Mchira -wiri Ndi cholengedwa chomwe chimafanana ndi tizilombo tomwe. Ali ndi miyendo isanu ndi umodzi ndipo ali ndi dzina lapadziko lonse lapansi Diplura. Katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Germany Karl Berner adawafotokozera mu 1904.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Dvuhvostka
Arthropod iyi ndi ya kalasi yama cryopods, yolumikiza zolengedwa zachikale kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo wachinsinsi kwambiri, ndipo ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi nthaka, kuphatikiza pazitsulo ziwiri, kalasi iyi imaphatikizanso masika osakhazikika. Mitundu itatuyi imagwirizanitsidwa ndikuti zida zawo zamkamwa zimakokedwa mumutu wamutu, chifukwa chake dzina lawo.
Kanema: Mchira-wawiri
Poyamba, kalasiyi inali ya tizilombo, koma tsopano ndi gulu lina. Anthu omwe ali ndi miyendo iwiri ali pafupi kwambiri ndi tizilombo. Ndi zazikulu kuposa oimira ena a crypto-maxillary: protur ndi springtails. M'mbuyomu, kukula kwa miyendo isanu ndi umodzi sikumveka bwino. Koma mtundu umodzi wa michira iwiri, kuyambira nthawi ya Carboniferous, amadziwika - ndi Testajapyx. Anthuwa anali ndi maso ophatikizana, komanso chiwalo chapakamwa chofanana ndi cha tizilombo zenizeni, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pafupi ndi iwo kuposa oimira Diplura amakono.
Mitunduyi ili ndi magulu atatu akulu:
- Campodeoidea;
- Japygoidea;
- Kutsegulira.
Zomwe zafala kwambiri ndi izi:
- banja la campodei;
- banja la yapiks.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo ta michira iwiri
Zambiri za michira iwiri ndi yaying'ono, mamilimita ochepa (0.08-0.2 mm), koma ina yake imafikira masentimita awiri mpaka awiri. Alibe maso kapena mapiko. Thupi lalitali la fusiform limagawika mutu, gawo lachifuwa la magawo atatu, ndi mimba yokhala ndi magawo khumi. Zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyambirira zam'mimba zimakhala ndi zotuluka zotchedwa styli. Chinyama chimatsamira pa zotumphukira izi zikuthamanga.
Chosangalatsa: Gawo lakumapeto limakhala ndi chiwerewere chotchedwa cerci, chomwe chimafanana ndi tinyanga kapena michira iwiri. Ndi chifukwa cha iwo kuti zolengedwa izi zidakhala ndi mayina awiri kapena mphira wa mphanda.
Mwa oimira mphanda - yapiks, zotulukazi ndizochepa, zolimba ngati claw. Cerci ngati imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwira nyama zawo. Mu banja la Campodia, cerci ndi yolumikizidwa komanso yogawika. Amakhala ndi ziwalo zobisika, zimagwira ntchito ngati tinyanga. Mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya Projapygoidea, cerci ndi yolimba, yofupikitsidwa, koma yogawika.
Anthu oterewa amakhalanso ndi kusintha kwapadera - awa ndi ma gland oyenda m'mimba kumapeto kwa njira zawo zofupikitsa za mchira. Mafinya osinthasintha amatulutsa ulusi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito polepheretsa nyama, monga nkhupakupa kapena nsagwada sikokwanira.
Magawo atatu amtundu wamiyendo isanu ndi umodzi amadziwika bwino, aliyense wa iwo ali ndi miyendo yopyapyala komanso yayitali. Zolemba za cryo-maxillary ndizofewa, zofewa komanso zochepa kotero kuti kupuma kumachitika kudzera mwa iwo. Kuphatikiza apo, michira iwiriyo imakhala ndi njira zopumira zama tracheal komanso mapaundi khumi ndi anayi azipilala. Mchinji wa mphanda ulinso ndi zigawo zambiri: kuyambira zidutswa 13 mpaka 70, ndipo gawo lililonse limakhala ndi minofu yake. Mwachitsanzo, ma postmandibulars alibe minyewa yotere.
Kodi mbalame ya miyendo iwiriyo imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Dvuhvostka
Mafoloko-mchira ndi achinsinsi kwambiri, zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira, ndipo kukula kwake kocheperako, kusintha kwake komanso kutsanzira utoto kumathandizira m'moyo uno. Amakhala m'ziswe, milu ya chiswe, m'mapanga. Amakhala mumtengo wowola, dothi lapamwamba, zinyalala zamasamba, moss, makungwa amitengo. Simudzawapeza pamtunda, chifukwa amakonda chinyezi.
M'mayiko ena padziko lapansi, mitundu ina imakhala mumizu yazipatso. Zinanenanso kuti pali nthumwi zomwe ndi tizirombo ta mbewu monga nzimbe, mtedza ndi mavwende. Odziwika kwambiri ndi anthu ochokera kubanja la Campodei. Amayenda kwambiri. Mwakuwoneka, izi ndi zolengedwa zofatsa komanso zowonda, zokhala ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono komanso cerci yayitali. Amiyendo isanu ndi umodzi amakhala m'nthaka kapena zinyalala zowola, pomwe pali chakudya chochuluka kwa iwo: tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi nthata, zotsalira za zomera.
Chofunika kwambiri popereka zinthu zoyenera pamoyo wa zolengedwa izi ndi chinyezi chambiri. Nthawi yotentha, anthuwo, mphutsi zawo ndi mazira zimauma. Koma pali mitundu ina ya subspecies yomwe imasinthidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo yowuma, yomwe imakulitsa magawidwe odziwika bwino amiyendo iwiri.
Pokhala ku Crimea, pagombe lakumwera, Japix ghilarovi ndi wamtali wa 1 cm. Woimira wamkulu pabanjali, Japix dux, amapezeka ku Turkmenistan; amafikira masentimita asanu m'litali. M'nkhalango zotentha za ku Africa, pali michira iwiri, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe a Japyx ndi Campodia - Projapygoidea.
Kodi mbalame ya miyendo iwiri amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: A michira iwiri mnyumba
Am'magazi zamoyozi ndizapadera kwambiri chifukwa cha kapangidwe kazida zam'kamwa. Amakonzedwa m'njira yoluma ndipo ziwalo zam'kamwa zimatsogozedwa patsogolo, ngakhale zili zobisika pamutu. Ngalande m'matumbo mu michira iwiri ikuwoneka ngati chubu wosavuta.
Nsagwada zakumtunda zili ndi mawonekedwe a chikwakwa chokhala ndi sereredi, ndizomata. Kuchokera panja, nsonga zokhazokha ndizomwe zimawoneka, ndipo zina zonse zimabisika m'matangadza, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ovuta ndipo amatchedwa matumba a nsagwada. Mlomo wapansi ndi matumba amapanga chidutswa chimodzi. Nsagwada zakumtunda kapena zofunikira - zotetezedwa, komanso zotsikirako - maxilla zimabisika m'mbali. Yapiks, ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya mphanda, ndi nyama zolusa.
Amadya:
- tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta nyamakazi;
- nsikidzi;
- ophunzira;
- masika;
- nematode;
- nsabwe zamatabwa;
- zokonda;
- abale awo kampodei;
- mphutsi.
Michira ya mphanda ija, momwe cerci imapangidwira ngati zikhadabo, kugwira nyama, kulowetsa kumbuyo kuti wovulalayo akhale patsogolo pamutu, kenako idyani. Ena mwa omwe akuyimirawa ndi omnivorous ndipo amadya detritus, ndiye kuti, zotsalira zamoyo zopanda mafupa ndi zamoyo zam'mimba, tinthu tina tomwe timatulutsa timadzi tating'onoting'ono tating'ono. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizanso bowa mycelium.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo ta michira iwiri
Zimakhala zovuta kusunga mphanda, ndi zazing'ono komanso zosakhazikika. Pafupifupi zithunzi zonse za cholengedwacho zidatengedwa kuchokera kumwamba, koma osati mbali. Ankaganiziridwa kuti zotuluka m'mimba zinali ziwalo chabe zachikhalidwe.
Pambuyo pakuwona kwakanthawi ndikupeza zithunzi zokulitsa, zidawonekeratu kuti amiyendo isanu ndi umodzi amagwiritsa ntchito cholembera chawo pamimba ngati ziwalo. Poyenda pamwamba, amapachika momasuka. Pogonjetsa zopinga zowongoka, mphandawo amagwiritsa ntchito ngati miyendo. Mobile campodea imakhala ndi cerci tcheru kumapeto kwa mimba, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito chimodzimodzi ndi tinyanga. Amayenda mwachangu kwambiri kufunafuna nyama yonyamula, akumva njira yawo ndi tinyanga tawo m'ming'alu yapadziko lapansi, akumva zopinga zochepa.
Zosangalatsa: Campodei amatha kuthamanga mutu woyamba komanso mosemphanitsa. Miyendo ndi zotuluka pamimba zimasinthidwa kuti ziziyenda mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo. Cerci kumchira wamimba bwinobwino m'malo mwa tinyanga-tinyanga.
Campodea imazindikira kugwedezeka pang'ono kwa mpweya komwe kumachitika kuchokera kwa munthu amene akusunthira kapena mdani. Nyamayi ikapunthwa ndi cholepheretsa kapena ikazindikira ngozi, imathamangira mwachangu kuthawa.
Chosangalatsa: Michira iwiri imatha kufikira liwiro la 54 mm / s, lomwe ndi kutalika kwa thupi makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri pamphindikati. Poyerekeza, nyalugwe amathamanga kwambiri pafupifupi 110 km / h. Kuti nyalugwe ayende mothamanga mofanana ndi foloko, ayenera kukhala mpaka 186 km / h.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Dvuhvostka
Zamoyo zoyambazi zidagawika akazi awiri. Amuna ndi akazi amatha kukula mosiyanasiyana. Feteleza mu michira iwiri, monga nyama zina za cryptomaxillary, imakhala ndi mawonekedwe akunja-mkati. Amuna amaika sprmatophores - makapisozi okhala ndi umuna. Makapisozi awa amalumikizidwa pansi ndi tsinde lalifupi. Munthu m'modzi amatha kusungira ma spermatophores mazana awiri pasabata. Amakhulupirira kuti kutha kwawo kumakhala pafupifupi masiku awiri.
Mkazi amatenga ma spermatophores ndikutsegula kwake kumaliseche, kenako amaikira mazira m'ming'alu kapena m'malo opumira munthaka. Anthu amatuluka dzira lomwe limafanana kwambiri ndi akulu, ali ndi zotuluka zochepa pamimba ndipo alibe ziwalo zoberekera. Ma Dipluran amakhala masiku awo oyamba ali phee osakhazikika ndipo pokhapokha molt woyamba atayamba kusuntha ndikupeza chakudya.
Kuyambira mphutsi mpaka mtundu wachikulire, kukula kumachitika mwachindunji kudzera magawo a molting, omwe atha kukhala pafupifupi nthawi 40 m'moyo, amakhala pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Pali umboni kuti zamoyo zina zitha kukhala zaka zitatu.
Chosangalatsa: Zimadziwika kuti makampasi amasiya mazira awo, pomwe ma yapik amakhala pafupi ndi zomata, kuteteza mazira ndi mphutsi kwa adani.
Adani achilengedwe a michira iwiri
Chithunzi: Dvuhvostka
Kuperewera kwa chidziwitso cha zolengedwa izi, chikhalidwe chobisika cha moyo wawo sichilola kuzindikira kwathunthu komanso molondola bwalo lonse la adani awo. Koma izi zitha kuphatikizira nthata zolusa, oimira zinkhanira zabodza, kafadala, zikumbu zapansi, ntchentche za empida, nyerere. Kawirikawiri, koma amatha kukhala nyama ya akangaude, achule, nkhono.
Kusintha kwa Macroflora kumakhudzanso anthu. Kulima molunjika (monga kulima) kumawononga mwachindunji, koma kumawononga pang'ono. Feteleza amachulukitsa anthu m'nthaka, ndipo mankhwala a herbicide sagwira ntchito pa iwo. Mankhwala ena amapha, ndipo kuwonjezeka kwa dvuhvostok pambuyo popopera tizilombo mwina chifukwa chakupha kwa mankhwala kwa adani awo.
Chosangalatsa: Ina ya michira iwiriyo ikhoza kutaya cerci yawo ya caudal pakagwa ngozi. Ndiwo okhawo omwe amatha kukonzanso chiwalo chotayika pambuyo poti molts angapo. Osati kokha cerci, komanso tinyanga ndi miyendo zimatha kubwezeretsedwanso.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Tizilombo ta michira iwiri
Magulu a michira iwiri yomwe imakhala pansi ndi yayikulu kwambiri ndipo ndi gawo losasinthika la nthaka biocenosis. Amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, kuchokera kumadera otentha kupita kumadera otentha. Zamoyozi ndizofala kwambiri m'maiko otentha komanso achinyezi, koma pali mitundu mpaka 800 yonse, yomwe:
- ku North America - mitundu 70;
- ku Russia ndi mayiko a Soviet Union - mitundu 20;
- ku UK - mitundu 12;
- ku Australia - mitundu 28.
Yapiks amapezeka ku Crimea, Caucasus, Central Asia, Moldova ndi Ukraine, komanso m'maiko otentha. Zilombozi zilibe udindo wosamalira, ngakhale zina mwa izo, monga yapiks zazikulu, zimatetezedwa m'maiko ena. Ku United States, m'chigawo cha West Virginia, malo okhala ndi michira iwiri ya Plusiocampa ochokera kubanja la Campodia akuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazinthu zosawerengeka. Ku New Zealand, department of Agriculture imalemba kuti Octostigma herbivora, wochokera kubanja la Projapygidae, ngati tizilombo.
Chosangalatsa: Caw-mchira nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi ma earwig. Omwe amakhalanso ndi mapangidwe ofanana ndi zikhadabo kumapeto kwa thupi lokhalitsa. Makutu akumakutu ali m'gulu la tizilombo. Mukayang'anitsitsa, amawonetsa maso, mapiko ang'onoang'ono kwambiri ndi elytra yolimba, ali ndi chivundikiro cholimba, ndipo pamimba pamakhala magawo 7. Kukula kwa tizilombo ndikokulirapo kuposa michira ya mphanda, yomwe imapezeka mdziko lathu lino, ndipo ma earwig nawonso amayenda modekha padziko lapansi.
Osasokoneza ma cryopods ndi ma millipedes, omwe onse ali ndi kukula kofanana, ndipo michira iwiriyo ili ndi awiriawiri atatu a miyendo yayitali, ndipo inayo ndi zisa zazing'ono pamimba. Mchira -wiri, kwakukulukulu, cholengedwa chopanda vuto komanso chothandiza, chothandiza kupanga manyowa, kukonza zotsalira za zinthu zopangidwa ndi organic. Munthu sangazindikire kupezeka kwawo, chifukwa amapezeka m'nthaka ndipo ndi ochepa kwambiri kotero kuti ndizovuta kuzizindikira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 24.02.2019
Idasinthidwa: 17.09.2019 pa 20:46
