Pafupifupi mitundu 750 ya bowa ndiamtundu wa "russula". Zitsanzozo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofala, m'malo mwake ndi zazikulu komanso zowala kwambiri, ndikupangitsa ma russule kukhala amodzi mwamitundu yodziwika bwino ya bowa pakati pa akatswiri azachipatala ndi osonkhanitsa.
Russula - kufotokozera
Makhalidwe apadera a russula:
- zipewa zowala;
- kusindikiza kwa spore kuchokera koyera mpaka chikaso chamdima;
- osalimba, omata ma gill;
- kusowa kwa madzi amkaka, chophimba pang'ono kapena minofu ya tsinde pa tsinde.
Microscopically, mtunduwo umadziwika ndi amyloid ornamented spores ndi zamkati (tram), zopangidwa ndi ma spherocysts.
Russula ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, omwe amawonekera m'mapangidwe amiyendo ndi miyendo ndikupangitsa kuti bowa kuzindikirika. Palibe chophimba chophimba pa iwo (palibe mphete kapena zotsalira za chophimba pa kapu).
Mitsempha yake ndiyophulika ndipo siyimatulutsa mkaka pamalo odulidwayo, kupatula mitundu yochepa chabe, ndipo siyitha kupindika popanda kuthyoka.
Kupezeka kwa maselo akulu ozungulira a spherocysts mu peduncle ndichinthu chofunikira chomwe chimasiyanitsa ma russule ndi bowa wina. Tsinde la bowa limathyoka ngati mnofu wa apulo, pomwe mumitundu ina yambiri imasanduka ulusi. Mtundu wa ufa wa spore umayambira woyera mpaka zonona kapena lalanje.
Ndikosavuta kuzindikira bowa wamtundu wa russula. Koma zovuta zimadza pakuzindikiritsa mtundu uliwonse. Vutoli limafunikira kuwunika zinthu zazing'onoting'ono komanso kusiyanasiyana kwapadera, monga kusiyana pakati pa kununkhira kowala, kowawa, ndi koipa. Kuphatikiza apo, ubale weniweni wa phylogenetic wa bowa sunathetsedwe pagulu lazachidziwitso, ndipo zimadalira kusanthula kwa DNA.
Makhalidwe otsatirawa ndi ofunikira kuzindikira mtundu uliwonse:
- mtundu weniweni wa ufa wa spore (woyera / kirimu / ocher);
- kulawa (wofatsa / owawa / fosholo);
- kusintha kwa mtundu wa thupi;
- mtunda kuchokera pakatikati pomwe kanema wa kapu amalekanitsidwa (kuchuluka kwa kufinya);
- mtundu wa kapu (nthawi zambiri umasinthasintha pamtundu womwewo);
- momwe zamkati zimachitikira ndi ferrous sulphate (FeSO 4), formalin, alkalis ndi mankhwala ena;
- geometry ya mikangano;
- zina zazing'onozing'ono.
Ngakhale panali zovuta zakuzindikira molondola zitsanzo zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa, mitundu ya poizoni imadziwika ndi kulawa kwamphamvu. Mwambiri, palibe mitundu yoopsa yakupha pakati pa russula, ndipo mitundu ina yokhala ndi kulawa kowawa pang'ono imadya.
Momwe russula imagwirira ntchito ndi chilengedwe
Mitundu yonse ya russula imapanga ectomycorrhizal symbiosis yokhala ndi zomera komanso mitengo yayikulu kwambiri, ndipo mtundu uliwonse wa bowa umakhala ndi gulu limodzi kapena osiyanasiyana. Mitundu ina imakhala yolumikizana ndi m'modzi kapena angapo m'malo awo, pomwe ina ili ndi malire pakusankha kwawo kokhala, kuchuluka, kapena zonse ziwiri.
Matupi a zipatso za russula amapereka chakudya chamagulu slugs, agologolo, ndi nswala.
Russula ina imadzipezera miyala yazipangizo yambiri. Mwachitsanzo, russula yakuda-yofiirira imasonkhanitsa zinc chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa ma peptide ngati metallothionein mthupi la bowa. Mdima wakuda wa podgruzdok umasonkhanitsa mtovu ndi mercury m'nthaka. Mulingo wazitsulo izi mthupi la bowa ndizokwera kasanu kuposa chilengedwe.
Kukhazikika
Anthu amatenga mitundu ingapo ya russula. Ku North America, kusamala kumalangizidwa mukamwa mtundu uliwonse wa russula. Anthu osankha bowa ku Europe amakonda kwambiri mitundu iyi ndipo mndandanda wazakudya zodyera zaku Europe ndizosangalatsa. Russula amadyanso ku Mexico, Madagascar, Asia ndi Pacific Islands.
Mitundu yayikulu ya russula
Russia amene amadya mopanda mantha:
Podgruzdok woyera
Imodzi mwa bowa lalikulu kwambiri la russula. Pansi pamkaka woyera woyera umatuluka pansi ukukankha singano zapaini, peat kapena masamba omwe agwa, chifukwa chake chipewa chachikulu choyera nthawi zambiri chimakhala chonyansa komanso chowonongeka. White podgruzdok imapezeka m'nkhalango zokhala ndi mitengo yayitali, yomwe imapezeka mdera lamchere wamchere kapena wosalowerera ndale.
Chipewa
Imakula kwambiri panthawi yomwe bowa imatuluka pansi, ndipo imanyamula nthaka ndi masamba omwe agwa. Chokhotakhota, chopindika mpaka kumapeto, chipewa chimakhala chofiyira, chowoneka chachikaso bulauni ndi zaka. Pamwambapa ndi mphasa komanso youma.
Zamkati
Oyera ndipo sasintha mtundu akadulidwa.
Mwendo
Cylindrical, yochepa, yosalala, yopanda mphete.
Kununkhiza / kulawa
Ofooka a nsomba kapena amafuta, owawa komanso owuma m'mitsempha, koma wofatsa mu kapu ndi tsinde.
Russula wachikasu
Amakhala m'malo achinyezi ku birch ndi aspen nkhalango ku Europe ndi North America. Mbali yapadera ndi kapu yachikaso, mitsempha yoyera ndi miyendo, imasanduka imvi m'malo owonongeka. Ili ndi kukoma pang'ono ndipo imawonedwa ngati yabwino kudya.
Chipewa
Yolk yachikasu, yomata pang'ono ikanyowa, masamba ndi zinyalala zina zimamatira. Kukhumudwa pang'ono kumawonedwa pakati pa anthu okhwima, m'mphepete mwake mumakhala utoto.
Mwendo
Woyera, wolimba, wowongoka.
Mitsuko
Ochera wotumbululuka.
Ziwalo zonse zimachita mdima zikakalamba kapena kuwonongeka. Fungo ndilopatsa zipatso.
Russula azer wofiirira
Bowa wonyezimira kapena wofiirira yemwe amakula pafupi ndi ma conifers kumapeto kwa chirimwe ndi kugwa. Amapezeka ku Europe ndi North America.
Chipewa
Mdima wofiirira-bulauni, wokhala ndi mdima, nthawi zina pafupifupi wakuda pakati. Poyamba, otukukira kunja kapena pafupifupi wooneka ngati belu, koma pambuyo pake amafewetsedwa. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ziwonetsero zazikulu, zowoneka bwino pakati, zomwe ndizapadera pamtunduwu. Khungu limasunthika ndi 2/3, lili ndi mphako.
Mwendo
Olimba, oyera, otakata komanso ocheperako. Mitsempha imakhala yopanda pake, ma spores amtundu womwewo. Poyamba, mitsempha imasiyanitsidwa kwambiri. Mnofuwo ndi woyera ndipo umakhala ndi kukoma pang'ono, koma khungu la kapu palilime ndi lowawa.
Russula wobiriwira
Bowa wodyedwa wafalikira kumadera otentha akumpoto, omwe amapezeka pansi pa birch m'nkhalango za paini.
Chipewa
Lathyathyathya, posakhalitsa lopangidwa ngati ndalamazo komanso lamizeremizere pang'ono, pang'ono pokomera komanso lowala, kuyambira kubiriwira kobiriwira mpaka kubiriwirako, nthawi zambiri silili lobiriwira.
Mitsuko
Yoyikidwa bwino, kirimu wotumbululuka adakali aang'ono, pambuyo pake amawoneka achikasu pomwe ma spores amakula.
Mwendo
Oyera, nthawi zina amakhala ndi mawanga olunda pansi, osafupikirapo ndi ma longitudinal grooves.
Zamkati
Yoyera, yopepuka, yopanda fungo, yokhala ndi kukoma pang'ono.
Chakudya russula
Wofalikira kulikonse komwe kuli mitengo ya oak kapena beech ku Continental Europe. Mitsempha ndi pamwamba pa mwendo zimasinthasintha kukhala zanga zikapakidwa ndi amchere amchere (FeSO4) kapena bluish kuchokera ku guaiac tincture. Izi ndizoyesa zothandiza chifukwa mtundu wa zisoti ndi ma bril brittle brill ndimosiyanasiyana kotero kuti ndizochepa zakuzindikira.
Zipewa
Amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira kufiira kwakuda mpaka kufiira kowoneka bwino, nthawi zina ndi bulauni, azitona kapena utoto wobiriwira. Mtundu wa "ham wakale" umafotokoza molondola kapu ya russula yodyedwa.
Kapuyo ndiyosalala, koyambirira kokhota, kotsekemera, nthawi zina kumakhala kosavomerezeka kwenikweni. The cuticle ya anthu okhwima sichifika kwenikweni m'mphepete, mnofu wa kapu ndi m'mbali mwa mitsempha imawonekera kuchokera kumwamba.
Mitsuko
Kirimu yoyera kapena yotumbululuka, yoyandikana kwambiri, yopapatiza, yopingasa pafupi ndi tsinde.
Mwendo
Pamwamba ndi mnofu ndi zoyera.
Kununkhiza / kulawa
Kukoma kofatsa kwa mtedza, kulibe fungo labwino.
Russula yofiira
Ndi bowa ochepa omwe ali ndi zisoti zobiriwira, kotero kuzindikiritsa silovuta. Russula wokhala ndi mphanda imakhala ndi kapu yobiriwira, nthawi zina yokhala ndi chikasu chachikasu, yomwe imapezeka kudera lonse la Europe ndi madera ena ambiri padziko lapansi, kuphatikiza North America.
Chipewa
Wotumbululuka kapena wobiriwira kwambiri kuti agwirizane ndi udzu, pang'onopang'ono amakhala wopepuka m'mphepete mwake, amatuluka pakati kulowera pakati. Convex, wokhala ndi vuto laling'ono pakati. Wocheperako mukanyowa, m'mphepete mwake ndi mopindika pang'ono, pamwamba pake sikung'ambike.
Mitsuko
Woyera, sintha chikasu ndi zaka.
Mwendo
Choyera, chocheperako pang'ono, nthawi zina chimakhala pansi.
Zamkati
Pang`onopang`ono akutembenukira pinki pa anachita mchere chitsulo (FeSO4).
Kununkhiza / kulawa
Osati osiyana.
Swamp russula
Ndikosavuta kuzilakwitsa chifukwa cha russula yapoizoni, yoluma, mitundu yonseyo imamera m'malo omwewo - nkhalango ya coniferous. Ma epithet "marsh" akuwonetsa kulumikizana ndi dambo, ndipo mafangayi amapezeka nthawi zambiri pansi pa ma conifers (makamaka ma payini) mu peat, madambo a nkhalango za moss, koma osati kokha.
Chipewa
Ofiira, ofiira-bulauni kapena ocher-utoto, nthawi zina amakhala ndi mawanga otumbululuka, khungu limatuluka 1/2 mpaka pakati. Mnofu ndi pinki pansi pamunsi mwa cuticle. Hemispherical, kenako convex, imakhala yosalala ndi chapakati; milozo m'mphepete.
Mitsuko
Kirimu kapena ocher wowala, pafupipafupi.
Mwendo
White, cylindrical, nthawi zina imakulitsidwa pakatikati kapena poyambira pang'ono.
Kununkhiza / kulawa
Osati osiyana.
Russula yabodza
Palibe russula yakupha. Anthu samwalira atadya russula yabodza. Onyamula bowa samasonkhanitsa zitsanzo zomwe zimanunkhira bwino, koma zimakhala zokoma, zokoma.
Russula yopanda poizoni komanso yoopsa. Zizindikiro zapoizoni
Njira yayikulu yapoizoni yomwe imawoneka pakati pa mitundu ya russula ndi kupsinjika kwa m'mimba mwa anthu omwe amadya bowa wowopsa, wobiriwira kapena wosaphika.
Munthu akadya russula yabodza, mamina am'mimba, kuphatikiza mkamwa ndi m'matumbo, amakwiya. Russula yabodza imatsanzira matupi a zipatso za anzawo omwe amadya, kusiyanitsa bowa wowopsa ndi:
- utoto wowala;
- zojambulazo kapena siketi pa mwendo;
- zakuda zamkati zosawonongeka ndi tizilombo ndi mphutsi;
- pinki pansi pa mwendo;
- mitsempha yolimba;
- zamkati, zimasintha mtundu pophika.
Russula wosadetsedwa:
Pinki
Birch
Ofiira
Kele
Osalimba
Kuluma
Bilious
Russula - maubwino
Bowa ali ndi lecithin, michere, mavitamini, ali ndi michere yambiri, chakudya chophweka, mafuta acids, koma alibe mafuta ambiri. Anthu amadya russula akafuna:
- kuonda;
- yeretsani njira yogaya chakudya;
- kuthetsa mavuto am'mimba.
Enzyme yochokera ku russula imaphimba mkaka, bowa imawonjezeredwa m'mabanja mukamapanga tchizi ndi tchizi tchizi.
Russula akuvulaza
Anthu omwe ali ndi gastritis, zilonda zam'mimba ndi matenda amtima ayenera kupewa mbale za russula. Bowa silimatengeka mosavuta ndi thupi. Ngakhale anthu omwe alibe mavuto akulu amadzavulazidwa kuposa zabwino ngati adya russula yambiri pakudya kamodzi.
Kuchuluka kwa bowa kwa akulu sikuposa magalamu a 150 nthawi imodzi, ngakhale zitakhala zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa m'malo oyera zachilengedwe. Ana osapitirira zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, amayi apakati ndi okalamba ayeneranso kupewa chakudya chomwe chili ndi russula.
Momwe mungaphikire russula molondola
Pochita zophikira, bowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Asanaphike, russula imatsanulidwa ndi madzi kwa maola angapo. Madzi amatsanulidwa, owiritsa m'madzi atsopano kwa mphindi 5 kuchotsa kuwawa.
Russula sagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaphunziro oyamba, chifukwa chakudyacho chimakhala chowawa. Bowa ndi okazinga kapena amathiridwa msuzi monga kirimu wowawasa. Russula wokazinga ndi mbale yosiyana kapena kuwonjezera, kunena, mbatata.
Zipewa za russula zimadulidwa limodzi ndi nyama mu cutlets kapena yokazinga mu batter ndi zinyenyeswazi za mkate. Bowa limaphatikizidwa ndi masamba owotcha kapena okazinga.
Russula imathiridwa mchere, kuzifutsa kenako nkuzidya ngati zokoma. Kukoma kwa bowa kumalimbikitsidwa ndi adyo, anyezi, tsabola ndi zina zonunkhira. Ma russule a tsiku lotsatira amadya.
Zakudya zachilendo komanso zokoma zimapezeka ma russule akawonjezeredwa ku bowa wina, zitsamba, anyezi, komanso zokometsera zonunkhira.
Komwe russula imakula
Bowa amenewa ndi ofanana ndi mitengo yambiri, kotero russula samakololedwa kokha pansi pa birches monga boletus kapena pafupi ndi beech monga chanterelles.
Russula amakula kulikonse. Uwu ndi mawonekedwe amoyo wodabwitsa omwe amakonda chinyezi ndi chinyezi pakukula mwachangu. Fufuzani russula pambuyo pa mvula. Amabala zipatso m'malo omwewo chaka ndi chaka. Pezani mycelium kamodzi ndikusungira chaka chilichonse.
