Common ruff ndi imodzi mwasamba zodziwika bwino kwambiri zamadzi ku Russia, za banja lodziwika ruff. Achibale apafupi awa a nsomba amakonda kukhazikika m'mitsinje kapena m'nyanja ndi madzi oyera komanso mchenga, nthawi zambiri samakhala pansi pamiyala. Makhalidwe abwino kwambiri mwa nsombazi ndi minga zomwe zimanyamula zipsepse zawo zakumaso ndi zokutira, komanso mawonekedwe amwano: zimachitika kuti zigawenga zimaukira nsomba zowopsa zomwe ndizazikulu kwambiri kuposa iwo.
Kufotokozera za ruff
Ruff wamba ndi nsomba zazing'ono zopangidwa ndimadzi opanda zingwe kuchokera ku banja la nsomba, lomwe ndi lofala kwambiri pamitundu inayi yomwe ili m'gulu lazinyalala. Ndiwofala mumitsinje ndi nyanja za Europe ndi kumpoto kwa Asia, komwe amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse.
Maonekedwe
Kansomba kakang'ono kokhala ndi thupi lowongoka pang'ono kothinikizidwa kuchokera mbali, ndikumata mchira. Mutu wa ruff ndi wokulirapo, wokhala ndi maso akulu otundumuka ndikutsitsa pakamwa pakamwa.
Mtundu wamaso a nsombayi nthawi zambiri umakhala wotuwa pinki, koma itha kukhala yamitundu ina, mpaka kubuluu. Wophunzirayo ndi wakuda, wamkulu, wozungulira.
Thupi liri ndi mamba yocheperako, koma pamutu palibenso. mchira ndi wochepa, wokhala ndi mphanda.
Zinthu zazikulu zakunja kwa nsombazi zimaphatikizapo mawonekedwe akunja monga kukhalapo kwa mitsempha, yomwe imathera m'mafupa a operculum ndikusakanikirana ndi zipsepse zakuthambo ndi msana wakuthwa.
Mtundu umasiyanasiyana kutengera komwe akukhala. Chikhalidwe chazida kwambiri chakumbuyo ndi chakumbuyo, chojambulidwa mumtambo wobiriwirako, mbali zachikaso ndi mimba yakuda kapena yoyera. Kuphatikiza apo, pamiyeso, komanso pamapiko am'mbali ndi zipilala, pali zilembo zakuda ngati mawanga ndi madontho. Zipsepse za pectoral ndizokulirapo ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zopanda mtundu.
Zosangalatsa! Ma Ruff omwe amakhala m'madamu okhala ndi mchenga ndi owala kwambiri kuposa oimira mitundu iyi yomwe imakhala mumitsinje ndi m'madzi okhala ndi matope.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma morphotypes angapo a ruff wamba, osiyana mawonekedwe amthupi. Mwa omwe akuyimira mitundu iyi, akukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana amitsinje, komanso kukhala pafupi ndi gombe ndikuwongolera moyo wapafupifupi, pali "owonda" kapena, "okhathamira". Kusiyana kumawonekeranso mu kuchuluka kwa mitsempha ndi cheza m'mapiko am'mimbamo komanso kuchuluka kwa mitsempha pamapale a gill.
Zoyipa zakugonana mu ruff wamba sizinafotokozedwe bwino. Komabe, mwa amuna amtundu uwu, kutalika kwa thupi, kutalika kwa pectoral ndi theka lakumtunda kwa zipsepse zakuthambo, komanso kukula kwa maso, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi.
Kukula kwa nsomba
Monga lamulo, kutalika kwa ma ruffs, pafupifupi, ndi 8-12 cm. Koma pakati pa nsombazi palinso anthu okulirapo, omwe thupi lawo limapitilira masentimita 20, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kukhala magalamu 100 kapena kupitilira apo, ngakhale kuti misa wamba iwo - 15-25 magalamu.
Moyo wachiwawa
Ruff ndi wodzichepetsa pa chilengedwe ndipo amasintha bwino kukhala mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Amakonda kukhala ndi moyo wokonda kucheza ndipo, monga lamulo, amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi dziwe, nthawi zina amangokwera pamwamba.
M'madzi osaya, nsombazi zimangopeza nthawi yophukira komanso masika, chifukwa zimakonda kukhala m'madzi ozizira, ndipo m'malo osaya m'nyengo yotentha, madzi amatentha kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake ma ruffs samakhala bwino kumeneko.
Amagwira ntchito kwambiri madzulo, popeza ndi nthawi yamasiku yomwe oimira mitundu iyi nthawi zambiri amapita kukafunafuna nyama. Moyo wapansi wa nsombazi umayanjanitsidwa osati kokha chifukwa chakuti pali chakudya choyenera kwa iwo mozama, komanso chifukwa chakuti ma ruffs sakonda kuwala kowala ndipo amakonda mdima. Izi zimatsimikiziranso chizolowezi chawo chokhala pansi pazinyalala, komanso pafupi ndi magombe otsetsereka komanso pansi pamilatho.
Chotupacho chidatuluka m'madzi am'madzi, ndikufalitsa minga ndipo nthawi yomweyo chimawoneka ngati mpira wopota kuposa nsomba.
Nsombazi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi tambala, ndipo zimachitika kuti ngati ruff atachoka podzitchinjiriza kuti akaukire, amapangitsa ngakhale pike wanjala kubwerera.
Kodi ruff amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Kutalika kwa moyo kwa omwe akuyimira mitundu iyi kumadalira jenda yawo. Amadziwika kuti akazi amakhala ndi moyo wautali - mpaka zaka 11, pomwe moyo wamwamuna sumapitilira zaka 7-8. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lalikulu la anthu ndi achinyamata, omwe zaka zawo sizipitilira zaka zitatu.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mtundu wa ruff wamba ndiwambiri. Chifukwa chake, nsomba izi zitha kupezeka m'madamu kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa France, kum'mawa kwa Britain, mumtsinje wa mitsinje yomwe ikulowera ku Nyanja ya Baltic, komanso kumadera apakati ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe. Nsombazi zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Asia komanso ku Trans-Urals, komwe zimakhala mpaka kukafika kumtsinje wa Kolyma. Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka za 20th, ziphuphu zidayamba kuwonekera m'madzi amu Europe komanso kunja kwa magwiridwe awo. Mwachitsanzo, amapezeka ku Scottish Loch Lomond, komanso m'nyanja za Norway, Italy komanso m'mphepete mwa Rhone pagombe la Mediterranean ku France.
Zosangalatsa! M'zaka za m'ma 1980, ruff wamba adakhazikika ku New World, kumpoto kwa United States, komwe anthu okhazikika amtunduwu anali atakhazikitsidwa kale. Nthawi yomweyo, palibe amene amaganiza kuti abweretsa America mwadala, chifukwa chake, mwina, nsombazi zidafika mwangozi, ndi madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazombo ngati ballast.
Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake, nsomba iyi yakhala ikufalikira: imatha kupezeka m'malo osungiramo madzi atsopano, komanso m'madzi okhala ndi madzi amchere pang'ono. Kuzama komwe ma ruffs amapezeka kumatha kuyambira 0.25 mpaka 85 mita, komanso kutentha kwamadzi komwe nsomba imamva bwino kuyambira + 0-2 mpaka + 34.4 madigiri. Komabe, ngakhale kutentha kwamadzi kukakwera kufika pa 20 madigiri, ma ruff amapita kukafuna malo ozizira kapena, ngati izi sizingatheke pazifukwa zina, amataya ntchito ndikukhala olema.
Omwe amadzipereka kwambiri, nkhwangwa zimakhazikika m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja zopanda phokoso m'malo mwamiyala, pomwe nthawi zambiri zimasankha ngati malo okhala mozama mokwanira komanso magawo amadzi omwe mulibe zomera zambiri zam'madzi.
Zakudya za ruff wamba
Ndi nsomba zolusa zomwe zimadyetsa zamoyo za benthic, zomwe zimadalira msinkhu wawo. Mwachitsanzo, mwachangu zomwe zatuluka posachedwa m'mazira zimadya makamaka ma rotifers, ndipo, pakukula, amadya ma cyclops, daphnia, ma crustaceans ang'ono ndi ma virus a magazi. Nsomba zazing'ono zimadya nkhanu zazing'ono komanso nyongolotsi ndi leeches. Akulu akulu amakonda kudya nsomba zachangu ndi zazing'ono. Chifukwa chakuti ma ruffs ndi ovuta kwambiri, atachulukitsa, amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamitundu ina zomwe zimakhala mchiga momwemo.
Pofuna kusaka bwino, ma ruffs safunika kuwona bwino, chifukwa akamafunafuna nyama, samakonda kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri maso awo monga mzere wawo - chida chapadera chomwe nsombazi chimagwira ngakhale kusintha kwakung'ono kwamadzi.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma ruffs nthawi zambiri amayamba kubereka ali ndi zaka za 2-3, pomwe kukula kwa thupi lawo sikuyenera kukhala ochepera 10-12 cm Komabe, m'malo osungira madzi ofunda kapena kuchuluka kwakufa kwa nsomba zazing'ono mderali, Kutha msinkhu mu ruffs wachinyamata kumatha kuchitika kale, ali ndi zaka chimodzi.
Oimira mitundu iyi amabala kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka koyambirira kwa Juni, pomwe kutentha kwamadzi ndi acidity sizofunikira kwenikweni kwa iwo. Ruffs imaberekanso bwino pa madigiri 6 ndi +18. Nsombazi zimayikira mazira akuya pang'ono, osapitilira mamitala atatu. Nthawi yomweyo, ma ruff amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo yamagawo ngati malo oti agonekere.
Nthawi imodzi yoberekera, mzimayi wamtundu uwu amatha kuyika timitanda tokwana 2-3, komwe nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira 10 mpaka 200,000, kukula kwake kulikonse kumakhala pakati pa 0.34 mpaka 1.3 mm. Ofufuzawo akuti kuchuluka kwa mazira kumatengera zaka ndi kukula kwa yaikazi, ndipo ikakulirakulira, zowonjezerazo zidzachuluka. Kawirikawiri, mazira omwe amatsekemera oyamba amakhala achikasu kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mazira kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kwachiwiri kapena kwachitatu.
Pambuyo masiku 5-12, mazira amawotchera azimayi, omwe kukula kwake kumayambira 3.5 mpaka 4.4 mm. M'masiku 3-7 oyambilira amoyo, mphutsi zamtunduwu za nsomba sizikugwira ntchito, koma kuyambira pafupifupi sabata imodzi mwana wachinyamata amayamba kusambira ndikudya. Komabe, pamsinkhu uwu, mwachangu amakhalabe moyo wawokha, ndipo samasochera m'masukulu, monga nsomba zokhwima.
Mazira ochulukirapo ochulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kufa kwa mwachangu mwa omwe akuyimira mitundu iyi ndiokwera kwambiri: ndi ochepa mwa asodzi achichepere omwe ali ndi mwayi wopulumuka kufikira atakula.
Ambiri mwa mazira ndi zibangili za nsomba zam'madzi izi zomwe zimayikidwa ndi akazi achimuna amafa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana: chifukwa cha matenda, kusowa kwa chakudya ndi mpweya m'nyengo yozizira, kapena zimawonongedwa ndi zolusa.
Adani achilengedwe
Adani akuluakulu azinthu zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizaponso mitundu ina ya nsomba zodya nyama, monga pike kapena pike perch, komanso zazikulu zazikulu. Komanso, nthumwi za mtundu uwu, ngakhale sizimachitika kawirikawiri, zitha kuwononga nkhanu, ma eel, burbot ndi salimoni. Nthawi zina pakati pa omwe amangokhalira kukhumudwitsa pamakhala milandu ya kudya anzawo. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zodya nyama, monga cormorants kapena heron, zitha kupanganso mtundu uwu wa nsomba, komanso ma kingfisher ndi abakha ang'onoang'ono, monga, mergansers, for juveniles.
Mtengo wamalonda
Ngakhale kuti ruff ndi nsomba yokoma kwambiri, ilibe phindu lililonse. Anthu amtundu uwu amangogwidwa ndi asodzi okonda masewera okhaokha, omwe khutu lawo lopangidwa kuchokera kuziphuphu limawoneka ngati chakudya chokoma.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu amtunduwu komanso gawo lomwe amafalitsa, sikutheka kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa ma ruff padziko lapansi. Komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti nsomba izi sizikuwopsezedwa kuti zitha. Ndicho chifukwa chake ruff wamba anapatsidwa udindo wosamalira - "Mitundu Yosasamala Kwambiri".
Koyamba, ruffyo ingawoneke ngati nsomba yosadabwitsa. Simasiyana pamitundu yowala ndipo, monga nzika zina zam'madzi, zophimbidwa ndi utoto wapansi. Komabe, nthumwi za mitunduyi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe champhamvu kwambiri komanso voracity yayikulu, yomwe imawalola kupikisana bwino ndi nsomba zina zodya anzawo. Ndipo kusinthasintha kwazinthu zodziwika bwino komanso kudzichepetsa kwawo kumawalola kukhazikika m'dera lalikulu ndikupanga magawo atsopano, monga, mwachitsanzo, zidachitika ndi nsomba zamtunduwu kuchokera ku North America.
