Amakhulupirira kuti pafupifupi 30,000 wolverines tsopano akukhala padziko lapansi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti olusawa nthawi zambiri samakumana ndi mtundu wawo, amakonda kusamalira okha madera okwana kilomita imodzi kapena zikwi ziwiri.
Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe a wolverine
Onse banja ndi banja, kuphatikiza zolusa, amatchedwa chimodzimodzi - "marten". Ndi otter wam'madzi yekha wamkulu kuposa wolverine (pakati pa abale ake apamtima). Kukula kwake, wolverine amafanana ndi galu wamkulu, wowoneka bwino - mbira kapena chimbalangondo chokhala ndi mchira wofewa, wautali (18-23 cm). Nyama yayikulu imakula mpaka 70-85 cm yolemera 10-14 kg (wamkazi) ndi 13-17 kg (yamwamuna). Zitsanzo zazikulu kwambiri zimatha mpaka makilogalamu 20.
Makutu oyenda mozungulira amawonekera pamutu waukulu, mphuno imafanana ndi chimbalangondo... Maso, ngati mphuno, ndi akuda. Thupi lolimba, lokhathamira limakhazikika pamiyendo yayifupi, yayikulu, yakutsogolo imakhala yayifupi kuposa yakumbuyo, ikuwonekera moyang'ana kumbuyo kwa thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwoneke ngati zakumbatirika pang'ono.
Wolverine amasiyanitsidwa ndi zala zazikulu zazikulu zisanu, pafupifupi 10 cm - kutalika, 9 cm - m'lifupi): "yekhayo" wotere, wolimbikitsidwa ndi zikhadabo zomangika, amathandiza nyama kugonjetsa mosavuta madera okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. Posuntha, chodyera cholima mwapadera chimakhala ndi phazi, chifukwa chimayika khasu, kupumula phazi lonse.
Ubweya wachilimwe ndiufupi kwambiri kuti ungawonjezere chithumwa mwa wolverine pobisa chigaza ndi miyendo yake yayikulu kwambiri: imawoneka yopusa makamaka munthawi ino ya chaka. Wolverine amakula mokongoletsa ndi chisanu, ndikumanga chovala chakuda chakuda / chakuda chakuda, chosungunuka ndimizere yayitali, yopepuka pambali.
Ndizosangalatsa!Chovala chobowolacho chimabisa fupa lolimba. Palinso mkhalidwe wina womwe umamupangitsa kukhala wofanana ndi chimbalangondo: monga iye, wolverine amangowoneka wovuta. Amawongolera mosavuta thupi lake lolimba, kuwonetsa wotsutsayo mwachangu.
Chikhalidwe
Nyamayo imakhala m'malo ambiri okhala kumpoto ndi kumpoto kwa North America ndi Eurasia, ikukhazikika kumadera akutali kumpoto kwa taiga, zilumba za Arctic, nkhalango-tundra ndi tundra (pomwe pali nyama zamtchire zambiri).
Nyamayo imadziwika kuti ndi chizindikiro chovomerezeka cha Michigan, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "boma la wolverine." Ku Europe, wolverine wasankha gawo lakumpoto la Scandinavia Peninsula, komanso Finland, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus ndi Russia.
M'dziko lathu, chilombochi chingapezeke ku Siberia, pachilumba cha Kola, kudera la Perm, Karelia, Komi Republic, Far East ndi Kamchatka. Malire akumwera akumidzi amadutsa zigawo za Kirov, Tver, Leningrad, Pskov, Vologda ndi Novgorod.
Masango a wolverines kuthengo ndi osowa kwambiri... Mmodzi mwa akatswiri achilengedwe adadabwa kufotokoza kuchuluka kwa nyama m'mapiri a Sikhote-Alin omwe iye ndi amzake adawona: makilomita 100 pa munthu aliyense. Kuchulukana kotereku kwa nyama yolusa kumafotokozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamba zomwe zidabwera m'malo awa. Amadziwika kuti wolverine mazana anayi amakhala kudera lalitali la Ussuriysk Territory, komanso ku kukula kwa Yakutia - osaposa zikwi ziwiri za wolverines.
Adani achilengedwe a wolverine
Mofanana ndi nthumwi zonse za ma mustelids, wolverine ali ndi chofufumitsa cha kumatako, chomwe ma katemera ake amagwiritsidwa ntchito katatu:
- kukopa amuna kapena akazi anzawo;
- kutchula gawo "lawo";
- kuwopseza mdani.
Chinsinsi chonunkhira sichimangoteteza nkhandwe ku zirombo, komanso zimapatsa kulimbika, komwe mopanda manyazi imatenga nkhandwe ndi lynx. Kupanda kukana kumafotokozedwa mwachidule: lynx, ngati nyama yoyera bwino, imayesetsa kuthawa kwa wakuba wonunkha mwachangu momwe angathere.
Mphekesera zikunena kuti mimbulu yayikulu imatha kuukira nkhandweyo yokha, ndikuyembekeza mphamvu zake ndi mano ake olimba: ngati sizithandiza, chida chomaliza chomaliza chimagwiritsidwa ntchito - fungo lonyansa. Wolverine sasunga mkwiyo, ndichifukwa chake ngakhale chimbalangondo chimamuthawa. Munthu samaukiridwa pokhapokha atafunikira kofunikira: pokhapokha atamuyendetsa pakona... Pangozi, imafuula ngati nkhandwe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Doctor of Biological Science Yuri Porfirievich Yazan, wolemba mabuku osangalatsa onena za nyama zamasewera, adayamika kwambiri kutopa, kulimba mtima komanso kulimba mtima kwa wolverine. Yazan adalemba kuti samapereka chimbalangondo kapena kambuku, koma sangakhetse magazi pachabe.
Mwa osakawo, panali nkhani zomwe wolverine ankakonda kuba, kuba chakudya (kuphatikiza nyama) mnyumba yosungiramo nyama ndi msampha. Chifukwa cha zodabwitsazi, komanso kuti wolverine akuwononga misampha yomwe idayikidwa panjira zosakira, adampatsa dzina losavomerezeka "chilombo chonyansa" ndikuyamba kupha popanda chilichonse. M'malo ena, amalemba ngakhale bonasi yowonongera wolverine.
Adasiya kutsatira chilombocho osati kalekale, ataphunzira zizolowezi zawo ndikuyamikira zomwe zimathandizira paumoyo wa nyama zam'nkhalango. Zotsatira zake, nyumba zosungiramo taiga nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka ndi zimbalangondo zofiirira, ndipo nkhandwe, ngakhale zimayendayenda pafupi ndi malo osungira ndi misewu yosakira, zimapewa anthu komanso sizimaba chakudya.
Moyo
Mu wolverine, ndi wosamukasamuka, mosiyana ndi abale ake omwe ali m'banjamo, amakhala malo amodzi: amayenda mosatopa kuzungulira dera lake lalikulu, kutsata (nthawi zambiri madzulo) nyama yabwino.
Ali panjira, wolverine saiwala kuyang'ana komwe nyama zing'onozing'ono zimatha kubisala - m'maenje, zisa, mabowo, nkhuni zakufa ndi mitengo yolowerera. Amakwera mitengo mosavutikira chifukwa cha zikhadabo zolimba ndi zikhasu zolimba.
Wolverine samakondwera pomwe amuna kapena akazi okhaokha alowa m'dera lawo, ndipo amateteza ufulu wawo mwamphamvu... Malo obisika pansi pamizu yomwe yasunthidwa, mabowo amiyala ndi maenje amakhala malo achitetezo a chilombocho. Ngati palibe pogona pafupi, amatha kugona usiku pamiyala kapena chipale chofewa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Wolverine ndi wosambira wosilira. Amakhalanso ndi maso abwino, kumva bwino, koma samamva bwino kwambiri.
Kupanda mantha kwa wolverine kumakwaniritsidwa ndi kusamala kwake: zonsezi zimalola kuti ziziyenda mosadziwika panjira za anthu ndi nyama zikuluzikulu zoyembekezera kuti zikatenga kanthu kodyedwa. Wolverine amatha kutsatira njira iliyonse, njanji yoyenda pachisanu.
Kuthamanga sindiye malo ake olimba (skier kapena galu amatha kuthamangitsa wolverine mosavuta), koma amatenga chipiriro, kuthamanga pafupifupi 30 km patsiku. Imayenda pang'ono chammbali ndikudumpha. Pali milandu pomwe ma wolverines adalemba malembedwe azosuntha: imodzi idakwirira 70 km osayima, yachiwiri idathamanga 85 km patsiku, yachitatu m'masabata awiri idawombera ma kilomita 250.
Akatswiri a zoo amakhulupirira kuti wolverine samayendetsedwa ndi nthawi yamasana panjira, kupumula ngati akumva kutopa.
Chakudya cha Wolverine
Kukula kwake kwakatundu ndikokulirapo kwambiri, koma kupatsa mphamvu sikugwirizana ndi luso lokwanira kusaka: wolverine samakhala ndi luso lokwanira kuti agwire nyama yaying'ono, komanso mphamvu yakukulira yayikulu. Zowona, izi zimachitikabe nthawi ndi nthawi: wolverine amatha kuyendetsa kanyama kathanzi kapenanso gwape akumira mu chipale chofewa kapena kukhathamira mu ayezi... Kodi tinganene chiyani za nyama yovulala kapena yodwala: wolverine saphonya mwayi wake. Samazengereza kunyamula zidutswa zotsalira pambuyo pa phwando la zimbalangondo, ziphuphu kapena mimbulu. Kufuula kwa makungubwi ndi makungubwi "kumamuwongolera" kukafa.
Wolverine ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimayendetsa nkhalango, kumasula anthu am'mimba, agwape, nkhosa zam'mapiri, nswala ndi agwape kuchokera kwa achibale ofooka. Ziwerengerozi ndi izi: amatenga ziwonetsero zisanu ndi ziwiri (7) mwa khumi (10) zilizonse (10) pambuyo pa adani akuluakulu, ndikusaka atatu mwa iwo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Cholinga cha mgwirizano wosowa wa wolverines wamkulu ndikusaka pamodzi. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri kumadera a Kum'mawa kwa Siberia ndi Far East, komwe kuli nyama zambiri zam'mimba, zomwe zimachoka pakutsata mozungulira. Kudziwa izi, a wolverines amagawana maudindo: imodzi imayendetsa gwape wa musk, ena amadikirira kuti bwalolo litseke.
Wolverine amapirira mwamtendere sabata la njala, koma amadya mosungika nthawi zonse, ndikulemera msanga. Imafinyira wokulirayo mu zidutswa zingapo zazikulu ndikubisala m'malo osiyanasiyana, pang'onopang'ono kumadya. Musk deer amadya masiku 3-4.
Kawirikawiri ungulates ndi zovunda zimapanga chakudya cha wolverine m'nyengo yozizira. M'chilimwe ndi masika, chakudya chimakhala chosiyanasiyana, ndipo kuyenda kukafunafuna chakudya kumakhala kosowa.
Menyu yowononga chilimwe ikuphatikizapo:
- ana agalu obadwa kumene, ana a ng'ombe ndi ana ankhosa;
- mbalame (hazel grouse, black grouse) ndi mazira a mbalame;
- nsomba (amoyo ndi tulo);
- mbewa, abuluzi, achule ndi njoka;
- zipatso, uchi ndi mtedza;
- mphutsi za mavu
Ili ndi liwiro lochepa, koma ikulimba mtima, imatha kupha womenyedwayo ndi nthawi yayitali.
Kubereka
Amuna ndi akazi amayamba kuchitirana bwino mu Meyi - Ogasiti, panthawi yokwatirana, ndikupanga mgwirizano wosakhalitsa (kwa milungu ingapo). Wolverine amabala zaka ziwiri zilizonse, ndipo mimba imakhala ndi gawo lalitali (miyezi 7-8), pambuyo pake kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo kumayamba. Pambuyo pa masiku 30 - 40, mkaziyo pamapeto pake amabereka.
Poyembekezera kubereka, mayi woyembekezera amakonzekeretsa phanga, pomwe imodzi kapena awiri kutalika (mpaka 40 mita) mabowo amatsogolera. Wolverine sasamala za chitonthozo ndipo amakhala pansi mosasamala, kuyambira masiku oyamba akuwonetsa kwa ana zovuta za moyo wosamukasamuka. Chisa sichimapezeka nthawi zonse pamalo otetezeka (kuphanga, pakati pamiyala, mizu yamtengo): nthawi zina chimangokhala kukhumudwa pachipale chofewa.
Ana (2-4) amabadwa mu February / Marichi. Anawo ndi akhungu komanso oyipa, aliyense amalemera kuposa magalamu 70-100. Pakadutsa mwezi, amalemera makilogalamu 0,5 ndikutsegula maso, ndipo pakatha miyezi ingapo amakhala ngati mayi awo, pomwe amataya thupi.
Mkaka wa amayi umasinthidwa ndi chakudya chodya theka, ndipo ana agalu amapeza ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, kutuluka m'dzenje ndi amayi awo pakati pa chilimwe. Wolverine amawakonzekeretsa kusintha kwakutali, komwe adzawaloleze pakukhwima kwathunthu zaka ziwiri.
Wolverine ndi munthu
Alenje Taiga ananena kuti mimbulu yomwe imagwidwa ndi iwo imadziwika ndi kunenepa kwambiri, koma chinyama ichi sichimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zikho za kusaka.
Khungu la Wolverine ndichinthu chosowa. Kufunika kwake kwapadera pakati pa Aborigines akumpoto kumafotokozedwa ndi mulu wake wolimba komanso wautali, womwe sugwa chisanu pachisanu. Ubweya umagwiritsidwa ntchito kusoka zovala zakunja, komanso popanga maffi, makolala ndi zipewa.
Zikopa za Wolverine zimapempha zochulukirapo kuposa matumba - kuchokera 70 mpaka 100 madola.
Ndizosangalatsa! Live wolverines amakhalanso ofunika kwambiri. Malo osungira nyama ali okonzeka kulipira $ 250 kwa chilombo chilichonse. Wolverine ndi osowa kwambiri mu ukapolo, popeza anthu ake amakhala ochepa kuthengo.
Mwa njira, ana a wolverine omwe agwera kwa munthu mwachangu amadziphatika ndikukhala ofatsa. Nyama yoweta imadziyang'anira yokha, yopanda ulemu, imamvera mwini wake ndipo ndiyoseketsa kwambiri.
