Si galu aliyense amene ali woyenera kutsogolera otsogolera akhungu. Ndipo pafupifupi kotala la nyama zomwe zasankhidwa zimachotsedwa kale panthawi yophunzitsidwa - agalu owongolera ayenera kukhala opanda vuto pokhudzana ndi eni ake komanso polumikizana ndi dziko lapansi.
Kusankhidwa kwa galu wowongolera
Amakhulupirira kuti malangizo abwino kwambiri amakula agalu omwe makolo awo nawonso adathamangitsa akhungu - mikhalidwe yachibadwa ya ana otere imakulitsidwa ndi kukumbukira kwa majini. Galu wowongolera ali ndi mautumiki angapo ofunikira omwe sangasiyanitsane:
- kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha mwini;
- perekeza njira yopatsidwa;
- Kusintha kwa munthu wolumala pagulu;
- chithandizo chamaganizidwe.
Galu amasamalira chitetezo cha mwini malo onse pagulu akangotuluka mnyumbamo... Imachenjeza zopinga zilizonse panjira, kuphatikiza maenje, matope, zitseko zotseka, masitepe, miyala yokhotakhota, magetsi oyenda pamsewu ndi mipanda.
Ndizosangalatsa! Galu wophunzitsidwa yekha (mosiyana ndi galu wosaphunzitsidwa) ndi amene amazindikira zopinga, kaya ndi nthambi yopachika kapena chingwe cholimba / chingwe / waya.
Kuphatikiza apo, galu wowongolera amachita malamulo oyambira, amapeza polowera / potuluka pagalimoto ndipo amapatsa mwini zomwe wagwetsa. Galu amasamala za chitetezo cha mwini wake paulendo wonse kuyambira pa point A mpaka pa B. Ndipo iyi ndi ntchito ina yomwe ayenera kuchita mwanjira yachitsanzo - kuloweza misewu kuti athe kuwongolera akhungu motsatira iwo, osapatuka panjira yomwe yasankhidwa. Nyamayo imasinthidwa kuti iziyenda mumzinda wokhala ndi phokoso, pakati pa gulu la anthu komanso magalimoto ong'ung'udza, imadziwa kumasulira pamsewu, kupeza nyumba yoyenera, kuyima kapena benchi.
Galu wowongolera amachita (limodzi ndi omwe amachita zinthu mwanzeru) ntchito yofunikira monga kukonzanso malingaliro kwa akhungu, ambiri mwa iwo omwe sanasiye nyumba zawo kwazaka zambiri. Galu amakhala ulalo pakati pa iwo omwe ataya kuwona ndi iwo omwe amawona dziko m'mitundu yonse. Anthu mozungulira, monga lamulo, amayamba kuchitapo kanthu, kenako ndikusamutsa chidwi chawo chakhungu. Galu wowongolera amathandizira kuthana ndi kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe, kuchepetsa malingaliro ndikukhalanso ndi chiyembekezo.
Mbiri
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa maupangiri amiyendo inayi kunabwerera ku Middle Ages. Ngakhale zili choncho, anthu osawona agalu odalirika ndi miyoyo yawo komanso thanzi lawo. Koma mphunzitsi woyamba wa agalu owongolera anali a Johann Wilhelm Klein, yemwe adafalitsa buku la maphunziro / kagwiritsidwe kake mu 1819, komanso adakhazikitsa Institute for the Training of the Blind (Vienna).
Ndizosangalatsa! Maphunziro mwadongosolo ndi agalu adayamba pafupifupi zaka 100 pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, pomwe sukulu yapadera idakhazikitsidwa ku Germany: apa nyama zidaphunzitsidwa kuthandiza anthu omwe adachititsidwa khungu pankhondo. Sukuluyi idathandizidwa ndi Red Cross yaku Germany, ndipo mu 1925 kutchuka kwakupambana kwake kudawuluka padziko lonse lapansi.
M'dziko lathu, maphunziro agalu otsogolera adayamba pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lanu, pomwe amuna zikwizikwi amphamvu omwe adasowa kuwona adabwerera kuchokera kutsogolo.
Dzikoli limafunikira ogwira ntchito ndi mainjiniya, kuti apange maphunziro / kuphunzitsanso masukulu, boarding ndi mabizinesi ophunzitsa ndi kupanga omwe adatsegulidwa. Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losaona samangofunika kuphunzira kugwira ntchito yatsopano, komanso amayenda momasuka, osadalira thandizo la akunja. Anzake okha anali agalu owongolera, gulu loyamba lomwe lidakonzedwa ndi Central School of Service Breeding Dog ndikupereka kwa asitikali akhungu amtsogolo mu 1947.
Central Republican School for the Training of Agalu Otsogolera idapezeka mu 1960 chifukwa cha bungwe la All-Russian Society of the Blind. Ophunzitsa ake anali asitikali ankhondo omwe amaphunzitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito agalu kutsogolo. Njira yophunzitsira yaku Germany idakonzedwa pakapita nthawi, poganizira zomwe zapeza, mawonekedwe apadera a ntchito za agalu otsogolera ku USSR ndi zofuna za akhungu iwowo.
Kuphunzitsa agalu olumala kudafunikira, ndipo mu 1999 bungwe latsopano lidatulukira, omwe maziko ake anali aphunzitsi ochokera ku sukulu ya VOS (poyamba amaphunzitsa agalu mwaufulu). Mu 2003, bungweli lidasintha malamulo ake ndipo tsopano limatchedwa "Agalu - Othandizira Agalu Olumala" Training and Cynological Center. Pafupi ndi Moscow, palinso malo achiwiri ophunzitsira agalu owongolera amiyendo inayi - Sukulu yaku Russia Yophunzitsa Agalu Otsogolera.
Zofunikira pa agalu owongolera
Osatengera mtundu ndi kupezeka kwa mbadwa, mnzake wamtsogolo ayenera kukhala ndi:
- thanzi labwino (kuphatikizapo kuwona bwino ndi kumva);
- psyche okhazikika, kuphatikiza kukana kupsinjika ndi kufunira zabwino
- kusowa kwazovuta zamtundu;
- kutentha kwa sanguine (zofunika);
- kutha kunyalanyaza zachilengedwe.
Asanapange chisankho chomaliza chokhudza yemwe akufuna kukhala wowatsogolera, mphunzitsi amayang'ana kukhazikika kwake kwamalingaliro ndi momwe angachitire ndi zakunja.
Zofunika! Galu ayenera kukhala wokonzekera zovuta za kutsagana ndi wakhungu, osamuteteza (ngati zinthu zili bwino) osathamangira ena.
Ndikofunikira kuti wophunzitsayo awonetsetse kuti:
- galu saopa phokoso lalikulu;
- amadziwa momwe angayang'anire ntchitoyo;
- amakumbukira bwino;
- osasokonezedwa ndi mbalame ndi amphaka;
- amasamutsa maulendo amitundu yonse yonyamula.
Galu wotsogolera ayenera kukhala ndi chipiriro chopanda malire, chifukwa amayenera kudikirira pamene munthuyo akuyang'ana chopinga ndikulamula kuti apite. Wotsogolera amakumbukira zochitika zonse zomwe zimachitika m'malo opezeka anthu, kuphatikiza mayendedwe. Koma mikhalidwe yayikulu ya wowongolera ndi chikondi, kudzipereka komanso kufunitsitsa kuthandiza eni ake..
Maphunziro owongolera, maphunziro
Pulogalamu yophunzitsayi imagawika m'magulu awiri:
- maphunziro omvera - maphunziro wamba;
- kuyendetsa galimoto - maphunziro apadera.
M'malo aku Russia amakonda kugwira ntchito ndi mitundu ya Labrador Retriever ndi Golden Retriever.
Maphunziro
Poyamba, ana agalu ndi agalu achichepere amakhala m'mabanja odzipereka, komwe amakachezeredwa ndi omwe amakhala ndi agalu. Cholinga cha gawoli ndi mayanjano ndi maphunziro amtsogolo. Ndi nthawi imeneyi pomwe nyama zimaphunzitsidwa kuti zisamachite phokoso ndi zosokoneza, kuwonjezera mphamvu, komanso kupondereza osaka komanso osamala. Munthawi imeneyi, amphaka nthawi zambiri amaphunzitsidwa: agalu omwe sangathe "kuwasiya" amakana.
Maphunziro apadera amayamba pamene ma cadet okhala ndi chaka chimodzi... Kupangitsa galu kukhala womasuka m'moyo weniweni, makalasi amakonzedwa osati m'malo ophunzitsira apakati, komanso mumzinda. Nyama zimayambitsidwa m'njira zamatawuni, momwe pamakhala zokhumudwitsa zachilengedwe zambiri komanso zopinga, zimaphunzirira kuyimilira pambuyo pake ndikunyalanyaza zoyambazo.
Zofunika! Wophunzitsayo samalanga galu ngati sanamalize ntchitoyo. Kupweteka kwakuthupi sikungakhale chitsimikizo cha kukhulupirika ndi kudalira anthu.
Komabe, pomwe kuphunzira kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kumakhalapobe, wophunzitsayo amayenera kulemba mawonekedwe amikhalidwe / yamachitidwe a wophunzira wake wamiyendo inayi. Agalu otsogolera akaphunzitsidwe, oyang'anira agalu amapitiliranso zofuna za akhungu, zomwe zimawonjezera maphunzirowo ndi zinthu zina.
Mayeso
Gawo lapadera lophunzitsira lakonzedwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, pambuyo pake galu ndi oyang'anira galu amayesa mayeso opangidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti galu ali wokonzeka kugwira ntchito ndi akhungu.
Mayesowa nthawi zonse amakhala magawo awiri:
- chiwonetsero cha maphunziro onse;
- kudutsa njira yophunzitsira (yoyang'aniridwa ndi katswiri).
Galu wophunzitsidwa kuyenda theka la thupi patsogolo pa wakhungu amamangiriridwa ndi zingwe zolimba, ndipo wophunzitsayo amatseka maso ake ndi magalasi osadutsika kuti akhale munthu wakhungu. Pamsewu wopita mumzinda, tandem "wothandizira galu" amayang'aniridwa ndi wofufuza, yemwe amayang'anira kulondola kwa ntchitoyo komanso kusapezeka / kupezeka kwa zolakwika. Agalu omwe amapambana mayeso ali ndi luso lotsogolera monga:
- kusuntha mofanana pa nthaka / pamtunda;
- masitepe otsika / okwera;
- kudutsa pakati pa zinthu;
- imani patsogolo pa chopinga;
- kuperekeza wakhungu m'njira zosiyanasiyana (mpaka 40).
Atamaliza maphunziro awo, galu amapatsidwa chiphaso chotsimikizira kuti ali ndi ufulu wokhala m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri.
Kupatsira galu wowongolera kwa wakhungu
Koma mayeso, ngakhale atakhala bwino kwambiri, sawonedwa ngati gawo lomaliza la maphunziro a galu wowongolera.... Pafupifupi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pantchito ya aphunzitsi limayamba - kusamutsa nyama kupita kwa mwini mtsogolo. Awiriwa "galu wowongolera wakhungu" amapangidwa (pamaziko a mafunso ndi misonkhano yaumwini ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kuwona) kumapeto komaliza kwa maphunziro. Kutumiza kwa galu kumachitika, monga lamulo, ku malo ophunzitsira a pakati ndipo kumatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Ntchitoyi nthawi zonse imakhala yaumwini, chifukwa imamangidwa poganizira zomwe munthu aliyense amakonda / zomwe amakonda.
Pakadutsa milungu iwiri, wowongolera samangogwiritsa ntchito zatsopano kwa eni ake, komanso amayamba kumuwona ngati mtsogoleri wopanda malire, yemwe malamulo ake ayenera kumamangidwa popanda kufunsa. Ndi m'masiku 14 awa pomwe maziko olumikizirana ndi munthu wolumala ndi galu kwa zaka zambiri amayikidwa. Munthu amaphunzira kumvetsetsa ndikulamulira womuthandizira. Mwachitsanzo, wakhungu amazindikira kuti galu wowongolera amatsogolera kumvera ndikuyamba kuchitapo kanthu.
Zofunika! Pakadutsa milungu iwiri, mayendedwe a bambo ndi galu, komanso amaphunzitsa kutumizira / kutsatira malamulo oyambira, kuphatikiza "kutenga", "kugona", "kukhala" ndi "kuwongoka".
Kuphatikiza apo, wakhungu amaphunzira kusamalira mnzake watsopano, kumudyetsa ndikuyenda. Nthawi yomweyo, ogwira galu amauza anzawo / abale a munthu wakhungu momwe angachitire pakagwa zovuta mosayembekezereka panjira kapena akamagwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano.
Kugawidwa kwa galu wowongolera kumayesedwa kukhala kwathunthu atangogwira ntchito pakatimo akhutitsidwa kuti onse awiri ali okonzeka kukhala moyo ndikugwira ntchito limodzi. Popeza adaphunzitsa galu wowongolera, malowa amayang'anira zomwe zidzachitike ndipo amakhala okonzeka kuthandiza eni ake. Ngakhale ndizovuta komanso mtengo wake, njira yokhazikitsira anthu akhungu (ku Russia ndi ku Europe) imadziwika kuti ndi yothandiza kwambiri.
Agalu owongolera abwino kwambiri
Monga machitidwe akuwonetsera, cholinga chachikulu cha owongolera ndi chabwino kuposa ena (kuchepetsa kudalira kwa akhungu pa ena)
Imachitidwa ndi agalu amtunduwu monga:
- Kubwezeretsa Labrador;
- Kubwezeretsa golide;
- M'busa waku Germany;
- chimphona chachikulu;
- alireza.
Collies, Aussies ndi Dobermans nawonso adziwonetsa bwino. Momwemonso, ntchito ya wotsogolera imatha kuperekedwanso kwa mtundu wina wophunzitsidwa bwino womwe umakwaniritsa zosankhazo. Komabe - mthandizi wamiyendo inayi ya wolumala ayenera kukwana m'miyeso yayikulu, mpaka masentimita 68 atafota.
Labrador Retriever
Agalu ophunzitsidwa nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa kukagwira ntchito yayikulu yopulumutsa pamtunda komanso m'madzi... Ndizosadabwitsa kuti masukulu ndi malo azisayansi ambiri amasankha mtunduwu. Labrador Retriever amatchedwa galu wosunthika yemwe amakhala mnzake wabwino ndipo amasintha mwanzeru pulogalamu yophunzitsira.
Mulingo wamtunduwu umakhala ndimikhalidwe ya wobwezeretsa monga:
- mphamvu;
- kufanana;
- mkulu nzeru;
- kumvera;
- kukoma mtima;
- kulimba mtima.
Kuphatikiza apo, Labrador Retriever imazolowera bwino kwa anthu atsopano, imayenda mosavuta m'malo osadziwika ndipo imangoyendetsa magawowo mosavuta. Amamvetsetsa mbuye wake popanda mawu ndipo amatha kupulumutsa pakavutike kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chovuta chokhacho cha Labradors ndikuti amakonda kulemera mopitirira muyeso, ndichifukwa chake amafunikira kuyenda kwakutali komanso chakudya choyenera.
Galu ali ndi chibadwa chabwino komanso wokoma mtima komwe kumamuthandiza kuti azikhala bwino ndi nyama zoweta.
Kubweza golide
Mtundu uwu (monga Labrador Retriever) udapangidwa kuti azisaka nyama. Popita nthawi, agalu adakulitsa mndandanda wa mwayi wawo waluso, kuphunzira ntchito pamiyambo (kufunafuna mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zophulika) ndikubwezeretsanso ngati opulumutsa. Golden Retriever ndiyabwino ngati galu wowongolera - ndi yamphamvu, yolimba, yopepuka mwachangu, yodekha, komanso imachita zinthu mwanzeru komanso kukumbukira bwino. Ndizosatheka kukweza mawu ake kwa galu wachitsanzo chifukwa chofunitsitsa kukwaniritsa zofuna za mbuye wake.
Golden Retrievers amang'amba pang'ono, osayesa kuwongolera, amakonda kusewera ndi ana ndi nyama. M'zaka zaposachedwa, Golden Retrievers ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiritsa ndi kukhazikitsa ana omwe ali ndi nkhawa. Mphamvu yakuchiritsa imafotokozedwa ndi zikhalidwe zobadwira za a Goldens - kukonda moyo, kumvera ena chisoni komanso kukoma mtima. Osati pachabe kuti mtunduwo umapezeka mosavuta ndi mabanja omwe ali ndi ana ang'onoang'ono komanso okalamba. Kukoma ndi nzeru za Golden Retrievers zimalemekezedwa kwambiri ndi omwe amakhala ndi agalu akulera agalu owongolera.
M'busa waku Germany
Mtunduwu umatchulidwanso kuti wapadziko lonse lapansi... Kutengera kulunjika kwamaphunziro, Abusa aku Germany amapeza ukatswiri wopulumutsa, walonda, wapolisi kapena wowongolera. "Ajeremani" ndiwokhazikika komanso anzeru, chifukwa amaphunzira popanda zovuta, kuphunzira maluso ofunikira. Abusa aku Germany amapanga maupangiri abwino, chifukwa cha zikhalidwe zawo:
- kuchitapo kanthu nthawi yomweyo;
- okwera kwambiri a chisangalalo;
- kudzipereka;
- kulolerana kupsinjika;
- kulimba mtima;
- kagawo;
- kutchera khutu.
Agalu Aubusa aku East Europe, omwe ali ndi mikhalidwe yonse yofunikira pakuwongolera, amakhalanso owongolera abwino (limodzi ndi aku Germany). Zowona, amafunikira nthawi yochulukirapo kuti azolowere mwini watsopano (pambuyo pa wophunzitsayo), koma abusa aku East Europe ndioyenera kugwira ntchito kumadera akumpoto mdziko lathu.
Chimphona Schnauzer
Kuchokera pakuwona kwa alangizi, agaluwa (potengera kuthekera kwawo) ali pamzere ndi abusa aku Germany. Risens, ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu, amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zabwino kwambiri, zolimba komanso zolimbikira ntchito. Mulingo wamtunduwu umafotokoza mikhalidwe monga:
- kufanana;
- kuchuluka kwa nzeru;
- kukumbukira bwino;
- kulimba mtima;
- kudzipereka;
- chidaliro ndi mphamvu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Makhalidwe otere a Giant Schnauzers monga kutha kusintha kusintha kwakunja, nzeru ndi kuzindikira kumathandizanso kukhala atsogoleri abwino kwa akhungu.
Kuphatikiza apo, rizen ali ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe chimamupangitsa kukhala mnzake wofunikira wakhungu - ichi ndi chikhumbo chofuna kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika zonse za mbuye, ndikumakhala ndi nkhawa zambiri.
Wopanga
Mtunduwo umadziwika kuti ndi wankhanza, ndipo pali umboni wamphamvu wotsimikizira izi, chifukwa cha zovuta... Galu azolowera kukhala ndi m'modzi yekha ndipo samangosinthira ina; ndiye womuteteza mwankhanza ndipo amamenya adani mpaka komaliza.
Mphamvu ndi mafupa olimba amaphatikizidwa ndi thupi la Rottweiler. Akatswiri ofufuza zachipatala amanena za mphamvu yamphamvu, koma yovuta ya galu, yomwe imatha kuwongoleredwa panjira yodekha yophunzitsidwa bwino, kuphunzitsa, mwachitsanzo, kuwongolera. Makhalidwe abwino a Rottweiler, olembedwa pamtundu wa mtunduwu ndi awa:
- chidaliro;
- mphamvu;
- kagawo;
- kutchera khutu;
- kupanda mantha;
- kuthekera kosalephera kutsatira;
- chipiriro.
Rottweiler wapanga ulonda, ndewu komanso mikhalidwe yolimba, yomwe, pakapanda maphunziro, nthawi zambiri imasanduka nkhanza zosalamulirika.
Zofunika! Agalu amtunduwu amafunikira kuyanjana, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri komanso maphunziro apadera - pokhapokha ngati zili choncho ndikotheka kulera galu yemwe amachitira bwino alendo ndi zina zakunja.
Rottweiler, wosankhidwa ndikuphunzitsidwa malo apadera, atha kudaliridwa popanda mantha - ndi mnzake wodalirika, wolimba mtima komanso wozama.
