Eastern osprey (Pandion cristatus) ndi ya oda ya Falconiformes.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa nkhono zakum'mawa
Mbalame yakum'mawa imakhala ndi pafupifupi masentimita 55. Mapikowo amatalika masentimita 145 - 170.
Kulemera kwake: 990 mpaka 1910.
Mwa chilombo chokhala ndi nthenga ichi, ziwalo zakumtunda zimakhala zofiirira kapena zofiirira. Khosi ndi pansi ndizoyera. Mutu wake ndi woyera, wokhala ndi zolumikizana zakuda, zisa ndi zofiirira. Mzere wakuda umayambira kumbuyo kwa diso ndikupitilira m'khosi. Chifuwacho chimakhala ndi mikwingwirima yofiirira kapena yofiirira komanso mikwingwirima yakuda. Khalidwe ili limafotokozedwa bwino mwa akazi, koma makamaka mwa amuna. Ma underwings ndi oyera kapena otuwa pang'ono okhala ndi mawanga akuda pamanja. Pansi pa mchira pali bulauni yoyera kapena imvi. Iris ndi wachikasu. Mtundu wa miyendo ndi mapazi umasiyanasiyana yoyera mpaka imvi.
Mzimayi ndi wamkulu pang'ono kuposa wamwamuna. Mzere wake pachifuwa ndi wakuthwa. Mbalame zazing'ono zimasiyana ndi makolo awo mu utoto wachikaso-lalanje m'chigawo cha diso. Mbalame yakum'maŵa imasiyana ndi mbalame zazing'ono za ku Europe pochepera komanso mapiko ake afupikitsa.
Malo okhala kum'maŵa osprey
Eastern osprey amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana:
- madambo,
- madera okutidwa ndi madzi pafupi ndi gombe,
- miyala, matanthwe, pafupi ndi nyanja,
- magombe,
- milomo yamtsinje,
- mangrove.
Kumpoto kwa Australia, mtundu uwu wa mbalame zodya nyama zitha kuwonanso m'madambo, m'mbali mwa madzi, m'mbali mwa nyanja zikuluzikulu ndi mitsinje, ngalande yake ndiyotakata, komanso madambo ambiri.
M'madera ena, osprey yakum'mawa amakonda mapiri ataliatali ndi zilumba zomwe zimakwera pamwamba pa nyanja, koma imapezekanso m'malo okhala ndi matope otsika, magombe amchenga, pafupi ndi miyala ndi zisumbu zamakorali. Mtundu uwu wa mbalame zodya nyama zimapezeka m'mayendedwe achilengedwe monga madambo, nkhalango ndi nkhalango. Kukhalapo kwawo kumatsimikizira kupezeka kwa malo abwino odyetsera.
Kufalitsa kwa Eastern Osprey
Kugawidwa kwa osprey yakummawa sikugwirizana ndi dzina lake. Ikufalikiranso ku Indonesia, Philippines, zilumba za Palaud, New Guinea, Solomon Islands ndi New Caledonia koposa kontinenti ya Australia. Malo ogawa akuyerekezedwa kuti ndi oposa 117,000 ma kilomita lalikulu ku Australia kokha. Amakhala makamaka kugombe lakumadzulo ndi kumpoto ndi zilumba zomwe zimalire malire ndi Albany (Western Australia) mpaka Nyanja ya Macquarie ku New South Wales.
Chigawo chachiwiri chokha chimakhala pagombe lakumwera, kuchokera kumapeto kwa doko kupita ku Cape Spencer ndi Island ya Kangaroo. Makhalidwe amtundu wa osprey wakummawa.
Eastern Osprey amakhala m'modzi kapena awiriawiri, makamaka m'magulu am'mabanja.
Ku kontinenti ya Australia, awiriawiri amaswana padera. Ku New South Wales, zisa nthawi zambiri zimasiyana makilomita 1-3. Mbalame zazikulu pofunafuna chakudya zimayenda makilomita atatu kuchoka.
Osprey yakum'mawa amangokhala. Kwa nthawi yayitali pachaka, mbalame zomwe zimadya nyama zimaonetsa nkhanza, poteteza gawo lawo kwa anzawo komanso mitundu ina ya mbalame zodya nyama.
Mbalame zazing'ono sizidzipereka kwenikweni kudera linalake, zimatha kuyenda makilomita mazana ambiri, koma, nthawi yoswana, nthawi zambiri zimabwerera komwe zimabadwira.
Kuswana Kum'mawa Osprey
Kum'mawa kwa Osprey nthawi zambiri kumakhala mbalame zokhazokha, koma nthawi ina, wamkazi amakhala ndi amuna angapo. Kumbali inayi, pakati pa mbalame zomwe zimamanga pazilumba, mitala siyachilendo, mwina chifukwa cha kugawanika kwa madera. Ku Australia, nyengo yobereketsa imayamba kuyambira Epulo mpaka Okutobala. Kutalika kumasiyanasiyana kutengera ndi latitude; mbalame zomwe zimakhala pachisa chakumwera pambuyo pake.
Zisa zimasiyana kukula ndi mawonekedwe, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu. Zinthu zomangira zazikulu ndi nthambi zokhala ndi matabwa. Chisa chili pamitengo yopanda mitengo, miyala yakufa, mulu wa miyala. Amathanso kupezeka kumtunda, kumtunda kwa nyanja, pamakola, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, milu yamchenga ndi madambo amchere.
Osprey imagwiritsanso ntchito zisa zopangira monga ma pylones, ma piers, nyumba zowunikira, nsanja zoyenda, ma cranes, mabwato omira ndi nsanja. Mbalame zodya nyama zimakhalira m'malo omwewo kwa zaka zingapo.
Akazi amaikira mazira 1 kapena 4 (nthawi zambiri amakhala 2 kapena 3).
Mtunduwo ndi woyera, nthawi zina amakhala ndi mawanga akuda kapena mizere. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 33 mpaka 38. Mbalame zonsezi zimasanganiza, koma makamaka zazikazi. Yaimuna imabweretsa chakudya ku anapiye ndi aakazi. Pambuyo pake, mbalame zazing'ono zitakula pang'ono, nkhono zazikulu zimadyetsa ana pamodzi.
Mbalame zazing'ono zimachoka pachisacho pakadutsa milungu 7 kapena 11 zakubadwa, koma zimabwereranso ku chisa kwakanthawi kukalandira chakudya kuchokera kwa makolo awo kwa miyezi iwiri ina. Eastern osprey nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ana amodzi pachaka, koma amatha kuyikira mazira kawiri pa nyengo ngati zinthu zili bwino. Komabe, mbalame zamitunduyi sizimaswana pachaka kwa zaka zonse, nthawi zina zimapuma zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Kuchuluka kwa nkhuku kumakhala kotsika kumadera ena a Ausralie, kuyambira 0.9 mpaka 1.1 anapiye pafupipafupi.
Chakudya chakum'mawa kwa Osprey
Eastern Osprey amadya makamaka nsomba. Nthawi zina imagwira molluscs, crustaceans, tizilombo, zokwawa, mbalame ndi zinyama. Zoyambazi zimagwira ntchito masana, koma nthawi zina zimasaka usiku. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo: zimauluka pamwamba pamadzi, zimauluka mozungulira ndikuwunika malo mpaka zikawona nsomba. Nthawi zina amatenganso chifukwa chobisalira.
Ikazindikira nyama, mimbayo imayandama kwakanthawi kenako imalowetsa miyendo patsogolo kuti igwire nyama yake pafupi ndi madzi. Akasaka chisa, nthawi yomweyo amayang'ana pa chandamale, kenako ndikulowa mozama, nthawi zina mpaka mita imodzi kuya. Mbalamezi zimathanso kutenga nyama kuti ziwonongeke pafupi ndi chisa.
Malo osungira zamoyo zakum'mawa
Eastern Osprey sichidziwika ndi IUCN ngati mtundu wofunikira chitetezo. Palibe chidziwitso pa nambala yonse. Ngakhale kuti zamoyozi ndizofala ku Australia, kufalitsa kwake sikungafanane. Kuchepa kwa anthu akum'maŵa makamaka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi chitukuko cha zokopa alendo. Pachilumba cha Eyre ku South Australia, komwe mafunde osavalaza amakhala pansi chifukwa chosowa mitengo, kuwononga nyama moopsa ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu.
Kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa ziphe ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumayambitsanso kuchuluka kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa ophera tizilombo kumathandizira kuchuluka kwa mbalame.
