Tsekwe zofiira Ndi mbalame zazing'ono, zoonda zam'madzi za banja la bakha. Kunja, mbalameyi imafanana kwambiri ndi tsekwe zazing'ono. Mbalameyi ili ndi mtundu wowala kwambiri pachifuwa ndipo gawo lakumunsi kwa mutu wa mbalameyi ndi lofiirira-lofiira, mapiko, mimba ndi mchira zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda ndi woyera. Zimakhala zovuta kukumana ndi mbalame iyi kuthengo, popeza mtunduwo ndi wosowa kwambiri ndipo kuli mbalame zochepa kwambiri zomwe zatsalira m'chilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri chisa mu tundra.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: tsekwe zofiira
Branta ruficollis (Red-breasted Goose) ndi mbalame yomwe ili m'gulu la Anseriformes, banja la bakha, mtundu wa tsekwe. Dongosolo la ma anseriform, omwe atsekwe ndi ake, ndi akale kwambiri. Ma anseriformes oyamba amakhala padziko lapansi kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous kapena koyambirira kwa Paleocene wa nthawi ya Cenozoic.
Zakale zakale kwambiri zopezeka ku America, New Jersey, zili ndi zaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni. Zomwe mbalame yakale idakhala yolembetsedwa ndi ma anserifomu zimadziwika ndi mapiko a mbalameyo. Kufalikira kwa zovala zapadziko lonse lapansi mwina kunayamba kuchokera ku kontinenti ina kumwera kwa dziko lapansi; Popita nthawi, mbalamezo zidayamba kuyang'anira madera ochulukirachulukira. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mtundu wa Branta ruficollis udafotokozedwa ndi wasayansi wachilengedwe waku Germany a Peter Simon Pallas mu 1769.
Kanema: Goose wamabele ofiyira
Zinthu zazikuluzikulu za mbalameyi ndizopatsa utoto wowala, ndi mlomo wofupikitsa. Atsekwe ndi mbalame zing'onozing'ono zokhala ndi matupi owonda. Pamutu ndi pachifuwa cha mbalameyi, nthenga zimajambula utoto wowala, wofiirira. Kumbuyo, mapiko ndi mchira, utoto wake ndi wakuda komanso woyera. Mutu wa mbalameyo ndi wawung'ono; mosiyana ndi atsekwe ena, atsekwe omwe ali ndi mabere ofiira amakhala ndi khosi lalikulu, lakuda komanso mulomo wachidule kwambiri. Kukula kwa tsekwe zamtundu uwu ndizocheperako pang'ono kuposa tsekwe, koma ndikukula kuposa mitundu ina. Atsekwe omwe ali ndi bere lofiira amaphunzitsa mbalame zosamuka; ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo amatha kuwuluka mtunda wautali.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi tsekwe wamabele ofiyira amaoneka bwanji
Mbalame zamtunduwu ndizosatheka kusokonezeka ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi chifukwa cha mtundu wawo wachilendo. Mbalameyi idatchedwa "Red-throat" chifukwa cha nthenga zofiirira zofiirira pakhosi, pachifuwa ndi masaya. Pamwamba pamutu, kumbuyo, mapiko, nthenga ndikuda. Pali mikwingwirima yoyera m'mbali, kumutu ndi pansi. Pafupi ndi mlomo wa mbalame pali malo oyera oyera. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi mtundu wofanana ndipo ndizovuta kusiyanitsa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi kunja. Achinyamata amakhala achikuda chimodzimodzi. ngati mbalame zazikulu, koma utoto wake umachedwa. Palibe nthenga pamiyendo. Ndalamayi ndi yakuda kapena yakuda kwambiri. Maso ndi ochepa, maso ndi abulauni.
Atsekwe amtundu uwu ndi mbalame zazing'ono, kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera kumutu mpaka mchira ndi masentimita 52-57, mapiko ake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 115-127. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu ndi makilogalamu 1.4-1.6. Mbalame zimauluka mwachangu komanso mwanzeru ndipo zimakhala ndi nkhawa, yopuma. Zikamauluka, gulu la nkhosazo limatha kusinthana mosayembekezereka, mbalame zimatha kusonkhana ndipo, titero kunena kwake, zimawombana pamodzi, ndikupanga mtundu winawake wamlengalenga, kenako zimabalalanso mbali zosiyanasiyana. Atsekwe amasambira bwino, amatha kumira. Akatsitsidwira m'madzi, amatulutsa maphokoso akulu. Ndi ochezeka kwambiri, amalumikizana pafupipafupi.
Kuphunzitsa. Atsekwe amtunduwu amatulutsa minyewa yayikulu yama disyllabic, nthawi zina yofanana ndi kukolopa. Nthawi zambiri, zimamveka mofanana ndi mawu akuti "gvyy, givyy" amamveka. Nthawi yomwe mbalameyo imazindikira zoopsa, kuti iwopseze mdani, tsekwe imatha kulira mokweza.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Atsekwe omwe ali ndi bere lofiira amakhala atatsamira kwenikweni pakati pa mbalame; pansi pabwino, mbalame zimatha kukhala zaka 40.
Kodi tsekwe wamabele ofiyira amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: tsekwe za m'mawere ofiira ku Russia
Malo okhala atsekwe omwe ali ndi bere lofiira ndi ochepa. Mbalame zimakhala mumtunda wamtunda kuchokera ku Yamal mpaka Khatanga Bay ndi chigwa cha Popigai. Gawo lalikulu la zisa za anthu ku Taimyr Peninsula ndipo limakhala mumtsinje wa Upper Taimyr ndi Pyasana. Ndipo mbalamezi zimapezekanso mgawo laling'ono la Mtsinje wa Yuribey pafupi ndi Nyanja Yaroto.
Monga mbalame zonse zosamuka, atsekwe omwe ali ndi mabere ofiira amapita kumadera otentha nthawi yachisanu. Mbalame zimakonda nyengo yozizira kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Black Sea ndi Danube. Mbalame zimachoka nyengo yachisanu kumapeto kwa Seputembara. Akatswiri odziwa za mbalame amaphunziranso za mbalamezi. Pa kusamuka, mbalame zimauluka pamwamba pa phiri la Ural m'zigwa za mitsinje yapafupi, ndiye mbalame, zikafika ku Kazakhstan, zimakhota kumadzulo, kumeneko, zikuuluka pamwamba pa nkhalango ndi madera owirira, zigwa za Caspian zimawuluka ku Ukraine ndikukhala m'malo ogona m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ndi Danube.
Pakusamuka, mbalame zimaima kuti zipumule ndi kupeza nyonga. Gululo limayima pafupi ndi Arctic Circle pamtsinje wa Ob, kumpoto kwa Khanty-Mansiysk, ku steppe komanso m'malo ophulika a Tobol m'mitsinje ya Manych, ku Rostov ndi Stavropol. Nthawi yobisalira, mbalame zimakhazikika m'mbali mwa tundra, m'nkhalango zamapiri. Kwa moyo wawo wonse, amasankha malo athyathyathya omwe sakhala patali ndi dziwe, amatha kukhala pamapiri ndi zigwa pafupi ndi mitsinje.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe tsekwe wamabele ofiyira amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe mbalame iyi imadya.
Kodi tsekwe wamabele ofiyira amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame yofiira yofiira
Atsekwe ndi mbalame zodya kwambiri ndipo amadya zakudya zokhazokha.
Zakudya za atsekwe ofiira ofiira ndi monga:
- masamba ndi mphukira za zomera;
- ubweya;
- ndere;
- udzu wa thonje;
- sedge;
- nsapato za akavalo;
- zipatso;
- mbewu za bedstraw;
- anyezi ndi masamba a adyo wamtchire;
- rye;
- phala;
- tirigu;
- balere;
- chimanga.
M'malo obisalamo, mbalame zimadyetsa makamaka masamba ndi mizu yazomera zomwe zimamera m'malo okhala. Izi makamaka ndi sedge, nsapato za mahatchi, udzu wopindika wopindika. Ndiyenera kunena kuti zakudyazo ndizochepa, chifukwa mu steppe simudzapeza zitsamba zambiri. Mbalame ndi zipatso zimadontha, zomwe amakumana nazo ndi zipatso.
M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimakhala pa udzu ndi msipu, minda yofesedwa mbewu zachisanu. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, mbalame zimathyola tirigu, masamba achichepere ndi mizu yazomera. Mbalame zimadya makamaka m'nyengo yozizira m'malo ozizira, zakudya za mbalame ndizosiyanasiyana kuposa malo okhala. Pakusamuka, mbalame zimadya zomera zomwe zimamera m'malo omwe zimayimilira, makamaka sedge, clover, lungwort, horsetail ndi mitundu ina yambiri yazomera. Anapiye ndi ana amadya udzu wofewa, masamba ndi mbewu za zomera, pomwe anapiye, obisalira nyama zowononga limodzi, amakhala ndi makolo awo m'nkhalango mpaka ataphunzira kuuluka.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: tsekwe zamabele ofiyira zochokera mu Red Book
Atsekwe amtundu uwu ndi mbalame zomwe zimasamukira kwina. Mbalame zimadutsa nthawi yayitali m'mbali mwa Nyanja Yakuda komanso pa Danube. Makamaka ku Bulgaria ndi Romania. Mbalame zimachoka kukakhala nyengo yachisanu m'masiku omaliza a Seputembara, nthawi yachilimwe zimabwerera kumalo awo okhala ndi mazira koyambirira kwa Juni. Mosiyana ndi atsekwe ndi mbalame zina, atsekwe panthawi yosamukira samauluka m'magulu akulu, koma amayenda m'magulu kuyambira 5 mpaka 20 awiriawiri. Mbalame zimafika pamalo amene zimamangirira ziwiriziwiri ziwirizi munthawi yozizira. Atsekwe omwe ali ndi bere lofiira amakonda kukhazikika m'mphepete mwa matanthwe am'madzi, m'mapiri, nkhalango, zigwa pafupi ndi mitsinje. Zikafika, nthawi yomweyo mbalame zimayamba kukonza zisa zawo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Atsekwe ndi mbalame zanzeru kwambiri, amamanga zisa zawo pafupi ndi zisa za mbalame zazikuluzikuluzi monga peregrine falcon, snow owl kapena buzzards.
Mbalame zodya nyama zimateteza chisa chawo kuzilombo zosiyanasiyana zoyamwitsa (nkhandwe, nkhandwe, mimbulu ndi ena), pomwe chisa cha atsekwe chimakhalabe patali ndi adani. Malo oterewa ndi njira yokhayo yolerera anapiye. Ngakhale ikakhala pamalo otsetsereka komanso owopsa, zisa za atsekwe nthawi zonse zimakhala pachiwopsezo, motero mbalame zimayesetsa kuti zisatengeke ndikupeza oyandikana nawo abwino.
Atsekwe akugwira ntchito masana. Usiku, mbalame zimapuma pamadzi kapena zisa. Mbalame zimadzipezera chakudya pafupi ndi chisa, kapena pafupi ndi dziwe. Mugulu, mbalame zimacheza kwambiri. Kapangidwe kazinthu kakukula, mbalame zimakhala pamalo okhala ndi awiriawiri, nthawi yachisanu zimasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zambiri palibe mikangano pakati pa mbalame.
Mbalame zimasamalira munthu mosamala kwambiri, pamene munthu ayesa kuyandikira chisa, chachikazi chimamulowetsa ndipo amayesa kuwuluka mosazindikira. Nthawi yomweyo, yamphongo imalowa nawo, banjali limauluka mozungulira chisa, ndikupanga phokoso lalikulu kuyesa kuthamangitsa munthuyo. Nthawi zina atsekwe amadziwiratu za chilombocho kapena munthu wina asadafike, amadziwitsidwa ndi izi. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pamene anthu anali pachiwopsezo chotha, mbalamezi zidayamba kusungidwa ndikuweta m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso malo osungira nyama. Mndende, mbalame zimachita bwino ndikuchulukana bwino.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Atsekwe ofiira ofiira
Atsekwe ofiira ofiira amafika pofika zaka 3-4. Mbalame zimafika pamalo obisalapo ziwiriziwiri kale, ndipo zikafika pamalo obisalapo, zimayamba kumanga zisa nthawi yomweyo. Chisa chimamangidwa mchisokonezo chotsetsereka, chodzaza ndi mapesi a mbewu monga chimanga ndikusambitsidwa ndi pansi. Kukula kwa chisa ndi pafupifupi 20 cm m'mimba mwake, kuya kwa chisa kumakhala mpaka 8 cm.
Asanakwatirane, mbalamezo zimakhala ndi masewera osangalatsana, mbalamezo zimasambira mozungulira, ndikulowetsa milomo yawo m'madzi limodzi, ndikupanga mawu osiyanasiyana. Asanakwatirane, yamphongo imakhala pamalo owongoka ndi mapiko otambalala ndikupeza yaikazi. Akakwerana, mbalamezo zimasefukira michira yawo, ndikutambasula mapiko awo mmbali ndikutambasula makosi awo atali amphamvu, kwinaku akuyimba nyimbo yawo yachilendo.
Pakapita kanthawi, mkazi amaikira mazira 4 mpaka 9 oyera ngati mkaka. Kutsekemera kwa mazira kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 25, wamkazi amawaikira mazira, pomwe yamphongo nthawi zonse imakhala pafupi imateteza banja ndikubweretsa chakudya chachikazi. Anapiye amabadwa kumapeto kwa Juni, nthawi yomwe anapiye amawoneka, makolo amayamba kubereka pambuyo paukwati, ndipo makolo amalephera kuuluka kwakanthawi, motero banja lonse limakhala pa udzu kuyesera kubisala m'nkhalango zowirira.
Nthawi zambiri ana ochokera kwa makolo osiyanasiyana amalumikizana limodzi, akukakamira pagulu lalikulu, lofuula kwambiri lotetezedwa ndi mbalame zazikulu. Kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, anawo amayamba kuwuluka pang'ono, ndipo kumapeto kwa Seputembala, achinyamatawo, limodzi ndi mbalame zina, amathawira nthawi yachisanu.
Adani achilengedwe a atsekwe owoneka ofiyira
Chithunzi: Goose wamabele ofiyira pamadzi
Atsekwe omwe ali ndi bere lofiira kuthengo amakhala ndi adani angapo, ndipo popanda kutetezedwa ndi mbalame zolimba, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti ma anseriformes apulumuke.
Adani achilengedwe a mbalamezi ndi awa:
- Ankhandwe aku Arctic;
- nkhandwe;
- agalu;
- mimbulu;
- nkhwangwa;
- ziwombankhanga ndi nyama zina zolusa.
Atsekwe ndi mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuti adziteteze. Ngati mbalame zazikulu zimathamanga kwambiri ndikuwuluka, ana sangathe kudziteteza okha. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zazikulu panthawi ya kusungunuka zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu, kutaya kuthekera kwawo kuwuluka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yobisalira, mbalame zimayesetsa nthawi zonse kukhala pansi pa chilombo chachikulu chokhala ndi nthenga, chomwe, poteteza chisa chake, chimatetezanso ana a atsekwe.
Chosangalatsa: Chifukwa cha nthenga zawo zowala, mbalame sizibisala bwino, nthawi zambiri chisa chokhala ndi chachikazi chitha kuwona patali, koma sizinthu zonse zosavuta. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimachenjezedwa za zoopsa mdani asanatuluke, ndipo amatha kuwuluka ndikupita ndi anawo kumalo otetezeka.
Komabe, mdani wamkulu wa atsekwe akadali munthu ndi zochita zake. Ngakhale kuti kusaka atsekwe amtunduwu ndikoletsedwa, palibe amene amaganizira kuti ndi anthu angati omwe anaphedwa ndi achiwembu pachaka. M'mbuyomu, posaka mbalamezi ataloledwa, atsekwe adafafanizidwa kwathunthu powasaka. Chinthu china choyipa chinali kupangidwa kwa malo okhala mbalame ndi anthu. Kupanga mafuta ndi gasi m'malo opangira zisa, kumanga mafakitale ndi zomangamanga.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi tsekwe wamabele ofiyira amaoneka bwanji
Atsekwe ofiira ofiira ndi mbalame zosowa kwambiri. Branta ruficollis ali ndi chitetezo chamagulu achitetezo, mtundu womwe udatsala pang'ono kutha. Pakadali pano, mtundu uwu udalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, ndipo mbalame zamtunduwu ndizotetezedwa. Kugwira, komanso kusaka mbalame, ndikoletsedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza pa Buku Lofiyira, mitunduyi imaphatikizidwanso mu Zowonjezera ku Msonkhano wa Bonn ndi Zakumapeto 2 ku Msonkhano wa SIETES, womwe umatsimikizira kuletsa malonda amtundu uwu wa mbalame. Zonsezi zidatengedwa chifukwa chakuti kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1950 mpaka 1975 kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kunachepa kwambiri pafupifupi 40%, ndipo ndi 22-28 zikwi mbalame zazikulu zokha zomwe zidatsalira kuchokera ku mbalame zazikulu 50,000.
Popita nthawi, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kudakulirakulira 37,000 akulu. Komabe, chiwerengerochi ndichotsikiranso. Mbalame zilibe malo oti ziberekere. Chifukwa chofika kwa anthu m'malo okhala achilengedwe a mbalame ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, malo obisalira akucheperachepera. Asayansi akuti chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo, dera la tundra likuchepa mwachangu. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa ma falcons. Mbalame zimakhazikika pafupi nawo ndikugwa pansi pa chitetezo chawo, ndikuchepa kwa ziwombankhangazi, kumakhala kovuta kuti atsekwe apulumuke kuthengo, ndipo izi zimakhudzanso anthu.
Masiku ano atsekwe amtunduwu akutetezedwa ndipo amatengedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Masamba ena amakhala m'malo otetezedwa ndi nkhokwe. Kusaka mbalame kumalo osungira nyama, kusaka ndi kugulitsa mbalame m'dziko lathu ndikosaloledwa. Mbalame zimasamalidwa m'malo osungira ana momwe zimaswana bwino ndipo pambuyo pake zimatulutsidwa kuthengo.
Kuteteza atsekwe okhala ndi mabere ofiira
Chithunzi: tsekwe zamabele ofiyira zochokera mu Red Book
Zochita za anthu nthawi ina zidatsala pang'ono kuwononga atsekwe ofiyira mawere ofiyira, zidathandizanso kupulumutsa mbalamezi kuti zisawonongedwe. Pambuyo poyambitsa kuletsa kusaka, kutchera ndi kugulitsa mbalame, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kudayamba kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Kuyambira mu 1926, alonda a mbalame akhala akuswana mbalamezi muukapolo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kunapezeka kuti kulera ana ambirimbiri opanda pake mu nazale yotchuka ya Trest, yomwe ili ku England. Ana oyamba a mbalame zamtundu uwu m'dziko lathu adalandiridwa koyamba ku Zoo ku Moscow mu 1959. Masiku ano, mbalame zimaswanirana m'malo osungira ana ndi malo osungira nyama, pambuyo pake akatswiri azakuthambo amasinthira anapiye kuthengo ndikuwamasulira m'malo awo achilengedwe.
M'malo okhala ndi mbalamezi, malo osungira ndi malo otetezera zachilengedwe adapangidwa, pomwe mbalame zimatha kukhala ndikulera ana. Madera otetezedwa akhazikitsidwanso m'malo ozizira a mbalame. Chiwerengero chonse cha mbalame chidayang'aniridwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu, njira zosamukira, mkhalidwe wamoyo wa mbalame m'malo okhala ndi malo ozizira umayang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri azakuthambo.
Kuti tisunge kuchuluka kwa mbalame, tonsefe tiyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri ndi chilengedwe, kuyesetsa kuti tisawononge chilengedwe. Mangani malo azachipatala m'mafakitale kuti zinyalala zopangira zisalowe m'madzi komanso zisawononge chilengedwe. Gwiritsani ntchito mafuta a mitundu ina. Yesetsani kukonzanso zinyalala ndikuzibwezeretsanso. Izi zithandizira osati kubwezeretsa kokha atsekwe, komanso kupangitsa moyo kukhala wosavuta kwa zamoyo zonse.
Tsekwe zofiira mbalame yokongola modabwitsa. Ndiwanzeru kwambiri, ali ndi njira zawo zopulumukira kuthengo, komabe, pali zifukwa zina zomwe njira iliyonse yodzitetezera ilibe mphamvu, monga kusintha kwa nyengo, kuwononga nyama moperewera komanso kubwera kwa anthu m'malo okhala mbalame.Anthu amatha kuteteza atsekwe omwe ali ndi bere lofiira, ndikubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi, tiyeni tichitire mibadwo yamtsogolo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07.01.
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/13/2019 pa 16:33
