Ambiri amva mawu awa kuyambira ali mwana: “Aliyense mchenga Amayamika dambo lake ", koma kodi wowomberayo amakhala mumadambo, momwe amawonekera, momwe amadyera, miyambo ndi zizolowezi zake sizidziwika kwa aliyense. Tiyeni tiyese kumvetsetsa zofunikira zonse za cholengedwa chamapiko ichi, popeza taphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za moyo wawo wa mbalame.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kulik
Sandpipers ali m'ndondomeko ya Charadriiformes, itha kutchedwa yayikulu kwambiri mwa malamulo ena, kuphatikiza mbalame zam'madzi komanso zam'madzi. Afalikira kwambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi ndipo akunja amawoneka osiyanasiyana, osiyana machitidwe ndi mawonekedwe.
Gulu lotereli limaphatikizapo mabanja angapo a mbalame nthawi imodzi, mwa iwo ndi awa:
- zokonda;
- mbalame zam'madzi makumi anayi;
- kuwombera;
- snipe wachikuda;
- shiloklyuvkovy;
- tirkushkovy;
- milomo yazenga;
- Zowonjezera
Tsopano akatswiri odziwa za mbalame amakonda kwambiri kukhulupirira kuti mbalame zonse zam'mlengalenga zimagawika m'magulu awiri a mbalame. Gulu loyamba limaphatikizapo shiloklyuk, ma plover ndi oysterbird, amadziwika kuti ndi abale a terns ndi gulls. Gulu lachiwirili limaphatikizapo snipe, yakan ndi utoto wachikuda, womwe umadziwika kuti ndi nthambi yokhayokha yosintha. Kuti timvetse bwino za mapiko awa, tifotokoza mwachidule mitundu ina ya mbalamezi.
Maluwawo ndi achikulire, mutu wawo ndi wocheperako, ndipo mlomo ndi wamfupi komanso wowongoka. Miyendo ndiyofupikiranso, koma mapiko ndi mchira ndizitali. Mapiko amafikira masentimita 45, ndipo kulemera kwake kwa mbalameyi kumasiyana magalamu 30 mpaka 70. Nkhono ndi anthu amiyendo yayitali miyendo ndi milomo yayitali yopindika m'mwamba. Mbalamezi ndi zazikulu komanso zazikulu kwambiri. Kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi magalamu mazana awiri.
Kanema: Kulik
Ma curlews ndi akulu kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa mbalame zokhwima kuyambira 500 mpaka 1200 magalamu. Ali ndi mlomo wautali wopindidwa. Mzere umodzi woyera umawonekera bwino pamchira wawo wakuda. Mapiko amakhala m'madambo ndi m'mitsinje yodzaza ndiudzu. Turukhtan ndi mwini wa zovala zowala komanso zowoneka bwino, mumitundu yake yomwe ili ndi mitundu yagolide, yakuda, yabuluu, yamtundu wobiriwira wokhala ndi chitsulo chazitsulo. Ndizovuta kupeza amuna amtundu wofanana, aliyense ndi wosiyana kwambiri.
Zitsulo zopota ndi zazikulu kwambiri, kulemera kwake kumatha kufikira magalamu 270. Mbalame zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mlomo wowongoka komanso miyendo yolitali. Mtundu waukulu wa nthenga ndi wofiira. Amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'madambo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komwe amakhala m'midzi yochepa. Snipe ndi yaying'ono, kutalika kwake kumakhala masentimita 25 mpaka 27, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala magalamu 80 mpaka 170. Sandpipers ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mpheta, ndi yaying'ono komanso yokongola. Anapita kukakomera mbalame zazing'ono zam'mundawu, komwe amafufuza chakudya m'nthaka yokutidwa ndi matope. Mbalame zimagwira ntchito kwambiri madzulo. Ma Plovers amasiyanitsidwa ndi milomo yayifupi ndi miyendo yayitali, mbalamezi ndizapakatikati.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Zomwe sandpiper amawoneka
Monga tanenera kale, kukula kwa mbalame zam'madzi ndizosiyanasiyana, kutalika kwa matupi awo kumatha kusiyanasiyana 14 mpaka 62 cm, ndipo amatha kulemera magalamu 30 mpaka 1200. Zowona kuti mbalame zambiri zam'madzi ndizomwe zimakhala mbalame zam'madzi zimakhudzanso mawonekedwe awo akunja. Sandpipers ndi yopyapyala kwambiri, yokhala ndi mapiko ataliatali, kuloza kumapeto. Mbalame zina zimakhala ndi miyendo yayifupi; izi zimaphatikizapo ma plovers, snipe ndi lapwings. Zina ndi mbalame zamiyendo yayitali (zopindika ndi zolimba), ndipo miyendo yayitali kwambiri imakhala yopindika. Miyendo ili ndi zala zitatu kapena zinayi, zomwe chachinayi sichikukula.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kutalika kwa miyendo ya khomalo kumatha kufananizidwa ndi kukula kwa thupi. Miyendo yake imakhala mpaka 20 cm, ndipo kukula kwakukulu kwa thupi kumatha kukhala 40 cm, ngakhale mitundu yambiri ndi yaying'ono kwambiri.
Mamembala ena a m'mphepete mwa wader ali ndi nembanemba yoonekera pakati pa zala; izi zimaphatikizira zokopa zamiyala zamiyala. Mumadzi otentha m'madzi, zikopa zonyezimira zimatuluka m'mbali mwa zala. Tara za mbalamezi sizakutidwa ndi nthenga.
Miyendo ya mbalame zitha kukhala za mitundu iyi:
- imvi;
- wachikasu;
- wakuda;
- zobiriwira;
- chofiira.
Milomo yam'madzi osiyanasiyana imasiyananso, zimatengera chakudya chomwe mbalame zimapeza. Mbalame zimakhala ndi milomo yopyapyala komanso yopingasa, yolunjika komanso yokhota, pansi mpaka mmwamba. Pali zitsanzo, zomwe mlomo wake ndi wamfupi, kunja kofanana ndi nkhunda. Palinso milomo mu mbalameyi, yomwe imakula mpaka kumapeto (spatula, tirkusha, plover). Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zolandilira, milomo ndiyotetemera, komanso yolimba mokwanira, kotero imatha kuthyola zipolopolo zolimba za crustaceans, miyala yosunthira yomwe imasokoneza kutulutsa chakudya.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mtsinje wokhotakhota uli ndi mlomo woyambirira kwambiri, womwe umapindika mbali.
Mu nthenga za mbalame zambiri zam'mlengalenga, simudzawona mithunzi yowala komanso yowutsa mudyo, mawu ofatsa amapambana: imvi, yoyera, yofiira. Mtundu, amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana kwambiri.
Koma palinso mitundu yowoneka bwino kwambiri yomwe ili ndi nthenga zotsutsana, mwa zina ndi izi:
- turukhtanov;
- zolakwika zina;
- mbalame zam'madzi makumi anayi;
- awlbeak;
- moni.
Mchenga wa mchenga umachedwa molt kawiri pachaka. Njira yotentha molting ndi yayitali, imakhala mpaka nthawi yozizira. Pamapeto pa nyengo yachisanu, pamakhala molt (osakwatirana) molt. Mitundu ina ya mbalame zam'madzi, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu ya nyengo yozizira ndi nthenga za chilimwe.
Kodi sandpiper amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame Sandpiper
Anthu otcheza mchenga akhazikika padziko lonse lapansi, amangodutsa Arctic kokha, koma amatha kupezeka pazilumba zomwe zili m'nyanja ya Arctic, m'zigawo za m'chipululu ku Central Asia, m'mapiri a Pamir. Choyambirira, otchera mchenga amasangalala ndi madera am'mbali mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje, amakhala m'malo am'madambo. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhalango za mbalamezi, zomwe tingatchuleko nkhwangwa komanso blackie. Pali mitundu ya mbalame yomwe akasupe am'malo osakhalamo siofunika kwenikweni, amamva bwino m'chipululu. Mbalame zotere zimabisala ku India, kumayiko aku Australia ndi Africa, ku South Asia.
Kuti akonze malo awo obisalapo, mbalame zam'mlengalenga zimatha kusankha malo osiyana ndi malo owonekerako, itha kukhala yoyenda mosadukiza, malo otseguka a steppes, minda yambewu, m'mbali mwa madamu osiyanasiyana ndi mabanki amchenga.
Ponena za dziko lathu, mbalame zam'madzi zimapezeka pafupifupi zigawo zake zonse. Anthu otchera mchenga ankakhazikika kuchokera kum'mwera mpaka kumadera akumpoto omwe ali m'malire a Arctic. Ku Far East, mutha kuwona tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono. Primorsky Gawo lasankhidwa ndi achinyengo, oyang'anira. Ma Ussuri plovers amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje yamapiri. Madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi otchuka ndi ming'alu ya ku Japan ndi mapepala a m'nyanja. Mu beseni la Amur amakhala zilonda, wamba snipe, fifi, sandpipers yaitali. Simuyenera kudabwa ndi malo okhala mbalame, chifukwa mumtunda wa waders muli mitundu yambiri yazamoyo.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene wopha mchenga amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi sandpiper amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Sandpiper Yakuda
Zakudya za mbalame zam'madzi ndizosiyanasiyana, monga mitundu yake. Musaiwale kuti, gawo lalikulu, amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, chifukwa chake chakudya chawo chimakhudzana ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala kumeneko.
Sandpipers amasangalala ndi zakudya zopsereza:
- nkhono;
- ma crustaceans osiyanasiyana;
- nyongolotsi;
- mitundu yonse ya tizilombo;
- mphutsi;
- nsomba zazing'ono.
Wosaka mchenga amatha kupeza chakudya chake kuchokera panthaka komanso mkatimo, chifukwa mitundu yambiriyi ili ndi milomo yayitali yomwe imatha kuthana ndi zipolopolo zolimba ndi zipolopolo. Mitundu ikuluikulu ya mbalamezi imakonda kudya achule, abuluzi, ngakhale mbewa mosangalala.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Dzombe ndi chakudya chomwe chimakonda kwambiri m'gulu la mbalame zambiri zam'madzi, chimangoyamwa mosagwedera ndipo chimakhala chachikulu.
Pakati pa mbalamezi mumatha kukumana ndi zamasamba, pali mitundu isanu yokha. Mbalamezi zimadya tirigu, mbewu za zitsamba zosiyanasiyana, zipatso, amasangalala kwambiri ndi mabulosi abulu, omwe amawakonda. Anthu okhala m'madzi am'madzi amakhala ndi luso losodza kwambiri, ndipo amathamangira mwaluso kwambiri kuti akagwire nsomba zokoma, zomwe amakonda kuposa mitundu yonse yazakudya. Pali mbale zambiri pamenyu ya mbalameyi, koma munthawi ya njala komanso nthawi yovuta, ngakhale wolanda nyama wosangalala amasangalala kwambiri ndi njere zomwe zimapeza.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kulik akuthawa
Sandpipers ndi mbalame zadongosolo zomwe zimapanga magulu onse. Asanawuluke kumadera ofunda, amasonkhana m'magulu, omwe amatha kukhala ndi mbalame zikwi zingapo. Pakati pawo pali mbalame zokhala pansi komanso zosamukasamuka, koma zambiri zimayenera kuganiziridwa ndi zomwe zimasamukira kwina. Izi zimadalira dera lomwe mtundu uwu umakhala. Ming'alu yamchenga imasunthira patali pamitengo yokongola kwambiri, yotalikirapo kuposa 6 km. Mbalame za ku Siberia zimathamangira nthawi yozizira kuzilumba za Australia ndi New Zealand. Kuchokera ku Alaska, mbalamezi zimapita ku Argentina. Sandpipers imadutsa nthawi yayitali m'malo aku Africa, ku Asia ndi India.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Maulendo ataliatali amatha kuthana ndi ma kilomita pafupifupi 11,000 osayimanso kamodzi, sawopa chipululu chilichonse, kapena milaba yamapiri, osati malo akuluakulu otseguka.
Pali mbalame zomwe zimakonda kugwira ntchito masana, ndipo pali mbalame zomwe zimakonda moyo wamadzulo. Pafupifupi mbalame zonse zam'madzi ndizothamanga kwambiri, zouluka komanso osambira. Mitundu ina ili ndi talente yakumila m'madzi. Anthu okhala ndi mchenga amatha kuona bwino komanso kumva bwino. Okonda mbalame amatitsimikizira kuti mbalame zam'mlengalenga zimasamalidwa bwino, zimazolowera chilengedwe chatsopano, zimatha kulumikizana ndi anthu ndikudya chakudya chokomera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'malo okhala anthu, mbalame zam'madzi zimapeza ulemu chifukwa chodya dzombe lomwe limavulaza mbewu pamlingo waukulu, komanso limakonda kudya ndi udzudzu wonyansa wamagazi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kulik m'madzi
Anthu otchetchera msuzi amatha kukhwima atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri. Nthawi yaukwati nthawi zambiri imakhala mu Epulo. Mbalame zina zimakonda kukhala ndi ziweto, zina zimakhala ziwiri ziwiri. Kuyankhula kumamveka, onse olowa komanso osakwatira. Njira zokometsera amuna ndi akazi zimasiyana pamitundu ndi mitundu.
Panyanja zam'nyanja, maulendo othamanga othamanga ndi trill ndizodziwika, kenako amapitiliza kutsata akazi, kutsegula mchira wawo ngati fani. Ziwombankhanga zimakopa zazikazi zikauluka mwamphamvu, kenako ndikutsikira pansi, zikuuluka mopita mbali zosiyanasiyana. Mitengo yaying'ono imayenda mozungulira, ndipo, ikutsikira pansi, imathamangira kufunafuna azimayi okhala ndi nthenga. Ma curlews aku Far East amakopeka ndikutalika mpaka mamitala makumi anayi, komwe amauluka mozungulira, akuyimba maliro ndi nyimbo zaphokoso.
Wader ali ndi maubwenzi osiyanasiyana:
- mitala - wamwamuna amakhala ndi ubale ndi akazi angapo nthawi imodzi ndipo atagonana satenga nawo gawo pamoyo wawo;
- Kukhala ndi mkazi m'modzi kumawerengedwa kuti ndi ubale wofala kwambiri pakati pa mbalame zam'madzi, pomwe banja lolimba limapangidwa, ndipo makolo onse amasamalira anawo;
- Kuika mazira awiri kumasiyana chifukwa chachikazi chimapanga zokopa za dzira mwakamodzi mu zisa, pomwe imodzi imalumikizana. Kholo lililonse limasamalira ana pachisa chake;
- polyandry amadziwika ndi chakuti mkaziyo ali ndi zibwenzi zingapo nthawi imodzi, amaikira mazira m'malo osiyanasiyana, kumene amuna amawakulira;
- Oyendetsa mchenga amasankha zadothi, zomwe sizimangirizidwa ndi chilichonse, ngati malo azisa zawo. Kwa ena, ndizachilendo kukhala ndi zisa zamitengo yachilendo, yopanda kanthu. Kawirikawiri mu clutch pamakhala mazira anayi owoneka ngati peyala okhala ndi kamvekedwe kaubweya wonyezimira. Anapiye amabadwa ataphimbidwa ndi madzi, amawona bwino nthawi yomweyo ndipo amatha kudzipezera chakudya, koma makolo amasamalirabe, kuwotha ana, kuwateteza kwa omwe akufuna zoipa, kuwunika malo okhala ndi zakudya zambiri. Mu waders-makumi anai, makolo amadyetsa anapiye awo, kuwabweretsera chakudya molunjika kumalo osungira zisa. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti m'nkhalango mbalame zam'madzi zimatha kukhala zaka pafupifupi 20.
Adani achilengedwe a sandpiper
Chithunzi: Wading sandpiper
Oyendetsa mchenga ali ndi adani okwanira m'malo ovuta achilengedwe. Choopseza chachikulu chimaperekedwa ndi zolusa zamitundumitundu, monga mphamba. Mbalame zam'madzi zimayamba kuchita mantha zikawona mbira ikubwera. Nthawi zambiri amayesa kubisala m'madzi posambira mozama. Njira imeneyi itha kukhala yothandiza kwambiri. Kumene kuli kosazama kwambiri, sangathe kubisala nkhandwe, mbalame zimapitilizabe kuthawa, ndikulira mofuula, koma nyama yolusa, nthawi zambiri, imapambana.
Adani a mbalamezi amaphatikizapo martens, wolverines, nkhandwe zakumadzulo, akhwangwala, ndi ankhandwe. Nthawi zambiri, amaukira nyama zazing'ono komanso anapiye ang'onoang'ono. Mbalame monga skuas zimakonda mazira a wader, omwe nthawi zambiri amabera kuzisa zawo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalame zam'madzi ndizolimba mtima kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse zimateteza anapiye awo. Ndikudyetsa nkhosazo, zidawoneka kuti mbalamezi zimazigunda zikafika pafupi ndi chisa. Ziwombankhangazi zinali zachangu komanso zamphamvu kotero kuti nkhosazo zidachita mantha ndikuthawa mbalame zomwe zidakwiya.
Adani a mbalame amathanso kuonedwa ngati anthu omwe amalowa m'malo okhala mbalame ndikuzichotsa m'malo odziwika bwino. Ming'oma yamchere imakhala ndi nyama yokoma kwambiri, yofanana ndi nkhuku, chifukwa chake mitundu ina imasakidwa (mwachitsanzo, nkhuku). Munthu amawononga nthumwi zambiri za nyama, kuphatikizapo mbalame zam'madzi, akawononga chilengedwe ndikuchita zachuma chake chambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Zomwe sandpiper amawoneka
Pali zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya ma Charadriiformes. Malinga ndi magwero ena, pali mitundu 181, malinga ndi ena - mitundu 214. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zamoyo, otchera mchenga afalikira padziko lonse lapansi, akukhala malo okhala. M'dziko lathu lokha, asayansi awerenga mitundu 94 ya mbalame zam'madzi.
Ngakhale kuti pali mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zachilengedwe ikuchepa, ndipo mbalame zina zam'madzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala pangozi. Ziribe kanthu momwe zimakhalira zowawa kumvetsetsa izi, anthu ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha izi ndi mbalame zomwe zimachepa pafupipafupi. Munthu amachita ntchito yake yachuma mosatopa, yomwe imawononga zachilengedwe zomwe mbalame zimakhala nthawi zonse
Malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Asia ndiowopsa kwa mbalame zosamuka. Apa anthu amathira madera akuluakulu pazosowa zawo, pomwe mbalame zimakhala, zimawatsogolera kuimfa, chifukwa zimapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kubereka ana. Kutsetsereka kwa madambo, kuipitsa madzi amadzi osiyanasiyana komanso chilengedwe chonse kumavulaza mbalame, ndikuchepetsa mosalekeza kuchuluka kwake. Zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti mbalame zam'madzi zimafunikira njira zapadera zodzitetezera, zomwe munthu amayesetsa kuchita.
Chitetezo cha Sandpiper
Chithunzi: Kulik wochokera ku Red Book
Monga tanenera kale, kuchuluka kwa mbalame zam'madzi zikuchepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mitundu ina ya zamoyo ili pachiwopsezo chotha.Mbalame yaying'ono yokhotakhota komanso mphalapala wowonda kwambiri amatha kutha kwathunthu padziko lapansi, zomwe sizingasokoneze, chifukwa chake mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zam'madzi imalembedwa m'boma la Red Data Books. Asayansi akuti m'zaka zaposachedwa, ziwerengero za fosholo ndi chosankhira zatsika kwambiri.
Pamndandanda wofiira wa International Union for the Conservation of Nature pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya nkhono, zomwe zikuphatikizapo:
- mafosholo;
- zotuluka imvi;
- Nkhono za Okhotsk;
- Ziwembu za Ussuri;
- Asiya snipe gusset;
- Chiwombankhanga cha ku Japan;
- Kumapeto kwa Kum'mawa.
Ponena za dziko lathu, pali mitundu khumi ndi imodzi ya mbalame mu Red Book yake. Kwa iwo omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, stilts, oysters, magpies, shiloklyuv, yellow-tootheds nawonso amawonjezeredwa. Buku Lofiira la Primorsky Krai lili ndi mitundu khumi ndi inayi, i.e. ena atatu ali m'gulu la mitundu khumi ndi umodzi ya Russian Federation mu Red Data Book: the warbler, the curlew baby, ndi snipe wamapiri.
Zatchulidwa kale kuti zochita zaumunthu zadyera, zowongoleredwa mokomera anthu okha komanso osasamala za oimira nyama, zidadzetsa zovuta zonse zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalame. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti mbalame zam'madzi ziyenera kumangidwa m'malo opangira zinthu, kenako mbalame zimayenera kumasulidwa. Koma akatswiri ambiri pantchitoyi amaona kuti izi ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zopanda ntchito.
Sandpiper Ndi mbalame yodabwitsa. Nzosadabwitsa kuti pali mawu onena za iwo, omwe tawatchula koyambirira kuja, mbalame zachilendozi, nthawi zambiri zimakonda kupita kumapiri. Mitundu yayikulu siyikulolani kuti muzisangalala mukamawerenga mbalame zam'madzi, ndipo njira zawo ndi miyambo yawo zimadabwitsa ndikupangitsa chidwi chenicheni.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/05/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 ku 21:42
