Chikumbu chamutu wachikasu - wokhala wocheperako m'dziko lathu ndi Europe. Sikovuta kuzindikira mbalame yodabwitsayo komanso yoyenda mum korona wamtengo, chifukwa ndi yaying'ono kwambiri. Zimanenedwa kuti kachilomboka kakang'ono kamalowa m'malo mwa hummingbird kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Tidzafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe a mbalame yosangalatsayi, tiziwonetsa zizolowezi zake, zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi, malo okhalamo okhazikika, mawonekedwe azakuthambo ndi mawonekedwe a avian.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kinglet yamutu wachikaso
Kachilomboka kamutu wachikaso kali m'gulu la mabanja am'matchalitchi, dongosolo la odutsa komanso mtundu wa ma kinglet. Monga tanena kale, uyu ndi wokhala pang'ono kwambiri, makamaka nkhalango za spruce. Mbalameyi idalandira dzina lachifumu chifukwa chakupezeka kwa mzere wonyezimira wonyezimira pamutu pake, womwe umafanana ndi korona wopangidwa ndi golide. Ku Germany, mfumuyi imatchedwa "tambala wagolide yozizira", chifukwa imafika mdziko muno m'nyengo yozizira yokha. M'mbuyomu ku Russia mbalameyi idatchedwa "carnation", mwachidziwikire chifukwa chakuchepa kwake.
Chosangalatsa: Mwa akazi, mzere wa korona uli ndi utoto wachikasu, ndipo mwa amuna umakhala wachikasu-lalanje. Mwa amuna, ndikukula.
Kanema: Kinglet wamutu wachikaso
Ngakhale kuti mfumuyi sinatulukidwe, nthano zimapangidwa za iye. Mmodzi wa iwo akuchitira umboni kulimba mtima kwake komanso luso lake. Amati nthawi ina kunabuka mkangano pakati pa mbalame kuti ndi ndani mwa iwo amene amauluka pafupi ndi dzuwa. Zikuwoneka kuti chiwombankhanga chonyada chimatsogolera pankhondoyi, koma patangotsala pang'ono kutha kanyama kakang'ono kake kanatuluka pansi pa mapiko a chiombankhanga, kukwera kwambiri kuposa mbalame yodya nyama. Makulidwe a kachilomboka kamutu wachikasu ndi ochepa kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalame kumachokera pa masentimita 9 mpaka 10, ndipo masitepewo amakhala magalamu 4 mpaka 8.
Malinga ndi kukula kwake, kachilomboka kamutu wachikaso ndikotsika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi:
- ming'oma;
- mfumu yankhondo;
- kachikumbu kofiira.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti akatswiri odziwa za mbalame azindikira mitundu 14 ya mbalameyi, yomwe imasiyana mosiyanasiyana m'dera lomwe amakhala, komanso mumitundu ina ya nthenga.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chifukwa chake, tazindikira kale kuti zofunikira kwambiri za kachilomboka kamutu wachikaso ndikuchepa kwake ndi "korona" wachuma wachikaso kumtunda kwambiri. Chiwerengero chonse cha zinyenyeswazi-mfumu chikufanana ndi mpira, mu malamulo ndi ofanana ndi omenyera nkhondo. Kutalika kwa mapiko ake kutalika kwake kumasiyana masentimita 13 mpaka 17.
Mchira wa mfumu siwutali, ndipo mlomo umawoneka ngati nkhwangwa, woonda kwambiri komanso wakuthwa, koma wamfupi komanso wojambulidwa mumthunzi pafupifupi wakuda. Palibe kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi mu mbalame. Kungoti, monga tanenera, mithunzi ya "zisoti zachifumu" pamutu zimasiyana. Nthenga zachikaso pamutu pake zimatuluka ngati tuft pomwe kachilomboka kadzafika ndichisangalalo, ndipo kamakhala ndi mbali yakuda yosiyana. Kulira kwakukulu kwa maulawo ndi azitona wobiriwira, mimba ya mbalameyo imakhala yopepuka kuposa gawo lakuthwa. Pa mapiko akuda kwambiri, mikwingwirima yoyera yopingasa imawonekera bwino.
Maso a mkandawo ndi wokulirapo ndipo amafanana ndi mikanda yozungulira, yowala, yakuda. Ndondomeko yoyera imawonekera mozungulira iwo. Iris ya diso ndi yakuda bulauni. Nthenga zoyera zimawonanso pamphumi ndi masaya. Miyendo ya mbalameyi imakhala ndi mtundu waimvi ya azitona. Zala zake zili ndi zala zinayi, zala zitatu zikuyang'ana kutsogolo, ndipo chachinayi chimayang'ana mbali inayo, yomwe imalola kuti mbalamezo zizikhala zolimba komanso zolimba, zimayenda kuchokera panthambi kupita kunthambi. Zinyama zazing'ono ku korolki ndizofanana ndi achikulire achibale, koma alibe korona wachikaso pamutu pawo, izi zimachitika mpaka nthawi yoyamba yophukira, yomwe mbalame zimayenera kupirira, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe achikaso owala amayamba kuwonekera pang'onopang'ono, kuwonekera kwambiri.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe kachilomboka kamutu wachikasu kamawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone kumene imapezeka.
Kodi mfumba yamutu wachikaso imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kinglet yamutu wachikaso ku Russia
Mafumu amutu wachikaso asankha pafupifupi ma Eurasia onse, Azores ndi Canary Islands. Kumpoto kwa Western Europe, mbalame zodzisankhira zimapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse komwe ma biotopes achilengedwe amafunikira. Kum'mwera, mbalameyi imapezeka m'malo ena okha, magawo ake amagawika m'malo osiyana. Mbalame zouluka zapezeka ku Iberian Peninsula, Italy, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa France, Romania, ndi ku Balkan. Kumpoto kwa Scandinavia simudzapeza mfumu, pali malo omwe mbalameyi imangowonekera m'nyengo yozizira nthawi yosamukasamuka (Germany).
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Asayansi apeza kuti malo okhala mbalame yaying'onoyi pafupifupi mwangozi ndi kukula kwa spruce wamba, fir ndi mitundu ina ya spruce yaku Asiatic.
Kukula kwa dziko lathu, mafumu amakhala:
- Nyanja Yakuda;
- Crimea;
- Karelia;
- Mapiri Caucasus;
- Mapiri a Altai;
- Chilumba cha Kola;
- Sakhalin;
- Zilumba za Kuril.
Malo omwe mbalamezi zimagawana ku Russia zimafika kumadera a Nizhny Novgorod, Tambov ndi Penza. Kinglet yamutu wachikaso imakhala kumadera a Ukraine.
Monga mukuwonera, mbalameyi yazolowera bwino mapiri, kotero mutha kukumana nawo:
- mu Urals;
- Tien Shan;
- ku Himalaya;
- pa Elburse waku Iran;
- m'mapiri a Tibet;
- m'dera la Armenia Taurus;
- ku Alps.
Kinglet nthawi zambiri amakhala kumtunda wa pafupifupi kilomita imodzi ndi theka, ngakhale ku Himalaya imatha kupezeka pamtunda wa makilomita anayi, ku Switzerland Alps mbalame zimawulukira m'mapiri ataliatali kuposa 2 kilomita. Munthawi zoyenda kwamfumu, mutha kukumana kukukula kwa Egypt, China ndi Taiwan.
Nyongolotsi zamutu wachikaso zimakonda nkhalango zazitali za spruce, pomwe nthawi zina pamakhala mitengo ya pine ndi fir. M'nkhalango zosakanikirana, mbalame zimamanga chisawawa nthawi zambiri, posankha masamba otambalala ndi nkhalango zamkungudza. Koma mafumu sakonda nkhalango momwe kumamera larch ndi wamba pine, chifukwa chake sichimakhazikika pamenepo. Ku Canary Islands, mbalameyi imakhala m'nkhalango ya laurel komanso m'malo omwe mitengo ya Canary imakula. M'madera a Azores, mfumuyi yasintha kukhala m'malo omwe mitengo yamkungudza yaku Japan imaphukira komanso minda yamitengo ya mkungudza, chifukwa pafupifupi nkhalango zonse za laurel zidulidwa kuno.
Kodi kachilomboka kamutu wachikasu kamadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame yamutu wachikasu
Menyu ya kachikumbu kamutu wachikaso ndiyosiyanasiyana, imakhala ndi chakudya cha nyama komanso mbale yazomera. Otsatirawa amapambana pazakudya nthawi yozizira, pomwe zimakhala zovuta kupeza nyama zazing'ono.
Chifukwa chake, kanyumba kakang'ono kakang'ono sikatsutsana ndi chotukuka:
- mbozi;
- nsabwe;
- masika;
- akangaude;
- nsikidzi zing'onozing'ono;
- cicadas;
- ziphuphu;
- ntchentche za caddis;
- diptera;
- hymenoptera;
- makungwa a khungwa;
- udzudzu wamiyendo yayitali;
- odyetsa udzu;
- mbewu za mitengo ikuluikulu;
- zipatso ndi zipatso zina.
Mbalame yaing'ono iyi singagwire nyama yayikulu, mulomo sungayang'ambe ndi pakamwa pake, monga momwe mpheta ndi mbewa zimakonda kuchita, nthawi zonse imameza wogwidwa yense. Kwenikweni, chakudya cha kachilomboka chimapezeka mumitengo ya coniferous, kuyang'anitsitsa masingano, ming'alu ya khungwa, ndi mamba a mbewa. Mbalameyi imagwira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tikuthawa, ukuuluka m'mwamba ngati hummingbird. Kawirikawiri, mphalapala wamng'onoyo amagwera pansi kukafunafuna chotupitsa; imakonda kudzibisa mumutu wa korona. Ana a nthenga akakhala ndi ludzu, amamwa mame ndikugwiritsa ntchito mvula kugwa.
Miyeso yaying'ono ya mkanda imadziwika kuti ndi yofunika bwanji pa zakudya zake, zomwe sizimasokonezedwa. Kinglet imapitilizabe kudya chakudya momwe imayimbira matayala ake ndikukonzekeretsa chisa chake. Izi ndichifukwa choti imakhala ndi metabolism yothamanga kwambiri komanso m'mimba pang'ono. Chakudya chomwe chimayikidwa m'mimba tating'onoting'ono sichingakwaniritse mbalame yogwira ntchito kwambiri, chifukwa chake mphalapala imadyetsa nthawi zonse kuti ikhale yolimba komanso yamphamvu. Masana, amadya chakudya chochuluka chonchi, chomwe chimakhala cholemera kawiri.
Chosangalatsa: Ngati mfumu iyenera kusala kudya kwa mphindi 12, ndiye kuti kulemera kwake kwakanthawi kumachepa ndi gawo lachitatu. Ndipo kusala kwa ola limodzi kumatha kubweretsa kufa kwa mbalameyo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kinglet yamutu wachikaso kuchokera ku Red Book
Ndizovuta kuti zolengedwa zazing'ono zizikhala zokha, chifukwa chake amphaka amatha kutchedwa mbalame zonse. Nthawi zambiri amagundana pogona kuti azitha kutentha. Mwambiri, izi ndi mbalame zolimba kwambiri komanso zolimba zomwe zimangoyenda mosalekeza, zotentheka mwachangu komanso mwachangu pamutu pa mtengo.
Monga momwe zadziwika kale, korolki amakonda nkhalango za spruce, pomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira mu nthambi za spruce, chifukwa kubisa kwa mbalamezi ndikutalika. Miyendo ya mbalame yolimbayi imawalola kupachika pamitengo ngakhale mozondoka, panthawiyi ma kinglet amawoneka ngati mipira ya Khrisimasi. Ngati ndizovuta kuwona mfumuyo, ndiye kuti imatha kupezeka poyimba, yomwe mitundu yake ndiyokwera kwambiri ndipo imafanana ndi mawu a "qi-qi-qi".
Pakati pa korolkov pali mbalame zongokhala komanso mbalame zosamuka (zosamuka). Omwe amamangiriridwa nthawi zonse kumalo amodzi ndipo samazisiya, omaliza amasamukira mtunda wautali kapena kuyendayenda osati magawo ataliatali kuchokera komwe amakhala. Monga lamulo, mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumwera zimakhazikika, ndipo mbalame zakumpoto zimasamukira kwina. Monga lamulo, mababu samasiya kukula kwa nkhalango za spruce.
Chosangalatsa: Kumbu lomwe limasamukira tsiku limodzi limatha kugunda kuchokera pa 200 mpaka 800 km, pokhapokha ngati pali mphepo yabwino.
Nthawi zambiri pakusamuka, amaima m'malire a anthu, pomwe amapuma ndikudzitsitsimutsa. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mbalame zazing'ono sizimawopa anthu ndipo ndizokhulupirika kwa anthu, osapewa kapena kuopa ma bip.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chikumbu chamutu wachikaso
Nthawi yaukwati yamfumu yamutu wachikaso imatenga kuyambira Epulo, ndikuyamba kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Mbalamezi zimakopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kumawoneka bwino kwambiri, omwe panthawiyi amafanana kwambiri ndi korona. Kukulira kwamapiko, kuyimba roulades, kutsegula kwa michira yayifupi kumakhala ngati zizindikilo zokopa chidwi.
Akapeza wothandizana naye, amuna amapeza chiwembu chawochawo, chomwe amasamala mosamalitsa kuzolowera zamtundu uliwonse. Ngati mpikisano alipobe, ndiye kuti wamwamunayo amamuwopseza, akuphwanya thupi lake, kutambasula mapiko ake, kugwada ndi thupi lake lonse. Ngati zoyesayesa zowopseza sizithandiza, ndiye kuti otsutsana nawo alowa m'malo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Malo a ma kinglet angapo okwatirana nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitengo 18, dera lawo lalikulu ndi mahekitala 0,25. Gawo ili ndikokwanira kudyetsa osati okwatirana okha, komanso ana awo.
Cavalier akuchita nawo ntchito yomanga chisa. Malo okhala zisa nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi pa mthunzi wa mapini owoneka bwino, omwe amateteza bwino nyengo yoipa. Pomanga, yamphongo imagwiritsa ntchito moss, ndere, timitengo tating'onoting'ono, mapesi, omwe amangiriridwa ndi ukonde wa mbozi ndi zikoko zamitundu yonse ya akangaude, kuyambira mkati mwa kama kuli mizere pansi, nthenga ndi ubweya wa nyama.
Chisa chimakhala ngati chikho chozungulira, chomwe ndi chakuya kwambiri komanso cholimba popanga, chomwe chili pamtunda wa 4 mpaka 12 mita. Kukula kwake kwa chisa ndi pafupifupi masentimita 10, ndipo kumatenga pafupifupi milungu itatu kuti amange. Ngati zinthu zili bwino, ndiye kuti mkazi amatha kuimitsanso mikwingwirima ingapo, yoyamba kugwa mu Epulo, ndipo yachiwiri pakati pa Juni. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira 8 mpaka 10, omwe ndi oterera komanso okutidwa ndi zofiirira zofiirira zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe mbali yosalala.
Chosangalatsa: Mazira a kafadala amakhala 10 mm mulifupi ndi 12 mm kutalika. Unyinji wonse wa zowalamulira zonse umaposa unyinji wa mkazi pafupifupi 20 peresenti.
Nthawi yosamalitsa imatenga masiku 16, mayi wamtsogolo amachita nawo makulitsidwe, ndipo mnzake amamudyetsa nthawi zonse. Ana amabadwa opanda nthenga ndipo alibe chochita. Sabata yoyamba, mayi sangathe kuwasiya, chifukwa chake bambo wachikondi amathamangira ngati wolusa kuti adyetse aliyense, kubweretsa chakudya mpaka maulendo 300 patsiku. Patapita sabata, kutuluka koyamba kumawonekera mu anapiye, choncho mkaziyo amathawira kwina kukafunafuna chakudya, cha iye ndi cha ana ake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti bambo ake amapiko. Ana amakula mofulumira ndipo ali ndi zaka makumi awiri ndi awiri amapanga malo awo oyamba kuchokera kumalo awo okhalako, ndipo ali ndi mwezi umodzi amatha kupanga maulendo odziimira okhaokha.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuti ana akhale otetezeka, makolo amatsuka mosamala pambuyo pawo, ndikuchotsa zipolopolo m'mazira ndi ndowe za ana.
Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti utali wamoyo woyesedwa ndi chilengedwe cha mafumu ndiwachidule, pafupifupi, mbalame zazing'ono zazing'onozi zimakhala zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Ngakhale ziwindi zazitali zimadziwikanso omwe adakhala zaka zisanu.
Adani achilengedwe amfumu yamutu wachikaso
Chithunzi: Kinglet yamutu wachikaso ku Russia
Mafumu ang'ono amakhala ovuta, ndipo ali ndi adani okwanira kuthengo.
Pakati pawo, mutha kulemba mbalame zowononga monga:
- mpheta;
- merlin;
- khutu lalitali;
- imvi kadzidzi.
Mpheta yomwe imadziwika kwambiri komanso yoipa kwambiri ndi mpheta. Zachidziwikire, choyambirira, anapiye ang'ono ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe sizikhala ndi chidziwitso zimavutika ndi odyetsa nthenga. Korolkov nthawi zambiri amapulumutsidwa chifukwa chothamanga, kusamala komanso kuyenda mopitilira muyeso, kuti athe kuthawa zoopseza zomwe zikubwera ndikudzibisa m'mitengo yayikulu. Mbalame yosamuka yomwe yaima kuti ipumule m'malo okhala anthu itha kuukiridwa ndi mphaka wamba, yemwe saopa kusaka mbalame.
Nthawi zambiri, mafumu amavulazidwa ndi chisanu choopsa komanso nyengo yoipa. Mbalamezi zimapulumutsidwa mwa kukumbatirana komanso kukumbatirana mwatcheru, kagayidwe kake kagayidwe kamayamba kuchepa, komanso kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika kuti asunge mphamvu. Zinthu zoterezi zimathandiza kupulumuka chisanu choopsa kwambiri.
Adani a korolkov amathanso kuonedwa ngati munthu yemwe nthawi zonse amasokoneza ma biotopes achilengedwe, kusokoneza kayendedwe ka mbalame. Kudula nkhalango, kuyala misewu ikuluikulu, kukulitsa madera akumidzi, kukulitsa mavuto azachilengedwe ambiri, anthu amasokoneza ntchito zofunikira za mbalame, zomwe zimangodandaula.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe mfumu ya mutu wachikaso imawonekera
Ngakhale kugawa kwa kachilomboka kokhala ndi mitu yachikaso kuli kotakata, m'malo ena mulibe mbalame zambiri zomwe zatsalira, kuchuluka kwawo tsopano kwachepa kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa chodziwika bwino chaumunthu, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa oimira nyama, kuphatikiza mfumu yamutu wachikaso.
M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, kudula kosalamulirika kwa nkhalango za coniferous kunachitika, komwe kunachepetsa kwambiri anthu a mbalame zazing'onozi. Izi sizomwe zimachitika m'malo onse omwe mbalame zimatumizidwa; m'malo ambiri, m'malo mwake, kuchuluka kwa ma kinglet kukukhalabe. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, imakhala pakati pa 19 ndi 30 miliyoni awiriawiri oswana.
Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa kachilomboka kamutu wachikaso m'magawo osiyanasiyana sikusiyana. M'malo ena, mbalame yaying'ono yamutu wachikasu imafunikira njira zina zotetezera.
Kumene kuli mbalame zochepa zomwe zatsala, zovuta zoyipa zinali:
- kuchepa kwa nkhalango za spruce chifukwa chodula mitengo kwambiri;
- kulowererapo kwa anthu mu biotopes zachilengedwe ndikuwonongedwa kwawo;
- mkuntho, chuma, ntchito za anthu;
- kuwononga chilengedwe ambiri.
Kuyang'anira mfumu ya mutu wachikaso
Chithunzi: Kinglet yamutu wachikaso kuchokera ku Red Book
Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa kafadala wamtundu wachikaso sikofalikira kulikonse; Izi zimadetsa nkhawa mabungwe ambiri osamalira zachilengedwe ndikuwakakamiza kuti achitepo kanthu poteteza mbalame zazing'onozi.
Padziko lonse lapansi, kachilomboka kokhala ndi mutu wachikaso kapezeka m'Zowonjezera Zachiwiri za Msonkhano wa Berne, wophatikizidwa ndi Zowonjezera II za Msonkhano wa Bonn. Kinglet imalembedwanso m'mabuku osiyanasiyana a Red Data Books. Kachilomboka kamutu wachikaso kamatchulidwa mu Red Book of the Republic of Crimea ngati mtundu wina wosowa. Choletsa chachikulu apa ndikuchepetsa madera a spruce. Kinglet ndi mbalame ya Red Book kudera lalikulu la Buryatia, komwe imadziwika kuti ndi nyama yachilendo. Mbalameyi imatetezedwa m'madera a nkhokwe za Barguzinsky ndi Baikalsky, ndipo imatetezedwa m'mapaki a Zabaikalsky ndi Tunkinsky.
Chikumbu chamutu wachikaso ndimitundu yosawerengeka ya mbalame mdera la Lipetsk, komwe imalembedwanso mu Red Book kuyambira 2003. Apa mbalameyi imakonda kupezeka kwambiri nthawi yamaulendo achisanu, ndipo nthawi yogona imawoneka ngati yosowa kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa cha kusowa kwa malo abwino okhala (nkhalango zazitali za spruce).
Njira zazikulu zachitetezo m'malo osiyanasiyana ndi awa:
- kuzindikira malo okhalirako zisa ndi kuphatikizidwa kwawo pamndandanda wamalo otetezedwa;
- osasokoneza munthu mu biotopes zachilengedwe;
- kuphunzira kubalalika ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalame m'dera linalake;
- kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse momwe minda ya coniferous imakhalira m'malo okonzera;
- kubzala mitengo yatsopano ya spruce.
Mwachidule, muyenera kuwonjezera zazing'onozo ndipo, nthawi zina, osadziteteza Chikumbu chamutu wachikaso, amadzaza moyo wamunthu ndi chidwi, chifukwa mphamvu yake yodabwitsa, kuyenda mopitilira muyeso, mphamvu yopitilira muyeso, mwamphamvu ndi kusangalala chabe. Kawirikawiri mbalame yaing'onoyo imakumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana a moyo, yomwe imapambana molimba. Ndikofunikira kuti anthu azisamalira mwanayo mwanzeru komanso chisamaliro chapadera, ndiye kuti dziko lonse lapansi lidzakhala lokoma mtima komanso labwino kwambiri!
Tsiku lofalitsa: 01/05/2020
Tsiku losintha: 07/05/2020 nthawi ya 11:06
