambali. Kutali ndi gulu, chibwenzi chimakhala chovuta kwambiri ndikukakamira. Njira yolumikizirana imachitika m'madzi.
Pambuyo masiku 320, mwana wamwamuna amabadwa. Asanabereke, mkaziyo amachita zinthu mwankhanza modabwitsa. Iye salola aliyense kuyandikira. Pofuna kuti asadzivulaze kapena mwana wamtsogolo mdziko lino, akuyang'ana madzi osaya. Akubwerera kale ndi mwana wamasabata awiri. Ana obadwa kumene amakhala ochepa komanso ofooka. Misa yawo ndi pafupifupi makilogalamu 20.
Mayi amayesetsa m'njira zonse zotetezera mwana, chifukwa amaonedwa kuti ndi nyama yosavuta pakati pa adani omwe alibe kulimba mtima kuti athe kuwukira achikulire, mvuu zamphamvu. Pambuyo pobwerera m'gulu, akulu ndi amuna olimba amasamalira ana. Ana amatenga mkaka wa amayi mpaka chaka chimodzi. Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyi, amalowa zakudya zomwe amakonda kudya. Komabe, mvuu zimakhala moyo wakutali zitangofika msinkhu wogonana - pafupifupi zaka 3-3.5.
Nthawi yayitali yamoyo wa nyama mwachilengedwe ndi zaka 35-40. Pazoyipa, imakula ndi zaka 15-20. Pali kulumikizana kwachindunji pakati pazomwe munthu amakhala ndi moyo komanso njira yovalira mano. Mano a mvuu atafota, chiyembekezo cha moyo chimachepa kwambiri.
Adani achilengedwe a mvuu
Chithunzi: Mvuu ku Africa
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu, mphamvu ndi mphamvu, mvuu zilibe mdani m'malo achilengedwe. Nyama zitha kungowopseza nyama zazing'ono, komanso zodwala kapena zofooka. Kuopsa kwa mvuu kumachitika ndi ng'ona, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwukira oimira banja la mvuu, mikango, afisi, ndi akambuku. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, kuyambira 15 mpaka 30% ya achinyamata osakwanitsa chaka amwalira chifukwa cha zolakwika za odyetsawa. Nthawi zambiri pamapangidwe a ziweto, achinyamata amatha kuponderezedwa.
Gwero lalikulu la ngozi ndi chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa mvuu ndi anthu ndi ntchito zawo. Nyama zinawonongedwa ndi anthu ochuluka kwambiri chifukwa cha nyama. M'mayiko ambiri a mu Africa, mbale zopangidwa kuchokera ku nyama ya mvuu zimawonedwa kuti ndizabwino. Imafanana ndi nyama ya nkhumba ndipo imakoma ngati ng'ombe. Khungu ndi mafupa a nyama ndizofunika kwambiri. Zipangizo zapadera zopera ndi kudula miyala yamtengo wapatali zimapangidwa kuchokera pachikopa, ndipo mafupa ndi chikho chamtengo wapatali ndipo amtengo wapatali kuposa minyanga ya njovu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mvuu Yodziwika
Pazaka khumi zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mvuu kwatsika kwambiri, pafupifupi 15-20%. M'madera pafupifupi khumi ndi atatu, pali anthu 125,000 mpaka 150,000.
Zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa ziweto:
- Kupha nyama. Ngakhale kuletsa kuwonongedwa kwa nyama kosaloledwa, nyama zambiri zimafa chaka chilichonse kuchokera kwa anthu. Nyama zomwe zimakhala mdera losatetezedwa ndi malamulo zimakonda kupha nyama.
- Kulanda malo ofunikira. Kuyanika malo osungira madzi abwino, madambo, kusintha njira zamitsinje kumabweretsa imfa za nyama, popeza sizingayende maulendo ataliatali. Kukula kwa madera ochulukirachulukira ndimunthu, chifukwa chake dera komanso kupezeka kwa malo odyetserako ziweto kumachepetsedwa.
Mvuu yolondera
Chithunzi: Red Hippo Book
M'madera momwe mvuu zimakhala zambiri, kusaka nyama izi ndikoletsedwa mwalamulo. Kuphwanya lamuloli kumakhudza kuyang'anira komanso milandu. Komanso, kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwawo, malo osungirako zachilengedwe ndi malo otetezedwa akupangidwa, omwe ali pansi pa chitetezo. Njira zonse zomwe zingatengeredwenso zimatengedwa kuti zisawonongeke m'madzi amadzi.
Mvuu ya pygmy yokha ndi yomwe imapezeka mu Red Book yapadziko lonse. Anapatsidwa udindo wokhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Maonekedwe, kukula, kutalika kwa thupi ndi kukula kwa mayini a mvuu ndizodabwitsa komanso zowopsa. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, mvuu zimazunza anthu nthawi zambiri kuposa nyama zina zonse zomwe zili mdziko la Africa. Pokwiya komanso mokwiya, nyamayo ndi yakupha mwankhanza komanso mwankhanza kwambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02/26/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/15/2019 pa 19:36
