Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Khwangwala – mbalame yochenjera... Akatswiri odziwa za mbalame amaganiza kuti nthumwi za nyama zamapikozo zimakhala zapadera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti, mwanzeru, zolengedwa zamapikozi sizimangoposa ziweto zambiri. Kapangidwe ka malingaliro awo ndikofanana ndi kamunthu.
Zowonadi, malinga ndi kafukufuku yemwe adachitika ku University of Cambridge, kuthekera kwawo kwakuganiza kumapitilira zomwe mwana wazaka zinayi amatha. Atsikana anzeru amenewa amadziwika kuti ndi odutsa, ndipo amawerengedwa kuti ndi akulu kwambiri kuchokera pagululi.
Zili pafupifupi theka la mita, ndipo kulemera kwa amuna kumafika magalamu 800 kapena kuposa. Koma akazi ndi ochepa kwambiri.
Mbalame, khwangwala kukula kwake ndi utoto wake (mbalame zonse ziwiri ndi za mtundu umodzi komanso banja). Koma mbalame zomwe zafotokozedwazo zili ndi malamulo owonjezera. Komanso khwangwala amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi zizolowezi zake kuchokera pa rook, makamaka chifukwa cha mayendedwe ake, titero, akugwedeza mutu wake.
Mlomo wake ndi wakuda, wozungulira mozungulira, wakuthwa, uli ndi mphamvu zokwanira. Mapiko afupikitsa a mbalamezi, omwe kutalika kwake ndi 1 mita, amasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zawo ndipo nthawi zambiri amaloza (mawonekedwe ofananawo ndimitundu yambiri ya akhwangwala).
Miyendo yawo ndi yayitali, yamphamvu, yopyapyala, ili ndi zala zitatu zoloza kutsogolo ndi imodzi yolozera kumbuyo, ndiye kuti inayi.
Khwangwala, kutengera mitundu, amatha kukhala ndi nthenga zakuda kapena zotuwa. Monga mwalamulo, imawala ndi utoto wofiirira kapena chitsulo padzuwa, komanso imatha kutuluka ndi utoto wobiriwira.
Chochitika chosowa mwachilengedwe ndi Khwangwala woyera... Mtundu wa nthengawu suwerengedwa kuti ndi wachilengedwe, koma ndi chifukwa cha kusintha, mtundu wa matenda otchedwa albinism. Kuyambira kale, zolengedwa zotere zakhala ngati chizindikiro chodzipatula komanso chachilendo.
Ndipo m'malo achilengedwe, monga lamulo, amawonekera kwambiri motero amakhala nyama yolusa ya adani.
Phokoso lomwe akhwangwala amalankhula ndimayendedwe am'mimbamo komanso mwamakani, ndimakokedwe komanso okwera. Ena amakhulupirira kuti mawu a mbalamezi amafanana ndi kuseka kwa anthu. M'malo mwake, mamvekedwe omwe amapangidwa ndi iwo ndiosiyanasiyana, ngakhale ophatikizika mosiyanasiyana ndi mithunzi, ndipo adapangidwa kuti azidziwitse abale pazolinga komanso momwe akumvera.
Izi zitha kukhala zowopseza, kutukwana, zizindikiritso zosonkhanitsa kapena kufotokozera za chifundo pamasewera olimbirana. Izi zikutsimikiziranso kuti zolengedwa izi ndizanzeru komanso zanzeru.
Pali mbalame ina yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yanzeru - khwangwala. Iye ngakhale kwa akale anali ngati chizindikiro cha nzeru. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mosiyana ndi malingaliro a akatswiri, khwangwala ndi khwangwala – mbalame zosiyanasiyana, osati zolengedwa za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zamtundu umodzi wa mbalame. Ngakhale onse ndi amodzi, banja la a corvids.
Ngakhale amayimira mtundu womwewo, ndipo umatchedwa: akhwangwala. Ndipo zolengedwa zonse zamapiko ziwirizi, chifukwa chanzeru zawo komanso kuthekera kwawo kuzolowera, zafalikira madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Amakhala ku Eurasia ndi kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo amapezeka ku America komanso ku Australia.
Komabe, malingana ndi mawonekedwe akunja, mbalamezi zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri. Mbalame zazikulu ndi zazikulu kwambiri. Mchira wa mbalameyi uli ndi mathero ofanana ndi mphete, pomwe khwangwala amakhala wozungulira.
Mbalame zonsezi zimakhala ndi maso akuthwa, ndipo mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino amawapatsa mwayi wowonera. Ziwalo zawo zakumva zili mkati, osati kunja, ndipo zimatetezedwa ndi nthenga.
Mitundu
Dzinalo "khwangwala" amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu ingapo yamabanja a corvidae. Onsewa ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mawonekedwe akunja, omwe afotokozedwa kale pano, ndipo amatha kuwonanso akhwangwala pachithunzipa.
Kukula kwa oimira mitundu yowonetsedwa ya banjali ndikosiyana kwambiri. Makulidwe amitundu yambiri amafanana ndi magawo omwe awonetsedwa kale. Koma mitundu ina ndi yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa mpheta. Tiyeni tiwapatse tsatanetsatane.
1. Khwangwala wokhazikika. Nthawi zina khwangwala ndi khwangwala wakuda (wofotokozedwanso) amadziwika ngati mtundu umodzi, amangogawika m'magulu awiri omwe awonetsedwa. Ngakhale dzinalo, nthenga za mbalamezi ndizotuwa pang'ono, chifukwa mutu, mchira ndi mapiko a mbalamezi ndi zakuda.
Mitundu yawo imaphatikizapo madera a kontinenti ya Europe ndipo imafalikira chakumpoto mpaka ku Scandinavia, komanso chakum'mawa mpaka Asia Minor. Mitunduyi sionedwa ngati yosowa, koma, m'malo mwake, ndiyambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kwawonjezeka posachedwa.
Komabe, izi ndizomwe zimabweretsa mavuto, chifukwa kuwonjezeka kotere kumawononga chilengedwe.
2. Khwangwala Wakuda... Monga miyendo ndi mulomo, nthenga za mbalame zotere ndizakuda, koma zimakwaniritsidwa ndi utoto wofiirira kapena wobiriwira. Mitunduyi imagawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe atha kukhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumadzulo kwa Eurasia komanso kum'mawa kwa kontrakitala sizofanana pamikhalidwe yawo, koma, ngakhale zitakhala kuti, zimadzipangira zokha.
Ndipo kupatukana kwawo kudachitika kalekale, mu Ice Age. Ku Russia, nthumwi zamtunduwu zimakhala ku Far East ndi Siberia.
3. Khwangwala wamkulu. Mbalame zoterezi ndizofala ku Asia, zimakhala ku Far East, Japan, China ndi madera oyandikira. Kuchokera pa dzinalo ndikosavuta kuganiza kuti mawonekedwe amtunduwu ndi mulomo waukulu.
Miyeso imatha kukhala mpaka 59 cm, koma imasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Nthengawo ndi wakuda komanso wakuda mdima.
4. Khwangwala wamakhosi oyera. Ngakhale dzinalo, mtundu wa mbalamezo udakali wakuda, koma nthenga zake zimakhala zoyera. Amakhala ku North America ku United States ndi Mexico, amakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto komanso m'zipululu.
5. Khwangwala wamkuwa amapezeka ku East Africa. Mlomo wa mbalameyi, womwe ndi wodabwitsa, ndi wokulirapo kuposa mutu, wautali komanso wonenepa. Nthenga zikuda, zowonetsedwa ndi malo oyera kumbuyo kwa mutu. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala mpaka 64 cm.
6. Khwangwala. Amakhala kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Middle East. Mtundu wake, mbalamezi ndizofanana ndi makungubwi akuda, ndipo nthenga zawo zimapanga utoto wabuluu kapena bulauni wamkuwa wowala bwino.
Mawu amene nyama zimenezi zimatulutsa amafanana ndi kulira kwa chule. Nyama zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimakumba miyala.
7. Khwangwala waku Australia. Nthenga zake zakuda zimatulutsa mtundu wobiriwira, wofiirira kapena wonyezimira. Miyendo ndi milomo nayonso ndi yakuda. Nthenga za m'khosi za mbalamezi zimawoneka bwino kwambiri.
Ndi mawonekedwe awa, komanso kukula kwa theka la mita (awa ndi magawo akulu kwambiri akhwangwala aku kontinenti ya Australia), ndizotheka kusiyanitsa oimira mitundu iyi pakati pa ena.
8. Khwangwala waku South Australia. Mitunduyi ndi yocheperako pang'ono kuposa yapita, ngakhale pang'ono, ndipo mlomo wa omwe akuyimirawo ndi wocheperako. Komanso, mosiyana ndi mitundu yomwe tafotokozayi, mbalamezi zimakonda kukhala ndi gulu lalikulu. Mitundu yawo ndi yakuda kwathunthu.
9. Khwangwala wa Bangai ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, tomwe kukula kwake kuli pafupifupi masentimita 39. Mbalamezi ndi zakuda. Mitundu iyi ili pachiwopsezo chotha.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Khwangwala – mbalame, yomwe imatha kuyendayenda, ikuyenda kuchokera kumalo kupita kumalo. Pali milandu pomwe akhwangwala otsekedwa ku Russia amapezeka ku Western Europe komanso mosemphanitsa. Zikuwoneka kuti, pazifukwa zosadziwika, amangoganiza zosintha malo okhala.
Ena mwa iwo amasamuka nyengo ndi nyengo, ndikupita kudera lomwe kumakhala nyengo yabwino m'nyengo yozizira. Zimachitika kuti akhwangwala samayenda konse, koma amakhala pansi. Koma mulimonsemo, mayendedwe akulu kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, akalulu, mbalame zomwe zafotokozedwazo sizingathe kuchita.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti akhwangwala samangokhala anzeru zokha, komanso amadziwa momwe angakumbukire kwanthawi yayitali ndipo mwanjira inayake amatumiza chidziwitso kwa ena. Atafika ku Canada, tawuni ya Chatham idakhala ndi magulu ankhondowo ndipo adadzakhala alendo osafunikira komweko.
Anawononga mbewu ndikukwiyitsa anthu am'deralo. Chifukwa cha nkhondo, yomwe anthu adalengeza kuzokwiyitsa kwamapiko, khwangwala m'modzi adaphedwa. Ndipo izi zidakwanira kuti mbalame zichoke pothawirawa.
Kuphatikiza apo, gulu la akhwangwala m'dera lino silinayimenso. Komanso, izi sizachilendo. Pali umboni wambiri wosonyeza kuti akhwangwala akuyesera kupewa malo komwe amuna anzawo anafera.
Kuyesa kochitidwa ndi asayansi kumatsimikizira kuti oimira amfumu omwe ali ndi nthenga amatha kuthana ndi ntchito zomwe adapatsidwa, komanso mochenjera kwambiri. Chakudya chovuta kupeza, chomangirizidwa ndi chingwe, adachikoka, ndikupeza zomwe amafuna. Ndipo kutulutsa nyongolotsi mu chotengera chopapatiza ndi madzi, adaponya miyala pamenepo, ndikuchotsa madziwo ndikufika kwa wovulalayo.
Mwachilengedwe, mbalamezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyenda, zimakhalanso zosamala mosamala. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu, ndipo mamembala amderali amawonetsa kufunitsitsa kukonzekeretsa dera lomwe akukhalalo. Koma pali osowa pakati pa akhwangwala.
Oimira nyamazi zimakhala ndi ntchito zawo masana. Ndipo usiku amapumula kuvutoli ndi nkhawa, zomwe nthawi zambiri amachita akamasonkhana m'magulu. Ankhwangwala amapotoza mapiko awo kawirikawiri akamayenda mlengalenga. Anthu, makamaka nyengo yamkuntho, nthawi zambiri amawonera akhwangwala akungoyenda mozungulira nsanja za belu, ma spiers kapena nyumba zazitali.
Zakudya zabwino
Kufufuza chakudya khwangwala ayamba kuchita, kudzuka m'mawa. Mbalamezi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala osavomerezeka kupeza chakudya, chomwe chimabweretsa mavuto ndi mavuto kwa anthu. Kwa mbalame zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala, zinyalala ndi chakudya chovomerezeka, komanso chokoma chomwe chimakonda kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, akhwangwala nthawi zambiri amasonkhana m'malo onyamula zinyalala ambiri.
Koma, chakudyacho chimadalira komwe mbalame zimakhazikika. Amatha kudya ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso, mtedza, zipatso, mbewu za mbeu, ngati zilipo zambiri m'malo omwe amakhala. Mbalamezi zimakumba mu manyowa kuti zipeze ndi kudya mphutsi za tizilombo. Nthawi zambiri amakhumudwitsa abale awo okhala ndi mapiko: kuyendera zisa zawo, zimawawononga, kudya mazira, ngakhale anapiye.
Ena mwa akhwangwala amakhala moyo wosaka. Pofuna kuti ntchitoyi ichitike bwino, atha kuphatikizidwa m'magulu. Ndipo kumapeto kwa mlanduwo, amakonza phwando limodzi. Omwe amawathira akhoza kukhala mbewa zazing'ono, achule, abuluzi, ngakhale nyama zazikulu.
Kodi tinganene chiyani za agulugufe, ntchentche ndi kafadala, zomwe zimaphatikizidwanso muzakudya za mbalamezi. Nthawi zambiri akhwangwala amasintha kuti azitha kuyang'anitsitsa nyama zina zolimba. Kuwatsata, amadya zotsalira kuchokera pachakudya chawo.
Kuzindikira kwa akhwangwala m'zakudya kumawonetseredwa kwathunthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mbalame yochenjera ngati imeneyi imafuna kudya mtedza, koma osatha kuuphwanya, imatha kuganiza zoponyera panjira ndikudya pambuyo pake, ikaponderezedwa ndi galimoto.
Palinso milandu ina yambiri khwangwala, kuti apeze chakudya, amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi zida zachilengedwe.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Khwangwala - ndi mbalame zokhazokha zomwe zimayamba kutenga nawo gawo pakubala zaka ziwiri. Nthawi yokwanira, monga lamulo, imayamba mu theka loyamba la masika. Ndipo chibwenzi ndi masewera a banjali zimachitika mlengalenga, zosangalatsa ndi zovuta zina zazing'ono, komanso zochitika mwachangu.
Chisa cha Khwangwala ndipangidwe lachilendo kwambiri. Mbalamezi zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga zomangira: zidutswa za zingwe, zomangira, mawaya, nthambi. Zodziwika bwino zomangamanga, mwachitsanzo, zopangidwa ndi waya.
Zisa zimatha kupezeka pamitengo m'minda yaboma, m'nkhalango ndi m'mapaki, pamitengo yapa telegraph komanso ngakhale pamakereni. Mwambiri, komwe kuli kwakukulu. Pali mitundu yomwe imapanga malo okhala anapiye kumapiri ndi miyala. Amuna ndi akazi onse amachita chimodzimodzi pomanga zisa.
Ziphuphu nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mazira asanu ndi atatu obiriwira kapena obiriwira omwe amakhala ndi mabala akuda. Nthawi zambiri mayi amafungatira mwana, koma bambo wa banja amamupatsa mkhalidwe wabwino komanso chakudya.
Ana amatuluka m'chiwombankhanga patatha milungu itatu. Amaswa popanda nthenga ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi amaphimbidwa nawo.
Akhwangwala amateteza anapiye awo mwaukali wonse. Mwachitsanzo, ngati m'modzi mwa ana agwa pachisa, ndiye kuti padzakhala phokoso lokwanira komanso kukangana. Ndipo amene akuyesera kukhumudwitsa mwana wosauka, amulandila koyenera, osati kwa makolo okha, komanso, kuchokera kwa amtundu anzawo omwe adadza kudzapulumutsa.
Mbadwo wakale umayamba kuwuluka koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Koma kwa mwezi wathunthu, makolowo akuyang'ana tsogolo la anapiye, kuwateteza ku ngozi. Komanso, ana amayembekeza kukhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Koma achichepere amalumikizana ndi makolo awo, nthawi zambiri amatenga nawo gawo polera anapiye atsopano.
Pazifukwa zina, makolo athu amakhulupirira kuti khwangwala, wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa khwangwala, ndi chiwindi chachitali chosowa kwambiri. Koma uku ndikulakwitsa. Kupatula apo, zaka za mbalame zotere m'chilengedwe nthawi zambiri sizipitilira zaka 15. Khwangwala amakhala moyo wocheperako.
Komabe, mbalame zamtunduwu, zomwe zimasungidwa mu ukapolo, osadziwa kuopsa ndi njala, nthawi zina zimakhala zopitilira eni eni anthu kwambiri. Milandu yotere, mwachiwonekere, idakhala chifukwa chakubwera kwa nthano ndi nthano.
