Mackerel (Scomber) ndi nthumwi yoyimira mtundu wa nsomba kuchokera kubanja la mackerel, nsomba zomwe zidapangidwa ndi Ray komanso Mackerel. Nsomba za Pelagic, zomwe moyo wawo sulumikizana ndi pansi pamadzi. Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu inayi: Australia mackerel (S. australasicus), African mackerel (S. colias), mackerel waku Japan (S. japonicus) ndi Atlantic mackerel (S. scombrus).
Kufotokozera kwa mackerel
Mbali yapadera ya oimira amtunduwu ndi thupi la fusiform, lomwe limakutidwa ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono a cycloidal.... Chikhodzodzo chosambira mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mackerel chitha kupezeka kapena sichikhoza kupezeka.
Maonekedwe
Mackerel amadziwika ndi thupi lokhalitsa, locheperako komanso lopanikizika pambuyo pake lopindika ndi ma keel ofananira nawo. Mtunduwo ulibe carina wapakatikati. Nsombayi ili ndi mzere wopangidwa ndi zipsepse zina zisanu kuseri kwa chofewa chakumbuyo ndi kumatako. Pamodzi ndi mamembala ena am'banja, makerel ali ndi mphete ya mafupa yomwe ili mozungulira maso.
Zipsepse ziwiri zakuthambo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyana kodziwika bwino. Njira yam'mimba pakati pazipsepse ndiyotsika osati yokwera. Kumbuyo kwa zipsepse zachiwiri zakuthambo ndi kumatako, kuli mzere wazipsepse zazing'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke pakupangika kwa nsomba mukamayenda mwachangu m'madzi. Mapiko a caudal ndi olimba komanso opindika mokwanira.
Thupi lonse la mackerel liri ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono. Carapace yakutsogolo imapangidwa ndimiyeso yayikulu, koma siyabwino bwino kapena kulibiretu. Mbali yolunjika yowongoka imakhala yopindika pang'ono. Mano a nsombazo ndi ang'ono, mawonekedwe ozungulira. Kukhalapo kwa mano a palatine ndi masanzi ndi mawonekedwe. Mitengo yopyapyala ya branchial ndi yayitali kutalika, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumunsi kwenikweni kwa chipilala cha branchial sikupitilira zidutswa makumi atatu ndi zisanu. Oimira amtunduwu ali ndi 30-32 vertebrae.
Ndizosangalatsa! Choyimira chachikulu kwambiri pamtunduwu ndi African mackerel, yomwe ndi 60-63 cm kutalika ndipo imalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu ziwiri, ndipo nsomba yaying'ono kwambiri ndi Japan kapena blue mackerel (42-44 cm ndi 300-350 g).
Mphuno ya mackerel imaloza, ndikutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwamaso, yokutidwa ndi chikope chodziwika bwino cha mafuta. Ma branchial stamens onse amawoneka bwino kudzera pakamwa lotseguka kwambiri. Zipsepse za pectoral ndizochepa, zopangidwa ndi cheza cha 18-21. Kumbuyo kwa nsombayo kumadziwika ndi mtundu wabuluu wachitsulo, wokutidwa ndi mizere yavy yakuda. Mbali ndi mimba ya oimira mtunduwo amadziwika ndi utoto wachikasu, wopanda zilembo.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Oimira mtundu wa Mackerel ndi osambira mwachangu, osinthidwa kuti azitha kuyenda pagulu lamadzi. Mackerel amatanthauza nsomba zomwe sizingathe kukhala moyo wawo wonse pansi, chifukwa chake zimasambira m'dera la pelagic lamadzi. Chifukwa cha zipsepse zambiri, oimira gulu la nsomba za Ray-finned ndi dongosolo la Mackerel amapewa ma eddies ngakhale atayenda mwachangu.
Mackerel amasankha kumamatira kumiyendo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu okhala ndi ma sardine aku Peru. Oimira banja la mackerel amakhala omasuka pokhapokha kutentha kwa 8-20 ° C, chifukwa chake, amadziwika ndi kusamuka kwa nyengo pachaka. Chaka chonse, mackerels amatha kupezeka ku Indian Ocean, komwe kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala bwino momwe zingathere.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa chakusowa kwa chikhodzodzo, thupi la fusiform komanso mnofu wolimba kwambiri, Atlantic mackerel imayenda mwachangu kwambiri m'madzi, imathamanga mosavuta mpaka makilomita makumi atatu pa ola limodzi.
Poyamba nyengo yozizira, mbalame zotchedwa mackerel zomwe zimakhala m'madzi a Black Sea zimasunthira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe, komwe kuli mafunde otentha mokwanira kuti nsombazo zizikhala mokhazikika. Nthawi yosamukira, nsomba zolusa sizikhala zotanganidwa ndipo sizigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo kufunafuna chakudya.
Ndi ma mackerels angati omwe amakhala
Mackerel amakhala ndi moyo wachilengedwe pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, koma milandu idalembedwa pomwe msinkhu wa nsomba zomwe zidagwidwa udafika zaka makumi awiri.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Oimira mitundu ya Australia mackerel ndiomwe amakhala m'madzi a m'nyanja ya Western Pacific, kuyambira Japan ndi China mpaka New Zealand ndi Australia. Kumpoto chakum'mawa, malo omwe mitundu iyi imagawidwa imafalikira kuzilumba za Hawaii... Anthuwa amapezekanso m'madzi a Nyanja Yofiira. M'madzi otentha, mackerel waku Australia ndi mtundu wosowa kwenikweni. Nsomba za Meso- ndi epipelagic zimapezeka m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, osapitirira mamita 250-300.
Mackerel waku Africa amakhala m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic, kuphatikiza Nyanja Yakuda ndi Mediterranean. Oimira amtunduwu amapezeka kwambiri kumwera kwa Mediterranean. Kukhalapo kwa anthu kumadziwika kuyambira kum'mawa kwa Atlantic ndi Bay of Biscay kupita ku Azores. Ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kumadera otentha, ndipo nsomba zazikuluzikulu kwambiri zimapezeka m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Oimira mitundu ya Eastern mackerel amagawidwa m'madzi otentha, otentha komanso otentha. M'dera la Russia, anthu amtunduwu amapezeka pafupi ndi zilumba za Kuril. M'nyengo yachilimwe, pali nyengo yachilengedwe yosamukira kumadzi omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwachilengedwe, komwe kumathandizira kukulitsa kwambiri gawo logawa kwachilengedwe.
Atlantic mackerel ndi mitundu yachilengedwe yomwe imapezeka ku North Atlantic Ocean, kuphatikiza gombe lakum'mawa kuchokera kuzilumba za Canary mpaka ku Iceland, ndipo imapezekanso m'nyanja za Baltic, Mediterranean, North, Black ndi Marmara. Pamphepete mwa nyanja ya kumadzulo, Atlantic mackerel imapezeka kuchokera ku Cape of North Carolina kupita ku Labrador. Pakati pa kusamuka kwa chilimwe, akulu nthawi zambiri amalowa m'madzi a White Sea. Mackerel wamkulu kwambiri ku Atlantic amapezeka pagombe lakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Ireland.
Zakudya za Mackerel
Mackerels ndi nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zam'madzi. Nsomba zazing'ono zam'nyanja zimadyetsa makamaka zosefera zam'madzi ndi tizinyama tating'onoting'ono. Akuluakulu amakonda nyamayi ndi nsomba zazing'ono ngati nyama. Oyimira mtunduwo amadyetsa makamaka masana kapena nthawi yamadzulo.
Maziko azakudya za oimira mitundu ya Japan mackerel nthawi zambiri amayimiriridwa ndi nyama zazikulu zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala m'malo odyetsera:
- euphausides;
- zokopa;
- ziphuphu;
- zisa zisa;
- mchere;
- polychaetes;
- nkhanu;
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- caviar ndi mphutsi za nsomba.
Pali kusintha kwakanthawi kwakadyedwe. Mwa zina, nsomba zazikuluzikulu za mackerel zimadyetsa makamaka nsomba. Mwa anthu akulu kwambiri, kudya anzawo kumadziwika nthawi zambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyama zazing'onozing'ono zam'madzi ndizowopsa, koma nthumwi za mtundu wa mackerel waku Australia zili ndi chilakolako chabwino kwambiri, chomwe, panjala, chimatha kudziponya mosazengereza ngakhale pachingwe chosodza popanda nyambo.
Poukira mnzake, mackerel amaponya. Mwachitsanzo, Atlantic mackerel m'masekondi angapo amatha kukhala ndi liwiro la 70-80 km / h. Nyama zam'madzi zimasaka, zikukhalira pagulu. Hamsa ndi miyala yamchenga, komanso ma sprats, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosaka nyama zazikulu. Zochita limodzi za oimira akuluakulu amtunduwu zimayambitsa nyama yolusa kuti ikwere pamwamba pamadzi. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zikuluzikulu zam'madzi, komanso mbalame zam'madzi, zimalowa nawo pachakudyacho.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nsomba zophunzirira za Pelagic thermophilic zimayamba kubala mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo... Kuphatikiza apo, anthu okhwima mwauzimu amatha kupanga ana pachaka kufikira atakwanitsa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka makumi awiri. Mbalame zazikuluzikulu kwambiri zimayamba kutuluka pakati pa nyengo ya masika. Achinyamata amayamba kubereka kumapeto kwa Juni. Mbalame zoterezi zimabereka m'magawo. Njira yoberekera imachitika m'madzi ofunda am'mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi yachilimwe-chilimwe.
Mackerels amitundu yonse amaberekanso mwachangu. Kwa onse oimira gulu la nsomba za Ray-finned, banja la mackerel ndi dongosolo la Mackerel, kubereka kwapadera ndichinthu chodziwika, chifukwa chake, achikulire amasiya mazira pafupifupi theka la miliyoni, omwe amayikidwa mozama pafupifupi mita 200. Wapakati pazira m'mimba mwake ndi pafupifupi millimeter imodzi. Dzira lirilonse limakhala ndi dontho la mafuta, lomwe limakhala chakudya koyamba kwa ana omwe akutukuka ndikukula msanga.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kutalika kwa nthawi yopanga mphutsi za mackerel kumadalira kutonthoza komwe kumakhalapo m'madzi, koma nthawi zambiri kumasiyanasiyana pakadutsa masiku 10-21.
Mphutsi ya mackerel ndi yaukali komanso yodya nyama, chifukwa chake imakonda kudya anzawo. Mwachangu zomwe zatuluka m'mazira ndizochepera pang'ono, ndipo kutalika kwake, monga lamulo, sikupitilira masentimita angapo. Mackerel mwachangu amakula mwachangu komanso mwachangu kwambiri, chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, kukula kwawo kumatha kuchuluka katatu kapena kupitilira apo. Pambuyo pake, kukula kwa mbalame zazing'ono zam'madzi zimachepa kwambiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Mamembala onse a mbalame ya mackerel ali ndi adani ochulukirapo m'chilengedwe, koma mikango yam'madzi ndi mbalame zam'madzi, nsomba zazikulu ndi nsombazi ndizoopsa kwambiri kwa nyama zolusa. Nsomba za pelagic zophunzirira zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndizofunikira kulumikizana. Mackerel, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wake, amakonda kudya nyama zazikuluzikulu za pelagic, komanso nyama zina zam'madzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Oimira mitundu ya mackerel yaku Japan akufalikira makamaka masiku ano, komwe kumakhala anthu m'madzi am'nyanja zonse. Mackerel wamkulu kwambiri amakhala m'madzi a North Sea.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakubala, anthu amasungidwa pamkhalidwe wosasunthika, ngakhale nsomba zambiri zimapezeka pachaka.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Salmon wa pinki (lat. Onсorhynсhus gоrbusсha)
- Bream wamba (lat .bramis brama)
- Silver carp (lat. Carassius gibelio)
Mpaka pano, kuchuluka kwa anthu onse am'banja la Mackerel ndi mtundu wa Mackerel kumayambitsa nkhawa. Ngakhale mitundumitundu ya zamoyo zonse imakhalapo, pakadali pano pali kutchuka kwamtundu wina wamtundu m'deralo.
Mtengo wamalonda
Mackerel ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yamalonda... Oimira mitundu yonse amasiyanitsidwa ndi nyama yonona, yolemera vitamini B12, yopanda mbewu zazing'ono, zofewa komanso zokoma kwambiri. Nyama yowotcha ndi yokazinga imakhala yosasinthasintha pang'ono. Oimira mitundu ya Japan mackerel amakodwa m'madzi a Pacific Ocean. Japan ndi Russia zimadya mackerel waku Japan makamaka munthawi yachisanu.
Nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zimawonedwa kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Novembala. Ntchito zosodza zimachitika ndi ma trawls akuya, komanso zimachitika mothandizidwa ndi chikwama ndi maukonde, maukonde ndi maukonde oyenda, zida zofananira. Nsomba zomwe zapezeka zimapita kumsika wapadziko lonse lapansi zitasuta komanso kuzizira, mchere komanso zamzitini. Mackerel pakadali pano ndi nyama yodziwika bwino yoswana ku Japan.
