Njati mozindikirika ngati mbuye wa nkhalango. Ndi nyama yamphamvu kwambiri, yopambana komanso yamphamvu kwambiri. Ndi nthumwi ya nyama zopanda ungwiro. Njati ndi yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kutengera kukula ndi kulemera kwake, ndizochepa poyerekeza ndi njati zaku America.
Poyerekeza ndi makolo awo, njati zamakono ndizochepa kwambiri. M'zaka 100 zapitazi, nyama izi zatsala pang'ono kutha. Zinatengera anthu kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti ateteze mitundu yapaderayi ndikupanga momwe zingakulire.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Njati
Njati ndi ng'ombe yamphongo yomaliza kumapeto kwa Europe. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, nyama zimachokera kwa makolo awo akale - njati. Amayimira banja la bovids ndipo ndi amtundu wa nyama zanyama zokhwima.
Mbiri yakale ikuwonetsa kuti njati zidalipo kale mu nthawi ya Ice Age ndipo zinali zosakira anthu a nthawi imeneyo. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zojambula zamiyala za nthawi imeneyo zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale amafufuza. Ndiponso, kutchulidwa kwa chirombo chodabwitsa ichi kunapezeka m'mabuku akale a Aigupto ndi Aroma. Zimadziwika bwino kuti ku Roma wakale, njati zimachita nawo nkhondo zankhondo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njati zanyama
Maonekedwe a nyamayo ndi ochititsa chidwi mwaulemerero ndi mphamvu zake. Kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu ndi pafupifupi 3 mita. Kutalika kwa nyama ikamafota ndi pafupifupi mita ziwiri, khosi la khosi pamalo opepuka kwambiri ndi 2.5-3 mita. Mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi ndiyamphamvu kwambiri komanso yayikulu. Khosi ndi lalifupi komanso lokulirapo. Pamodzi ndi kumbuyo kwakumbuyo, khosi limapanga utoto wowoneka bwino kwambiri. Njati zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chifuwa chachikulu komanso chopindika, pamimba.
Mutu wa artiodactyls ndiwotsika. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zimamveka ngati mchira uli pamwamba pamutu. Kunja, mphuno ya njatiyo ndi yochepa poyerekeza ndi thupi. Gawo lalikulu lakumbuyo ladziwika. Gawo lanyama limakhala ndi nyanga zamphamvu. Mapeto a nyanga nthawi zambiri amagwetsedwa kapena kuloza. Nyanga zimakhala zosalala, zonyezimira, zakuda. Makutu ndi ang'ono, ozungulira, okutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda. Pakuwona zowoneka, ndizosaoneka. Ndizodziwika kuti nyama sizimasiyana pamawonekedwe, koma zimakhala ndi kununkhiza komanso kumva.
Kanema: Njati
Chosangalatsa: Ubweya wa nyama umatha kukhala wamitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera subspecies ndi dera lokhalamo. Mu njati ya Bialowieza, imakhala yofiirira-mtundu ndi utoto wonyezimira wamkuwa. Tsitsi lomwe lili kumutu limaoneka lakuda, lakuda bii, pafupifupi ndevu zakuda. M'nyengo yozizira, imakhala yolimba komanso yakuda.
Makhalidwe a oimira mitundu iyi:
- Nsagwada zili ndi mano 32;
- M'mimbamo, kuphatikizapo milomo ndi lilime, ndi mtundu wabuluu-lilac;
- Lilime lokutidwa ndi papillae wokulirapo;
- Khosi lalifupi, lalikuru;
- Maso akuda, ozungulira ozungulira;
- Miyendo yolimba, yolimba, yolimba ndi ziboda zazikulu;
- Mchira kutalika kwa 60 mpaka 85 masentimita;
- Mchira umathera ndi ngayaye ya fluffy;
- M'chigawo cha m'chifuwa chakunja ndi dera la nsagwada m'munsi, ndevu;
- Mutu ndi chifuwa zili ndi tsitsi lakuda, lopindika;
- Kupezeka kwa hump;
- Nyanga zozungulira;
- Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu ukufika makilogalamu 800-900;
- Amuna ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa akazi.
Ngakhale kuti njati ndi zazikulu kwambiri, zimatha kudumpha mosalekeza zopinga za kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi theka.
Chifukwa chake tidazindikira momwe njati imawonekera komanso momwe imalemera. Tsopano tiyeni tipeze kumene njati zimakhala.
Kodi njati zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Reserve njati
Njati ndi achibale a ng'ombe zamphongo zakutchire. Mpaka pomwe chiwonongeko chachikulu, adakwaniritsa gawo lalikulu. Amakhala ambiri ku Caucasus, mdera lakumadzulo, kumwera chakum'mawa ndi pakati pa Europe, Iran, Scandinavia. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa nthawi imeneyo iwo anali osati m'dera la nkhalango, komanso m'madera lotseguka - steppes, zigwa. Pochita chiwonongeko, oimira mitunduyo adapita kumadera ambiri osamva ndi akumidzi.
Masiku ano, zigawo zokhala ndi njati ndi nkhalango, nkhalango, zomwe zili pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Lero, malo awo okhala ndi gawo la Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
Tidapeza komwe njati imakhala, tsopano tiyeni tipeze zomwe amadya.
Kodi njati imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Njati yochokera ku Red Book
Njati Ndi chakudya chodyera. Maziko azakudya za ungulates ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera. Asayansi apeza kuti pafupifupi mitundu mazana anayi ya zomera zimatha kukhala chakudya kwa woimira anthuwa. Njati zimadya makungwa a mitengo, masamba, mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba, ndere.
Chosangalatsa: Zakudyazi zimasinthidwa ndi dera lokhalamo, komanso nyengo ndi nyengo. M'chilimwe, nyama zimadya zipatso zambiri komanso amadyera. M'dzinja, amatha kudya bowa, zipatso, zipatso, mtedza.
Pafupifupi, wamkulu m'modzi amafunikira pafupifupi kilogalamu 45-55 za chakudya patsiku. Njati zikaisunga m'malo otetezedwa, amadyetsedwa ndi msipu. Odyetsa oterewa amakonzedwa mwanjira zanyama izi. Zomwe nyama zina zimadya zimayambitsa mkwiyo ndikuukira kwa njati.
Chofunikira kwambiri ndi madzi. Nyama zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse. Ngakhale abisalire dzuwa lotentha m'nkhalango, kumapeto kwa tsiku apita kukamwa.
Tinazindikira zomwe njati zimadya, tsopano timvetsetsa za chikhalidwe chake ndi moyo wake.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njati ku Russia
Mwachilengedwe, njati zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zamtendere komanso zabata. Si zachilendo kuti iwo awonetse kupsa mtima. Munthu sayenera kuchita mantha kukumana naye. Nyamayo imatha kubwera pafupi ndi anthu. Sadzavulaza kapena kuwopsa ngati palibe chowopseza. Komabe, ngati nyama ikuwona kuti ikuwopsezedwa yokha kapena ana ake, imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yowopsa kwambiri. Imatha kupanga mawu omwe amafanana ndi kufinya.
Zosangalatsa: Kugwedeza mutu kumasonyezanso kuti nyama ili ndi mantha. Njati ikazunzidwa, imathamanga ndikumenyanso ndi nyanga zazikulu komanso zamphamvu. Chibadwa chodzipulumutsa chimakulitsa kwambiri nyama.
Ngati pali chopinga panjira yanyama yosasunthika yomwe ingakhale yowopsa kwa iye, amasankha kuyidutsa. Njati siziwoneka ngati nyama zokha. Amapanga gulu la ziweto, lomwe limaphatikizapo oimira 3-4 mpaka 16-20 amtunduwo. Kuchuluka kwa ziweto ndi zazikazi komanso zazing'ono. Pamutu pa gululi pali mkazi wanzeru kwambiri, wanzeru komanso wamkulu. Amuna amakhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Amakonda kutsatira ziwetozo nthawi yokwatirana. M'nyengo yozizira, chisanu choopsa, ng'ombe zing'onozing'ono zimaphatikizana.
Njati ndizodyera. Amatuluka msipu m'mawa kwambiri komanso madzulo. Masana, nthawi zambiri amapuma, kugona, kusambira mumchenga, kuwotcha padzuwa, kutafuna chingamu, ndi kutsuka ubweya wawo. Masika, magulu azinyama amatuluka pafupi ndi magwero amadzi. M'nyengo yotentha, kutentha kwambiri, m'malo mwake, amapita kunkhalango. Popanda zomera, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna. Ali ndi miyendo yamphamvu, yamphamvu yomwe imawalola kuyenda maulendo ataliatali osatopa. Njati zimatha kusambira.
Njati zimakonda kugwidwa ndi zilombo zolusa. Pakadali pano, amateteza mphete, pakati pake pali mamembala ofooka komanso osatetezeka mgululi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwana wa njati
Nthawi yaukwati pakati pa njati imayamba kuyambira kumapeto kwa Julayi ndipo imatha mpaka koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Nthawi imeneyi, amuna amamenyera okhaokha ufulu wakukwatirana ndi zazikazi. Amuna omwe amatsogolera njira yokhayokha yolumikizana ndi magulu, amachotsa achinyamata pamenepo. Pambuyo pake, chibwenzi chachikazi chimayamba. Ngati pali ofunsira angapo omwe akufuna kulowa m'banja ndi mkazi m'modzi, amunawo amamenya nkhondo. Yemwe wagonjetsedwa amasiya ziweto, wopambanayo akupitilizabe chibwenzi.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi ya bere imatha miyezi 9. Panthaŵi imene mwanayo ayenera kuonekera, mayi ake akufuna malo obisika. Ana akhanda amabadwa m'modzi m'modzi, kawirikawiri pawiri. Kulemera kwa thupi la mwana wakhanda ndi makilogalamu 23-26.
Pambuyo pobadwa, yaikazi imanyambita bwino mwana wake. Pambuyo maola 1.5-2 kuchokera pa nthawi yobadwa, mwanayo amatha kuyimirira ndikupita momasuka kutsatira amayi ake. Anapiye amakonda kufunafuna amayi awo mwa kununkhiza. Mkaziyo amabwerera m'gulu la ziweto ndi ana ake pakadutsa masiku 2-3 kuti adziwane ndi mamembala ake onse.
Nthawi yoyamba yomwe mwana amayesa kubzala chakudya masabata 3-4 atabadwa. Komabe, mkaka wa m'mawere umapitirizabe kudyetsedwa pafupifupi mpaka chaka chimodzi. Ana amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo ali ndi ziweto mpaka zaka 3-4. Amuna ang'onoang'ono omwe amasiyana pagulu amasonkhana pamodzi. Amapezeka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono pazaka zochepa zoyambirira. Pambuyo podziwa zambiri komanso kulimba, aliyense amayamba kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Kukula kumapitilira mpaka zaka 5-6, ana amakula msinkhu pogonana atakwanitsa zaka 3-5. Mkazi amatha kubereka ana chaka chilichonse. Amuna omwe amatenga nawo mbali pamtunduwu amakhala azaka zapakati pa 6 ndi 16. Achichepere ndi achikulire oyimira amuna ndi akazi samaloledwa ndi amuna olimba komanso olimba. Nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi njati mwachilengedwe ndi zaka 30-35. M'malo osungira amatha kukhala ndi zaka 5-10.
Adani achilengedwe a njati
Chithunzi: Gulu la njati
M'chilengedwe, mdani wamkulu wa njati ndi nyama zolusa.
Adani achilengedwe:
- Zimbalangondo;
- Lynx;
- Mimbulu;
- Akambuku.
Omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha adani ndi achinyamata, komanso odwala, ofooka komanso njati zakale. Zazikazi zazimuna ndi zazimuna zimatha kumenyana ndi chilombo chilichonse. Chosiyana ndi kuukira amuna osungulumwa, omwe adalimbana ndi gulu la akazi ndi gulu lanyama. Poterepa, amapambana chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake.
Kuphatikiza pa nyama zachilengedwe, anthu amaonedwa ngati mdani woopsa wa njati. Asayansi amanena kuti anali alenje ndi opha nyama mopsereza amene pafupifupi kwathunthu awononge nthumwi za ungulates zachilengedwe. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wovomerezeka, mzaka za m'ma 1920, mitunduyo idasoweka padziko lapansi. Kunali kotheka kupulumutsa kokha chifukwa cha kulengedwa kwa malo otetezedwa ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe, komanso chifukwa choti anthu angapo adapulumuka m'malo azokha.
Chosangalatsa: M'zaka zapitazi, amalonda ambiri komanso anthu olemekezeka amasaka nyama mosangalala chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu. Zinyama zazing'ono zimawerengedwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zimakhala ndi nyama yofewa komanso yowutsa mudyo.
Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti kuwonjezera pa omwe amapha nyama mosaka ndi kuwononga nyama, chiwerengero cha nyama m'chilengedwe chachepetsedwa kwambiri. Izi zikuphatikiza matenda amthupi, matenda a helminthic, matenda am'mapazi ndi mkamwa, anthrax, matenda am'mimba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Ng'ombe ya njati
Mpaka pano, njati zapatsidwa mwayi wokhala nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kudapangitsa kukulitsa kwa malire amadera omwe anthu adakulitsa. Nkhalangoyi idadulidwa kwakukulu, mitundu yambiri ya zomera idawonongeka.
M'nthawi zakale, malo okhala nyama zamphamvuzi anali akulu kwambiri. Amakhala ku Eurasia konse. Poaching ndi chiwonongeko ambiri anatsogolera chakuti kumayambiriro kwa njati za m'ma 20 anapezeka okha m'dera la Belovezhskaya Pushcha ndi Caucasus. Pakadali pano, pali pafupifupi 65 okha omwe atsala padziko lapansi.
Lero, chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwa asayansi, zatheka osati kungosunga, komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe zamtchire. Malinga ndi asayansi, panali anthu opitilira 3,000 padziko lapansi mu 2006. Hafu yokha ya iwo ali mu vivo.
- Pofuna kuteteza mitunduyo, njati zidawoloka ndi achibale apafupi - njati zaku America;
- Pofuna kusunga zidziwitso za omwe akuyimira zinyama zosavomerezeka, mitunduyi idalembedwa mu IUCN Red Book kukhala pachiwopsezo;
- Nyamayo idalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia ndikupatsidwa udindo wa "mtundu womwe watsala pang'ono kutha."
Kuteteza njati
Chithunzi: Njati m'nyengo yozizira
Mu 1923, ku International Congress for the Conservation of Nature, funso lofunikira pakusunga kuchuluka kwa njati ndikuwonjezera lidadzutsidwa. Kuyambira pamenepo, kuwasaka kunaletsedwa mwalamulo. Pamsonkhano womwewo, koleji inakonzedwa kuti iteteze ng'ombe zamtchire zazikuluzo. Adachita kuwerengera ndi kulembetsa anthu omwe atsalira pazachilengedwe.
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30, kuchuluka kwa nyama sikunapitirire 50. Akatswiri a Zoologist adakhazikitsa ntchito yayikulu yakugwira ndi kuswana kwa nyama m'malo osungira nyama zamtchire komanso malo osungira nyama.
Mpaka pano, ntchito yosamalira ndi kupititsa patsogolo mitunduyo ikuchitika m'malo otsatirawa:
- Chitetezo cha poaching;
- Lamulo loletsa kusaka;
- Chilango chophwanya lamulo lophwanya zofunikira;
- Kukonza malo okhala;
- Kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo osungira nyama, madera otetezedwa;
- Kudyetsa ziweto.
Paki yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe idatulutsa gulu loyamba la ziweto, ndi Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Pafupifupi anthu mazana asanu ndi awiri amakhala m'dera lawo lokhalo. M'zaka za m'ma 40, pulogalamu yobwezeretsa njati za ku Caucasus idayambitsidwa. Iwo anabadwira m'dera la Caucasus Reserve.
Chosangalatsa: Malinga ndi zomwe zaposachedwa, akatswiri a zoo adalemba kuchuluka kwa njati mu 2016. Pazochitikazi, zidapezeka kuti ziweto zinawonjezeka mpaka anthu 6,000. Ambiri a iwo amakhala m'dera la nkhokwe zadziko.
Njati Ndi nyama yopambana, yapadera. Anthu sachita pachabe kuchita khama kwambiri kuti akonze zolakwika zawo ndikupulumutsa chilombo chodabwitsa ichi. Masiku ano, njati zimawerengedwa kuti ndi nyama yokhayo padziko lapansi yomwe, itawonongedwa pafupi ndi owononga nyama, idachulukitsidwa ndikukhalanso m'malo achilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.01.2019
Tsiku losintha: 17.09.2019 nthawi 12:09
