Kharza - nyama yayikulu kwambiri ya mtundu wa weasel, wa m'banja lomwelo. Amatchedwanso marten wachikasu, chifukwa ali ndi utoto wowoneka wonyezimira wonyezimira kumtunda kwa thupi. Malongosoledwe asayansi adaperekedwa ndi a Dutch Dutch Peter Boddert mu 1785.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kharza
Kutanthauzira koyamba kwa harze kunaperekedwa ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku England a Thomas Pennath mu The History of the Quadruped mu 1781. Kumeneko kunanenedwa ngati nkhokwe weasel. Zaka zambiri atatulutsa ntchito ya Boddert, pomwe adapatsa chilombocho tanthauzo lake lamakono ndi dzina - Martes flavigula, kukhalapo kwa marten wokhala ndi chifuwa chachikaso chowala kudafunsidwa mpaka wolemba zachilengedwe waku England a Thomas Hardwig atabweretsa khungu la nyama kuchokera ku India kupita ku Museum of East India Company.
Imodzi mwamitundu yakale kwambiri ya marten ndipo mwina idawonekera pa Pliocene. Mtundu uwu umatsimikiziridwa ndi malo ake ndi mtundu wa atypical. Zotsalira zazilombo zomwe zidapezeka zidapezeka ku Russia kumwera kwa Primorye kuphanga la Geographical Society (Upper Quaternary) komanso ku Bat Cave (Holocene). Zakale zoyambirira zimapezeka ku Late Pliocene kumpoto kwa India komanso koyambirira kwa Pleistocene kumwera kwa China.
Mtundu wa Kharza uli ndi mitundu iwiri (mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yafotokozedwa), ku Russia kuli mitundu ya Amur, ndipo ku India pali mitundu yosawerengeka kwambiri - Nilgir (yemwe amakhala m'mapiri a Nilgiri massif). Kutali kumpoto kwa malo okhalamo, nyama ikakulirakulira, imakhala ndi ubweya wofewa komanso wotalikirapo komanso mtundu wowoneka bwino wa thupi. Kumbali ya kuwala kwa mtundu, imafanana ndi nyama yotentha, yomwe ili, koma m'nkhalango za Primorye, chilombocho chikuwoneka chachilendo komanso chosayembekezereka.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal Kharza
Woimira nyama zamphongo ndi wamphamvu, ali ndi thupi lolimba, lolimba, khosi lalitali komanso mutu wawung'ono. Mchirawo siwofewa kwambiri, koma wautali wokulirapo kuposa uja wa ma mustelid ena, chidwi chake chimakulitsidwanso poti sichimafinya ngati abale apafupi kwambiri. Mphuno yowongoka imakhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe amakona atatu. Kharza ndi wamkulu kukula.
Mwa akazi:
- kutalika kwa thupi - 50-65 cm;
- mchira kukula - 35-42 cm;
- kulemera - 1.2-3.8 makilogalamu.
Amuna:
- kutalika kwa thupi - 50-72 cm;
- mchira kutalika - 35-44 cm;
- kulemera - 1.8-5.8 makilogalamu.
Ubweya wa nyamawo ndi waufupi, wonyezimira, wolusa, chivundikiro cha mchira ndi chofanana kutalika kwake. Mbali yakumutu kwa mutu, makutu, mphuno, mchira ndi miyendo yakumunsi ndi yakuda. Mikwingwirima yoboola pakati imatsika kuchokera m'makutu m'mbali mwa khosi. Mlomo wapansi ndi chibwano ndi zoyera. Mbali yapadera ndi mtundu wowala wa nyama. Mbali yakumbuyo yakumbuyo ndi yakuda bulauni, ndikupitilira mpaka kudera lakuda.
Mtundu uwu umafikira kumbuyo. Chifuwa, mbali, miyendo yakutsogolo mpaka pakati pa thupi ndi chikasu chowala. Pakhosi ndi m'mawere zimakhala zowala zachikaso kapena zachikasu. Zikhadabo zakuda, zoyera kumapeto. M'chilimwe, utoto suli wowala kwambiri, mdima pang'ono komanso mithunzi yachikaso imafooka. Achinyamata ndi opepuka kuposa achikulire.
Kodi harza amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kharza marten
Chilombocho chimakhala ku Primorye, ku Korea Peninsula, kum'mawa kwa China, Taiwan ndi Hainan, m'munsi mwa mapiri a Himalaya, kumadzulo kwa Kashmir. Kum'mwera, malowa amafikira ku Indochina, kufalikira ku Bangladesh, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam. Nyamayo imapezeka pazilumba za Greater Sunda (Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra). Palinso malo osiyana kumwera kwa India.
Marten wamabele achikasu amakonda nkhalango, koma amapezeka m'malo achipululu a mapiri aku Pakistani. Ku Burma, nyamazi zimakhala m'madambo. M'nkhalango ya Nepalese Kanchenjunga amakhala mdera lamapiri ataliatali okwera mamita 4.5,000. Ku Russia, kumpoto, malo ogawa a Ussuri marten amayambira mumtsinje wa Amur, m'mbali mwa phiri la Bureinsky mpaka magwero a Mtsinje wa Urmi.
Kanema # 1: Kharza
Komanso, gawo ili ponseponse mu beseni la mtsinjewo. Gorin, ikafika ku Amur, kenako imatsikira kumunsi kwa mtsinjewo. Gorin. Kum'mwera, kuchokera kumadzulo kulowera kumapiri a Sikhote-Alin, kuwoloka mtsinje wa Bikin pafupi ndi gwero, kutembenukira kumpoto, ndikupita ku Nyanja ya Japan pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Koppi.
Kumene madera apangidwa ndi anthu kapena m'malo opanda mitengo m'chigwa cha Amur, Ussuri, Khanka lowland, chilombocho sichipezeka. Pamphepete kumanzere kwa Amur amapezeka kumadzulo kwa dera lalikulu, mdera la Skovorodino. Ku Nepal, Pakistan, Laos, chilombocho chimakhala m'nkhalango ndi malo ena oyandikana nawo pamalo okwera kwambiri. Amapezeka m'nkhalango zachiwiri ndi mitengo ya kanjedza ku Malaysia, ku Southeast Asia, mawonekedwe a nyama nthawi zambiri amalembedwa m'minda momwe amapangira mafuta amgwalangwa.
Kodi Kharza amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Ussuriyskaya kharza
Gawo lalikulu la zakudya ndizochepa ungulates. Chilombocho chimakonda nyama zam'mimba: zochulukirapo zowola zopanda nyanga m'derali, zimachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa nthumwi za mahellidi.
Amasakanso ana:
- ukwati;
- sika agwape;
- mphalapala;
- nguluwe;
- mbawala zamphongo;
- zokongola;
- agwape.
Katundu wambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala osapitirira 12 kg. Chilombocho chimagunda nyama zazing'ono. Hares, agologolo, mbewa, ma voles ndi mbewa zina ndi zina mwazosankha. Kuchokera ku mbalame, ma hazel grouses kapena pheasants, mazira ochokera ku zisa amatha kuzunzidwa. Nyama imatha kugwira ma salmonid ikangobereka. Sizimapewa amphibiya ndi njoka. Nthawi zina nyama yayikulu imagwiritsa ntchito ma mustelid ena, mwachitsanzo, khola kapena mzati. Gawo laling'ono la chakudyacho, monga chowonjezera, chimapangidwa ndi nyama zopanda mafupa osadya nyama ndikudya chakudya, mtedza wa paini, zipatso, zipatso, tizilombo.
Kanema wachiwiri: Kharza
Kharza ndiwokongola kwambiri. Amatha kudya zisa kapena uchi, ndikuviika mchira wake wautali mumng'oma wa njuchi, kenako ndikuzinyambita. Ku Manchuria, anthu wamba nthawi zina amatcha uchi marten. Mbozi za Musk zimatsatiridwa bwino ndi ana a Khazrs, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosakira. Amayamba kukakamiza anthu kuti atsike kutsetsereka m'mapiriwo ndikudutsa m'zigwa za mitsinje, kenako nkuwuyendetsa pamadzi oundana kapena chipale chofewa.
M'chilimwe amathamangitsa zowola mpaka ataziyika pamalo amiyala otchedwa sludge. Onse amamenyana naye ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kudya. Mu mtembo wa nyama yayikulu chonchi, poyerekeza ndi iwo, anthu awiri kapena atatu atha kupitiliza chikondwererochi kwa masiku atatu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal harza
Nyamayo imakonda masamba otambalala, nkhalango zamkungudza komanso nkhalango zosakanikirana zigwa ndi mitsetse yamapiri, nthawi zina imatha kupezeka mumdima wakuda. Nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pomwe nyama zam'mimba zimapezeka - cholinga chachikulu cha kusaka kwake, koma imatha kukhalanso komwe artiodactyl yake sakonda. M'mapiri, imakwera kumalire akutali a nkhalango, madera opanda mitengo komanso malo okhala anthu amadutsa.
Mlenje wamng'onoyo amakwera mitengo bwino, koma amakonda kukhala pamtunda nthawi zambiri. Amadziwa kulumpha kutali ndi nthambi kupita kunthambi, koma amasankha kutsitsa thunthu mozondoka. Amatha kusambira mwangwiro. Harz imasiyana ndi nthumwi zina za ma mustelids poti amasaka m'magulu. Pofunafuna wovulalayo, anthu pawokha amayenda patali, ndikupesa m'nkhalango. Nthawi zina machenjerero amasintha ndipo amakhala pamzere. Kharza samatsata njira yake, nthawi zonse amayatsa njira yatsopano.
Nyamayo imayenda kwambiri ndipo imagwira ntchito mosasamala usana kapena usiku ndipo imatha kuthamanga makilomita 20 patsiku. Ikazizira panja, imabisala pogona masiku angapo. Zinyama molts kawiri pachaka: kumapeto - mu Marichi-Ogasiti, kugwa - mu Okutobala. Munthu m'modzi amatha kusaka mdera la 2 mpaka 12 m2. Zimadziyendetsa pawokha pamtunda chifukwa chakumva, kununkhiza, masomphenya. Polumikizana, imapanga phokoso lakuwomba, ndipo makanda amamveka mofananira ngati kukuwa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kharza
Marten uyu, mosiyana ndi abale ake apamtima, amakhala m'magulu a anthu angapo komanso kusaka, akusonkhana m'magulu a ma 2-4 ma PC. M'nyengo yotentha, magulu oterewa nthawi zambiri amatha ndipo nyama zimasaka zokha. Nyama sizikhala moyo wokhazikika ndipo sizimangirizidwa pa tsamba limodzi, koma zazikazi zimapanga zisa nthawi yoti zibwerere ana, ndikuzikonzera m'maenje kapena m'malo ena obisika. Oimira ma mustelids amafika pakukula mchaka chachiwiri. Wodya nyamayo nthawi zambiri amakhala wokwatirana yekha, chifukwa amapanga awiriawiri osakhazikika. Zokwatirana zimachitika nthawi imodzi: February-Marichi kapena Juni-Ogasiti. Nthawi zina chizunzo chimatha mpaka Okutobala.
Nthawi ya bere ndi masiku 200 kapena kupitilira apo, kuphatikiza nthawi yolekerera pomwe mimbayo siyikula. Kusinthaku kwakanthawi kumathandizira kuti ana akhanda awonekere m'malo abwino. Ana amabadwa mu Epulo, nthawi zambiri pamakhala ana agalu 3-4 pakamwana, osapitilira 5. Poyamba ndi akhungu komanso ogontha, ndipo kulemera kwawo kumafikira 60 g.Mayi amasamalira anawo, amawaphunzitsa maluso akusaka. Anawo atakula ndikusiya chisa, amapitilizabe kukhala pafupi ndi amayi awo ndikusaka nawo mpaka masika, koma iwo okha amatha kukhala ndi moyo, kudya tizilombo ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono koyambirira.
Adani achilengedwe a harza
Chithunzi: Animal Kharza
Marten wamabele achikasu alibe adani kulikonse komwe amakhala. Ndi zazikulu zokwanira anthu ena okhala m'nkhalango komanso opunduka. Kukwanitsa kwawo kukwera mitengo ndikuthamangitsa kuchokera kumzake kumathandizira kuti apewe ziwopsezo zolemera monga lynx kapena wolverine. Zaka zapakati pa nyama zakutchire ndi zaka 7.5, koma zikasungidwa, zimakhala zaka 15-16.
Marten ndiyosowa, koma amatha kukhala nyama ya kadzidzi, kambuku wa Ussuri, Himalayan ndi mitundu ina ya zimbalangondo. Koma zolusa zimapewa kusaka nyama yamtundu wachikasu, chifukwa nyamayo imakhala ndi fungo linalake lomwe limatulutsidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa. Ngakhale nyamayi imatha kulimbana ndi kambuku, koma harza nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi wokhala m'nkhalango za Ussuri, kuti alowe nawo kudya nyama yomwe yatsala pambuyo pa chakudya chamadzulo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kharza
Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kopanda tanthauzo, kuchuluka ku Russia kuli pafupifupi mitu 3.5,000. Kusodza kwa iye sikuchitika, popeza ubweya wa nyamawo ndiwokhwima komanso wopanda phindu. Harza amadziwika kuti ndi Wosasamala Kwambiri ndi njira za IUCN. Nyama ili ndi malo ambiri ndipo imakhala m'malo ambiri m'malo otetezedwa. Palibe chomwe chingawopseze mtundu uwu, chifukwa mwachilengedwe mulibe adani owonekera. Chilombocho sichichita nawo nsomba. M'madera ena okha ndi momwe nyama zazing'onoting'ono zomwe zitha kuopsezedwa kuti zitha.
Kwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kwachititsa kuti anthu ambiri achepe. Koma za nyama zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri m'nkhalango zobiriwira nthawi zonse, padakali malo akuluakulu oti akhazikike. Chifukwa chake, kuchepa pang'ono kwa anthu sikuwopseza mitunduyo.
Chilombocho chimapulumuka bwino m'nkhalango zotsalira ndi m'minda yopangira zifukwa zingapo:
- zolusa zambiri amagwiritsa harza pang'ono ngati chakudya;
- iye samasakidwapo konse;
- khalidwe ndi khalidwe lake zimachepetsa mwayi wakugwa misampha;
- amathawa mosavuta agalu oweta komanso olusa.
Ngakhale kulibe chiwopsezo kwa anthu aku Southeast Asia, kukongola kwamaso achikaso kumasakidwa ku Laos, Vietnam, Korea, Pakistan ndi Afghanistan. Nuristan ndiye amagulitsa ubweya kumsika wa Kabul. Nyamayo ili pansi pa chitetezo cha madera ena m'malo ake, awa ndi: Manyama, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia. Zinalembedwa ku India mu Zowonjezera III za CITES, mgulu lachiwiri la Lamulo pa Chitetezo cha Chikhalidwe cha China, mdziko muno akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book.
Cholinga chachikulu choteteza zachilengedwe ndikuwunika anthu a harz amakono kuti achitepo kanthu munthawi yake ngati gawo lililonse lazilumba zakutali litayamba kuchepa. Kharza - chilombo chokongola chowala chilibe malonda ku Russia, koma ndizochepa. Palibe chifukwa chokokomeza zovulaza zomwe nyama zimachita posaka nyama zamphongo kapena mphalapala. Ayenera kuchitiridwa chisamaliro ndi chitetezo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09.02.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 16.09.2019 pa 15:46
