Mbalame ya kadzidzi

Kadzidzi ndizoyimira pagulu la Mbalame zomwe zili mu Order Owls (Latin Strigiformes, kapena Striges). Dongosololi likuyimiriridwa ndi mitundu yoposa mazana awiri ya mbalame zazikulu ndi zapakatikati, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala usiku, ndipo ndizofala pafupifupi pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi.

Kufotokozera kadzidzi

Malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo apadera, nthumwi zonse za kadzidzi zimakhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu ndi zolusa zamasana zamasana, chifukwa chake zimakhala zodziyimira pawokha.

Zofunikira kwambiri pamafupa a kadzidzi:

• kupezeka kwa machitidwe pamafupa akulu;
• kukhalapo kwa mphambano yapadera itatu ya chigaza ndi nsagwada zakumunsi;
• kupezeka kwa phalanges afupikitsa kwambiri a chala chachitatu;
• kupezeka kwa zala zakunja, zomwe zimatha kugwada kumbuyo;
• kupezeka gawo lalikulu la mitundu ya notch yopezeka kumapeto kwa sternum.

Mutu wa kadzidzi ukhoza kuzungulira 270 °... Izi zimafotokozedwa ndi kupezeka kwapadera kwambiri kwa mitsempha ya carotid pamlingo wa fupa la nsagwada, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magazi apangidwe ndikuwonjezera mitsempha yaying'ono yamagazi yomwe imatuluka pamitsempha yayikulu. Kuphatikizika kwa mitsempha ya carotid kumakhala ndi milatho ya anastomosed, potero kulepheretsa kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa zotengera.

Maonekedwe

Corolla wonyezimira amapangidwa m'mizere isanu ya nthenga zolimba komanso zotayirira, zomwe zimatchedwa disc disc in the owls. Nthenga zouluka za mbalameyi zimakhala ndi mapiko ozungulira komanso opindika mthupi. Kutsekemera kwa ma webu akunja pa nthenga zitatu zoyambirira nthawi zambiri kumadziwika, chifukwa chake kadzidzi amauluka pafupifupi mwakachetechete. Nthenga yachitatu ndi yachinayi imadziwika ndi kutalika. Nthenga za mchira pamtengo wokutidwa kapena wokutidwa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri mchira wawufupi umasiyananso ndi kupindika kwawo mpaka pansi. Miyendo ndi nthenga pafupifupi kumapeto kwake.

Ndizosangalatsa! Gawo lalikulu la mitundu ya oimira ma Kadzidzi ali ndi utoto wosalala, wotuwa-dzimbiri wokhala ndi mawanga akuda kapena amdima, mikwingwirima ndi mikwingwirima, zomwe zimapangitsa nthenga za kadzidzi mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, makamaka dzuwa litalowa.

Zikhadabo zakuthwa komanso zazitali za kadzidzi zimasiyananso ndi kupindika kwamphamvu, ndipo mlomo wa nyama yolusa yamphongo yotereyi ndi wokhotakhota, kuyambira pansi pomwe, ndipo mulibe notches m'mbali mwake. Zimatha ndi mbewa yofupikitsa, kudzera momwe kadzidzi amatha kutulutsa kakhalidwe kosavuta. Nyemba zazing'ono za sera zimakhala ndi nthenga zolimba. Maso a kadzidzi wamtundu uliwonse ndi wokulirapo, akuyang'ana kutsogolo, komwe kumafotokozedwa ndikupezeka kwa mabowo amaso kutsogolo kwa chigaza, ndipo chilombo champhongo choterocho chimawona dziko lomuzungulira lokha lakuda ndi loyera.

Mosiyana ndi malingaliro ofala koma olakwika, kadzidzi amatha kuwona bwino nthawi yamasana, chifukwa maso a mbalame yotere samazindikira kwenikweni masana. Wophunzira wa kadzidzi amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchepa koonekera ndikukula, osati pokhapokha kusintha kwa kuwala, komanso panthawi yopumira kapena kutuluka.... Kumva kwa kadzidzi ndi koonda modabwitsa, momveka bwino kuposa kwa oimira banja lililonse la Feline. Khutu lakunja lalikulu nthawi zambiri limakutidwa ndi khungu loyenda komanso nthenga.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Pakadali pano palibe yankho lotsimikizika la funso loti ngati kadzidzi ndi mbalame zosamuka, koma makamaka omwe amadya nthenga za kadzidzi amakonda moyo wongokhala, komanso amakonda kukhazikika awiri okha. Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya kadzidzi imachitika usiku, motero masana mbalame zotere zimakhala m'matope kapena panthambi za mitengo.

Ndizosangalatsa! M'nthawi zakale, akadzidzi anali kuwopa kwambiri ndipo kukumana nawo nthawi zambiri kunkawoneka ngati chizindikiro choyipa kwambiri, chokhudzidwa ndi zochitika zosamvetsetseka, ndipo ndichifukwa chake mbalame zotere zimazunzidwa pafupifupi kulikonse.

Kupatula kwake ndi akadzidzi achisanu, omwe amatha kuwonetsa zochitika za nthawi yayitali m'masiku a polar. Amuna ndi akazi a kadzidzi amagwirizana awiriawiri ndipo amakhala moyo wawo wonse muukwati wotere, koma nthawi yodzitcha chibwenzi kapena masewera osakanikirana, omwe amapezeka mumitundu yambiri ya mbalame, kulibiretu kwa adani omwe ali ndi nthenga.

Ndi akadzidzi angati omwe amakhala

Kutalika kwa moyo wa kadzidzi kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira zaka zisanu mpaka khumi ndi zisanu ndipo, monga momwe awonera, zimadalira momwe moyo umakhalira, mitundu yamitundu ndi kukula kwa mbalameyo. Kadzidzi ndi ena mwa omwe amakhala ndi mbiri yotalikirapo. Zolemba zapadziko lonse lapansi zidalembedwa ku Sweden, komwe moyo wa kadzidzi umodzi unali zaka 24 ndi miyezi isanu ndi inayi.

Mitundu ya akadzidzi

Dongosololi limaphatikizapo mabanja angapo, oimiridwa ndi akadzidzi, kapena akadzidzi enieni, komanso nkhokwe zosungira.

Banja lowona lowona (Striginae) limaphatikizapo

• mtundu Zolemba (Оtus) - iyi ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri, oimira omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi chimbale chosakwanira cha nkhope, komanso nthenga zazikulu "makutu", zala maliseche kapena zopindika mwamphamvu. Mbalame zimadziwika ndi utoto wofiyira, wofiirira kapena wotuwa ndi khungu;
• mtundu MEGASIKITSI - izi ndi mitundu makumi awiri ndi isanu ya mbalame zodya nyama;
• mtundu Kadzidzi (Kulimbana) - iyi ndi mitundu makumi awiri mphambu imodzi, oimira omwe ali ndi kutalika kwa thupi pakati pa 30-70 cm. Mtunduwu ulibe makutu a nthenga, ndipo nkhope ya nkhope imadziwika bwino. Mitundu yamtundu wotayirira, imvi kapena yofiira ndi kupezeka kwa mizere yofiirira;
• mtundu Ziwombankhanga (Wubo) - iyi ndi mitundu khumi ndi isanu ndi inayi, nthumwi zake ndi mbalame zakutchire zokhala ndi utoto ofiira-bulauni wokhala ndi mizere yoonekera. Nthenga "makutu" zili m'mbali mwa mutu. Kutalika kwa thupi kumasiyana pakati pa 36-75 cm;
• mtundu Kadzidzi Neotropical (Рulsatrix) - izi ndi mitundu itatu ya mbalame zolusa;
• mtundu Kadzidzi nsomba (Scotorelia) - izi ndi mitundu itatu ya mbalame zolusa;
• mtundu Kadzidzi nsomba (Ketura) - izi ndi mitundu itatu, nthumwi zomwe zikuyenera kuphatikizidwa mu gulu lalikulu la Wubo;
• mtundu Oyera-nkhope amatumba (Ptilorsis) - mitundu iwiri, nthumwi zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala za mtundu wa Otus;
• mtundu Kukula kwa Cuba (Ndivhuwo Matodzi) - mtundu wosungulumwa womwe umapanga mtundu wa monotypic Margarabyas ndikukhala ku Cuba;
• mtundu Ophunzira aku Western America (Masewera) - mtundu umodzi wa mbalame zodya nyama;
• mtundu Kadzidzi (@Alirezatalischioriginal) Ndi mtundu wamtundu umodzi womwe umakhala m'chigawo chakumwera ndi pakati pa America;
• mtundu African Owl Kadzidzi (Jubula) Ndi mtundu wokha womwe umapanga mtundu wa monotypic Jubula ndipo umapezeka ku Africa.

Banja laling'ono Аsiоninae limaphatikizapo

• mtundu Kadzidzi wakwera (Asio) - mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, oimira omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe omveka bwino, komanso iris wachikaso kapena lalanje. Mapiko ndi aatali komanso opapatiza, okhala ndi nthenga ngati nthenga yachiwiri ndi yachitatu. Mitunduyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mabowo akuluakulu amkhutu okutidwa ndi khola losalala. Miyendo ya mbalame ndi nthenga mpaka msomali;
• mtundu Zolemba ku Jamaican, kapena Kadzidzi wamizere (Рsеudоsсорs) - mitundu yomwe imafikira kutalika kwa 28-35 cm ndikukhala ndi nthenga zofiira ndi mlomo wachikasu;
• mtundu Solomon eared kadzidzi (Nesаsio) Ndi mtundu womwe umapanga mtundu wa monotypic, womwe kale unali wamtundu wa akadzidzi a Long-eared.

Banja laling'ono la Surniinae limaphatikizapo

• mtundu Kadzidzi wamiyendo ya singano (Ninoh) - mitundu makumi atatu ndi itatu, oimira omwe ali ndi nthenga zosaoneka bwino komanso zopindika ngati matumba omwe amapanga chala. Kutalika kwa mbalameyi kumasiyanasiyana kuyambira 20 cm mpaka theka la mita. Mphepete m'munsi mwa milomo amasiyanitsidwa ndi dzino lachilendo;
• mtundu Mpheta (Glаucidium) - mitundu khumi ndi itatu, oimira omwe ali ndi matupi ang'onoang'ono, mapiko amfupi ndi mchira wautali. Diski ya nkhope imadziwika ndikukula kofooka, "makutu" kulibe, maso ndi ochepa;
• mtundu Kadzidzi ku Upland (Аеgоlius) - mitundu isanu, yoyimira yomwe ili yofanana ndi akadzidzi, koma ili ndi zala zazitali mapiko, chisoti chachifupi, nthenga zosasunthika, mutu wawukulu ndi chimbale chodziwika bwino cha nkhope;
• mtundu Kadzidzi (Аthеne) - mitundu itatu, yomwe ikuyimira malo otseguka kwambiri, mizinda, kumidzi, madera otsetsereka, zipululu zazing'ono ndi zipululu, komanso zigawo zilizonse zamiyala;
• mtundu Kadzidzi nkhalango (Heteroglaux) Ndi mtundu womwe nthumwi zake zimadziwika ndi kukula kocheperako komanso thupi lalitali mkati mwa kotala la mita. Dera lamapiko limakutidwa ndi mikwingwirima yoyera. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mitundu yayikulu kumayimiriridwa ndi zala zazikulu zamphamvu zokutidwa ndi nthenga zoyera. Kusintha kwa kugonana ndikofatsa;
• mtundu Kadzidzi Hawk (ZOCHITIKA) Ndi mtundu womwe nthumwi zake ndi zapakatikati ndi mchira wautali, komanso zimasiyana m'maso ndi mlomo wachikasu pakalibe "makutu". Kutalika kwakanthawi kwa mbalame ndi masentimita 35-43 okhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 60-80;
• mtundu Elf kadzidzi (Miсrathеne) - mtundu womwe nthumwi zake zidafotokozedwanso mu 1861, komanso kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa 12-14 cm, zolemera pafupifupi magalamu 45. Kufika kwa thupi molunjika, ndi mutu wokulirapo komanso kusapezeka kwa "makutu";
• mtundu Kuphulika kwa Andes (Xenoglaux) - mtundu wosungulumwa, omwe amaimira omwe amadziwika ndi mapangidwe a mtundu wa monotypic;
• mtundu Papuan kadzidzi (Urоglаux) Ndi mtundu womwe nthumwi zake ndi mtundu umodzi wokha ndipo umasiyana kukula kwake ndi kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 30 mpaka 30 cm, mutu wawung'ono, ndi mchira wautali. Mapikowo amafupikitsidwa, kuzungulira. Diso la nkhope ndi loyera, koma ana amakhala owala kwambiri kuposa mbalame zazikulu.

Chifukwa chake, ndichikhalidwe kutchula banja la Nkhumba ngati mabanja atatu okha akulu, omwe amaphatikiza mibadwo khumi ndi itatu.

Malo, magawidwe

Mitundu yamasamba yayamba kufalikira ku Europe ndi Asia, komanso ku Africa ndi America.... Oimira mtundu wa Splyushka afalikira makamaka ku Europe. M'dziko lathu, kuwonjezera pa scops owl, ku Far East, njenjete zakum'mawa ndi kolala ndizofala, ndipo ku Central Asia komanso kudera la Kazakhstan, mutha kuwona kuchuluka kwa chipululu.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mpheta ndi nthumwi zikuyimira mitundu yambiri ya biotopes, kuphatikizapo taiga, komanso zipululu ndi madera otentha, motero, anthu oterewa amakhala pafupifupi makontinenti onse padziko lapansi, kupatula Australia.

Oimira amtundu wa Megаsсors amakhala ku North, South ndi Central America, ndipo Neyasyti afalikira ku Europe, North Africa, komanso ku Asia ndi America. Ziwombankhanga za Neotropical zimakhala m'nkhalango za South ndi Central America, pomwe Kadzidzi a ku Fish amakhala ku Asia kokha. Pali njenjete zambiri zoyera ndikofala masiku ano nzika zaku Africa, ndipo Pseudoscors ndi nzika zapadera pachilumba cha Jamaica.

Zakudya za kadzidzi

Kadzidzi amakhala pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa chake chakudya cha mbalame zoterezi makamaka chimachokera ku nyama, koma chimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yayikulu yamitundu. Ziwombankhanga, monga oimira zikuluzikulu zazikuluzikulu, zimangodya chakudya chamagazi ofunda, ndipo anthu omwe amaponda singano amakonda kudya tizilombo.

Kadzidzi amatha miyezi ingapo opanda madzi, ndipo madzi okwanira mthupi la mbalame yodyedwa amaperekedwa ndi magazi atsopano a nyama yake. Kadzidzi amasaka ndipo, motero, amadyetsa, makamaka mumdima.

Katundu wa oimira akuluakulu amtunduwo Kadzidzi akhoza kuyimiridwa ndi nkhandwe zazikulu kwambiri, ndimu ndi makoswe, komanso pafupifupi mbalame iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, kadzidzi wachipale chofewa amakonda kusaka mitundu ya mbewa, ma hares, osati malo akulu kwambiri, ndipo akadzidzi amnyumba amadyera tizirombo tosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo makoswe osiyanasiyana.

Zofunika! Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kadzidzi samadya nyama yakufa, ndipo nthawi yachisanu chakudya chodyedwa ndi nthenga chotere chimapangidwa mwachindunji m'misasa.

Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimangodya tizilombo tokha, ndipo chakudya cha kadzidzi chimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Ziwombankhanga, limodzi ndi akadzidzi, zimakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi pomwe anthu amathera pomwe pali ziweto zambiri zovulaza.

Kubereka ndi ana

Ziwombankhanga zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimatha kubereka kamodzi kapena kangapo pachaka chimodzi, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ana kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya chokhazikika m'malo okhala mbalame zodya nyama. Clutch imodzi imatha kuyimiriridwa ndi mazira angapo, koma nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwawo kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa mazira 3-10. Mazira a kadzidzi amakhala ndi mitundu yoyera kwambiri, yopingasa komanso yaying'ono.

Pakakhala chakudya chokwanira, akadzidzi achikulire amatha kudya abale ocheperako kapena ofowoka pachisa. Monga mwalamulo, mazira amakwiriridwa ndi akazi, ndipo amuna amatenga nawo gawo pakudyetsa ana awo.

Nthawi zambiri, anapiye amisinkhu yosiyanasiyana amakhala bwino pachisa chimodzi cha kadzidzi. Makolo amadyetsa kwathunthu ana onse obadwa, koma gawo lalikulu la nthawi ndi khama limaperekedwa kwa akadzidzi achikulire.

Adani achilengedwe

Chifukwa chachikulu chakufa kwa kadzidzi kumawerengedwa kuti ndi kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi. M'zaka zina, pamene makoswe ndi nyama zina zonse zosakidwa ndi akadzidzi ndizochepa, pafupifupi kotala la achinyamata amafa. Mwazina, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya akadzidzi nthawi zambiri imakumana ndi ziwombankhanga zomwe zimadyedwa ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu monga mbewa, ziwombankhanga ndi ziwombankhanga zagolide.

Zofunika! Zisa za kadzidzi wachisanu zimawonongedwa ndi nkhandwe zaku Arctic, zomwe zimadya anapiye ndi mazira, ndipo ma skuas okhala ndi milomo yamphamvu ndi zikhadabo zopangidwa bwino zimasokoneza ana amtunduwu.

Adani akuluakulu a anapiye a kadzidzi omwe amagwa kapena kutuluka mchisa chawo asanakalambe ndi nyama zodya nyama, kuphatikiza ma raccoon, ferrets ndi nkhandwe. Koma mdani wamkulu wa kadzidzi pakadali pano ndi munthu yemwe amawononga malo okhala mbalamezo podula mitengo. Mwa zina, akadzidzi nthawi zambiri amakhala nkhani yosakira anthu kosaloledwa.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Ngakhale kuti mitundu yambiri ya kadzidzi imabweretsa zabwino zambiri kwa anthu ndikuwononga tizilombo todwalitsa tambiri, komanso makoswe, mamembala ena a banjali asowa kwambiri, zomwe zimakwiyitsidwa ndi malo ochepa ogawa komanso kusamuka kwawo kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe. Mpaka pano, kadzidzi wachipale chofewa, komanso mitundu ina, yaphatikizidwa mu Red Book ndi Appendix II ya Msonkhano wa CITES.

Mtengo wachuma

Kadzidzi mu zachilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zowononga nthenga zoterezi zimaloleza kuchepetsa makoswe, komanso zimathandizira kufafaniza mbalame zodwala kapena zofooka kwambiri, zomwe zimathandizira pazisonyezo zonse za jini.

Mwazina, mbalamezi zimagawana zipatso zamitundumitundu ndi mbewu zosiyanasiyana, ndikulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwawo. Nkhunda za nthumwi za mitundu yonse ya akadzidzi zimatchulidwa ngati feteleza wamtengo wapatali.Kadzidzi ndi mbalame yokongola modabwitsa komanso yonyada, ndipo mamembala ambiri pabanjapo ali ndi njira zosinthira mosavuta komanso kuti azikhala limodzi ndi anthu, chifukwa chake amayenera kukhala mgulu la ziweto zofunidwa komanso zotchuka.

Mavidiyo a Owl

Onerani kanemayo: Ku ukwati wa chibwenzi chako chakale (November 2024).