Chimbalangondochi chikuwoneka ngati chidole, ngakhale kukula kwake si choseweretsa konse. Mwaulemerero wake wonse komanso kukongola kwake, chimbalangondo ichi sichophweka. Ndizovuta kupeza cholengedwa chobisika kwambiri komanso chodabwitsa. Tengani kuti adakwanitsa kukhalabe wosadziwika mpaka theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19 ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali adatsogolera asayansi ndi mphuno. Iwo, mpaka posachedwa, amawerengedwa kuti ndi raccoon yayikulu.
Pamba wamkulu kapena wamkulu, ndi chimbalangondo cha nsungwi, komanso ndi panda wowoneka - chuma chamtundu wa China komanso logo ya World Wildlife Fund.
Kufotokozera za panda
Pandi wamkulu ndi mtundu wa nyama zoyamwitsa kuchokera kubanja la chimbalangondo, dongosolo la nyama zodya nyama - adafotokozedwa koyamba ndi Armand David mu 1869 zokha... Ku China, anthu akumaloko adadziwa za chimbalangondo chamawonekedwe chachilendo kuyambira nthawi zakale ndipo amatcha "Bei Shuang", kutanthauza "chimbalangondo chakumtunda" m'Chitchaina. Chimbalangondo chakuda ndi choyera ichi chimakhalanso ndi dzina lina lachi China - "chimbalangondo-mphaka".
Koma, ngati anthu akumaloko sanakayikire kuti panda inali chimbalangondo, ndiye kuti asayansiwo anali ogwirizana. Iwo anachita manyazi ndi kapangidwe ka mano atypical a chimbalangondo komanso mchira wautali kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kwazaka pafupifupi zana, pandai idalakwitsa raccoon, yayikulu kwambiri, koma, raccoon.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma pandas odziwika padziko lapansi - akulu ndi ang'ono. Yaikulu ndi chimbalangondo, ndipo yaying'ono ndi canine.
Mu 2008 mokha, kudzera pakuwunika kofananako, asayansi adazindikira kuti panda wamkulu ndi chimbalangondo komanso kuti wachibale wake wapafupi ndi chimbalangondo chowoneka bwino chomwe chimakhala ku South America.
Paleontologist waku Australia E. Tennius, ataphunzira bwino za biochemical, morphological, cardiological ndi zina za panda yayikulu, adatsimikizira kuti ndi chimbalangondo malinga ndi zilembo 16, malinga ndi zilembo zisanu ndi raccoon ndipo malinga ndi 12 ali mwamtheradi ndipo samafanana ndi chilichonse, yekha , chimphona panda - nsungwi. Pambuyo pake, asayansi aku America adapanga lingaliro lina losangalatsa: nthambi ya panda yayikulu idagawika kuchokera pamzere wa zimbalangondo pakusintha - zaka zopitilira 18 miliyoni zapitazo.
Maonekedwe
Nyama yayikulu ya panda ili ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kufanana kwake ndi chimbalangondo - thupi lolimba (kutalika - mpaka 1.8 m, lolemera - mpaka 160 kg), mutu waukulu wozungulira komanso mchira wawufupi. Koma "kufanana" uku kwa panda kuli ndi malire, ndipo "kudzikonda" kumayamba.
Mtundu wachilendo wa panda wamkulu. Kuchokera kumbali zikuwoneka kuti chimbalangondo chakumpoto chikupita kuzokongoletsa nyama: adavala magalasi akuda, chovala, magolovesi, masitonkeni ndikuvala mahedifoni akuda ambiri. Mnyamata wokongola!
Akatswiri mpaka pano sananene motsimikiza chomwe chidapangitsa "kudzinamiza" uku. Chimodzi mwazosinthazi chimatsimikizira kuti utoto wosazolowereka ndi wobisika, chifukwa koyambirira chimbalangondo cha nsungwi chimakhala m'mapiri okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Ndipo mawanga akuda ndi oyera ndiye chobisalira chake kuti agwirizane ndi mithunzi yamiyala yokutidwa ndi chipale chofewa.
Baculum yachilendo. Bakulum, fupa la mbolo, lopangidwa kuchokera ku minofu yolumikizana, sikupezeka mu panda wamkulu, komanso munyama zina. Koma ndendende mu chimbalangondo cha nsungwi momwe baculum imayendetsedwera chakumbuyo, osati kutsogolo, monga zimbalangondo zina, komanso, ili ndi mawonekedwe a S.
Amble. Mapewa okulirapo ndi khosi lokulitsidwa, kuphatikiza miyendo yakumbuyo yochepetsedwa, zimapatsa chimbalangondo vuto losavuta.
Nsagwada zapadera. Yamphamvu kwambiri, yokhala ndi ma molars otambalala komanso otambalala (otambalala komanso osalala kuposa zimbalangondo zabwinobwino), nsagwada izi zimalola panda yayikulu kugaya mapesi olimba a nsungwi popanda mavuto.
Ndizosangalatsa! Khoma lam'mimba la panda wamkulu limakhala lolimba kwambiri, ndipo matumbo amadzaza ndi ntchintchi - mawonekedwe ofunikira kuti athane ndi chakudya chokhwima.
Mapazi akutsogolo achilendo... Nyama yayikulu panda ili ndi zala zisanu ndi chimodzi m'miyendo yakutsogolo. Asanu mwa iwo amadziphatika limodzi, ndipo m'modzi akutuluka mbali ndipo amadziwika kuti "chala chachikulu cha panda". M'malo mwake, ichi si chala, koma mtundu wa chikopa chotulutsa, kapena kani, fupa losinthidwa, lopangidwa mwachilengedwe kuthandiza chimbalangondo kuti chikhale ndi mphukira za nsungwi pakudya.
Moyo, machitidwe
The chimphona panda ndi chozemba kwambiri. Sali pachangu kuti adziwonetse yekha kwa anthu, posankha moyo wobisalira kuthengo. Kwa nthawi yayitali sanathe kunena chilichonse chokhudza iye. Ndipo mwamunayo samadziwa zambiri za iye. Mipata inayamba kudzaza pamene mitundu ya chimbalangondo yomwe inali itatsala pang'ono kutha inasamaliridwa mwakhama ndikuyamba kupanga malo osungira zachilengedwe. Kutsatira zizolowezi za chimbalangondo cha nsungwi, chomwe tsopano chili m'munda wake wamasomphenya, mwamunayo adaphunzira zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa za iye.
Piyo chimphona chimakhala pansi komanso chabwino. Amakhala ofunikira, ngakhale mwamwano, amayenda mosangalala. Kumbuyo kwa ulemerero wamtenderewu pamakhala mkhalidwe wanzeru komanso wamtendere. Koma ngakhale bata la panda lili ndi malire. Ndipo palibe amene ayenera kuyesa kuleza mtima kwawo - ngakhale abale, kapena amuna.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chimbalangondo cha nsungwi chimadziwika kuti "cholimba" chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka atakhala "ngati pampando" - atatsamira kumbuyo kwa chinthu china ndikupumitsa dzanja lake kutsogolo. Osati chimbalangondo, koma mfumu yeniyeni ya bamboo!
Panda wamkulu ndi waulesi... Zikuwoneka kuti kuchepa kwa panda wamkulu chimadutsa paulesi. Pali nthabwala pamalopo - akuti panda ndi yaulesi kwakuti imachita ulesi ngakhale kuberekanso. M'malo mwake, panda ili ndi mphamvu yosungiramo magetsi chifukwa chodya mopanda mafuta.
Kuti tikwaniritse, panda iyenera kudya pafupifupi pafupipafupi - maola 10-12 patsiku. Nthawi yotsala amagona. Kuphatikiza apo, panda imagwira ntchito m'mawa ndi usiku, ndipo masana amagona, akuyenda kwinakwake mumthunzi. Mphamvu zonse zomwe panda wamkulu amalandira kuchokera pachakudya, amagwiritsa ntchito nyama yake. Zadziwika kuti mu ukapolo, pomwe chimbalangondo cha nsungwi chilibe vuto ndi chakudya, chimakhala chokhudzika kwambiri komanso chosewera. Atha kuyimirira pamutu pake, posersault, kukwera ma grates ndi masitepe. Kuphatikiza apo, amachita izi mosangalala, kuti aliyense asangalale nazo.
Zimbalangondo za bamboo sizibisalira... M'nyengo yozizira, amangopita kumalo komwe kutentha kwamlengalenga kumakhala pang'ono.
Panda zazikulu zimasungulumwa... Kupatula kwake ndi nthawi yoswana, yomwe ndi yayifupi kwambiri kwa iwo ndipo imachitika zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Nthawi zonse ma pandas amateteza kusungulumwa kwawo, kuteteza malo okhala kwa mamembala amipingo - zimbalangondo zina za nsungwi.
Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti khalidweli limayambitsidwa chifukwa chakuti ma pandas awiri sangadye tsamba limodzi. Panja zazikuluzikulu sizomanga, sizipanga maenje okhazikika, posankha zachilengedwe - mapanga, mitengo. Ma panda amatha kusambira, koma samakonda madzi - amabisala ndi mvula, samapita mumtsinje, mosafunikira, ndipo amakana kusambira padziwe. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ziphona zazikuluzikulu ndi nyama zoyera kwambiri.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Baribi, kapena chimbalangondo chakuda
- Brown kapena chimbalangondo wamba
- Polar chimbalangondo
- Grizzly ndiye chilombo chowopsa kwambiri
Amayi a panda amakhala odekha komanso osamala... Amawoneka akusewera ndi ana awo kuti asangalale. Nthawi zina amadzutsa ana awo kuti azisewera nawo.
Panda zazikulu sizimangocheza. Simumamva mawu awo kawirikawiri. Nthawi zina zimamveka ngati kulira. Ndipo palibe chomwe chikuwonetsa kuti mchisangalalo, chimbalangondo ichi chimatha kugonthetsa "mawu". Amatha "kuliza lipenga" kotero kuti galasi lomwe lili m'mawindo limanjenjemera. Amathanso kulira ngati ng'ombe komanso kumalira.
Pandas siidani... Amalumikizana ndi anthu popanda chiwawa chilichonse, amakumbukira mwachangu dzina lawo lotchulidwira ndipo amalembedwa bwino akadali achichepere.
Utali wamoyo
M'chilengedwe chake, nthawi yayitali ya panda yayikulu sikadutsa zaka 20. M'malo osungira nyama, nthawi zina amalemba zochitika zazitali. Mwachitsanzo, a Min-Ming achikazi, omwe amakhala ku Beijing Zoo, amakhala ndi zaka 34.
Mitundu yayikulu ya panda
Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya panda wamkulu:
- Ailuropoda melanoleuca - amapezeka m'chigawo cha China cha Sichuan ndipo ali ndi utoto wakuda ndi yoyera.
- Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis - idaperekedwa ngati subspecies yoyima yokha mu 2005. Amakhala kumapiri a Qinling, kumadzulo kwa China. Zimasiyana kukula pang'ono ndi bulauni ndi ubweya woyera m'malo mwakuda ndi zoyera. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mtundu uwu ndi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini komanso momwe zakudya zimakhalira mderali.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Kumtchire, panda wamkulu amapezeka ku China kokha komanso zigawo zake zitatu - Gansu, Sichuan ndi Shaanxi, komanso zigawo zawo zamapiri zokha. M'mbuyomu, nyama zazikuluzikulu sizimangokhala m'mapiri okha, komanso kumapiri. Koma ntchito zamphamvu za anthu komanso kudula mitengo mwachangu zidapangitsa nyamazi, zomwe zimakonda kukhala zokha, kukwera mapiri.
Zofunika! Masiku ano, mitundu yonse yama pandas akulu ndi ochepera 30 zikwi.
Monga malo okhala, nyama zazikuluzikulu zotchedwa pandas zimasankha nkhalango zazitali pamapiri otsetsereka ndikukhala ndi nsungwi.
Zakudya za Panda
Panda zazikulu zimadyera nyama. Ngakhale kuti ali m'gulu la adani, chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi 90% yazakudya zamasamba. Kwenikweni, ndi nsungwi. Amadya mochuluka kwambiri. Munthu mmodzi wamkulu patsiku amafunika kudya msungwi osachepera 30 kg.
Panda wamkulu amapeza mafuta osowa ndi zomera ndi zipatso zina. Amalandira chakudya cha mapuloteni kuchokera ku tizilombo, mazira a mbalame, nsomba ndi zinyama zazing'ono. Osapewa zakufa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Panda wamkuluyo amabereka kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Nthawi yokonzekera umuna imakhala masiku atatu okha masika. Monga lamulo, mwana m'modzi yekha amabadwa, osachepera kawiri, koma wachiwiri samakhala ndi moyo. Tikaganizira kuti nyama zazikuluzikulu za pandas zimakula msinkhu wazaka 4-6, ndikukhala zaka zopitilira 20, titha kunena kuti mavuto obwera ndi nyama iyi ndiabwino, oyipa kwambiri.
Matenda akuluakulu a panda amatenga pafupifupi miyezi 5. Mwana amabadwa kumapeto kwa chilimwe, koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira - wakhungu, wopanda ubweya pang'ono komanso wocheperako. Kulemera kwa mwana wakhanda mu panda-panda yotereyi sikungafikire magalamu 140. Mwanayo alibe thandizo ndipo amadalira kwathunthu nkhawa za mayi ndi mkaka wake. Mwana wamphongo amamangiriridwa kwa mayiyo nthawi 14 patsiku. Kuti nthawi yonseyi, kaya amagona, kaya amadya, salola kuti mwana wake atuluke m'manja mwake. Pofika miyezi iwiri, mwanayo amalemera makilogalamu 4, ndipo pakatha miyezi isanu akupeza makilogalamu 10.
Pakadutsa milungu itatu, maso a chimbalangondo amatseguka ndipo amakula tsitsi, kukhala ngati chimbalangondo cha nsungwi. Ali ndi miyezi itatu, amatenga gawo loyang'aniridwa ndi amayi ake. Koma patadutsa chaka chimodzi amusiyitsa kuyamwa mkaka wa m'mawere. Ndipo adzafunika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuti adzilamulire kwathunthu ndikukhala mosiyana ndi amayi ake.
Adani achilengedwe
Pakadali pano, panda wamkuluyo alibe adani achilengedwe, kupatula anthu. Mtundu wosazolowereka wa chimbalangondo cha nsungwi udamuseka mwankhanza. Ubweya wake umakhala wokwera mtengo pamsika wakuda. Amakonda kugwira ziphona zokongola izi kumalo osungira nyama. Nthawi zonse amakopa alendo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Nyama yayikulu panda ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi yolembedwa pamndandanda wapadziko lonse lapansi... Kulibe pafupifupi 2,000 kuthengo.
Lero onse awerengedwa. Ndipo panali nthawi zina, makamaka pazaka za Kusintha kwachikhalidwe, pomwe mapulogalamu onse osungira nyama zosawerengeka izi adachepetsedwa ndipo ma pandas akulu adawombeledwa chifukwa cha ubweya wamtengo wapatali.
Umunthu udakumbukiranso koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 21 ndipo anali wokangalika populumutsa chimbalangondo cha nsungwi. Ku China, chilango cha imfa chidayambitsidwa chifukwa cha kupha kwake, nkhokwe zikupangidwa. Koma vuto ndiloti panda yayikuluyo imadziwika ndi machitidwe ake ochepera kugonana komanso kuti imabereka bwino muukapolo. Nyama iliyonse yayikulu ya panda yomwe idabadwira ku zoo imakhala nyenyezi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ku China, chimbalangondo chimatchedwa chuma chamtundu wonse. Ndipo kotero mlimi wakomweko yemwe adawombera panda yayikulu mu 1995 adalandira ndende ya moyo.
Pakadali pano, ma pandas akulu amapezeka m'malo osungira nyama ku Shanghai, Taipei, San Diego, Atlanta, Memphis, Vienna, South Korea, ndi US National Zoo.
