Njoka iliyonse nja poizoni, koma si onse omwe angadzitamande chifukwa cha mchira womwe umatchulira dzinali mitundu yoposa mazana awiri.
Kufotokozera
Ma Rattlesnake (potanthauzira mawuwo kwambiri) akuphatikiza imodzi mwamagulu omwe ali m'banja lamanjoka... Herpetologists amawaika ngati Crotalinae, nthawi yomweyo amawatcha njoka zamphongo kapena njoka zam'mimbamo (chifukwa cha maenje awiri otentha omwe amaikidwa pakati pa mphuno ndi maso).
Surukuku (nawonso ndi oyang'anira njuchi), ma keffiys akachisi, mafunde, njoka zamapira, njoka, urutus, njoka zotsogola ku America - mitundu yonse yokwawa iyi ndi ya banja la Crotalinae, lomwe lili ndi mitundu 21 ndi mitundu 224.
Imodzi mwa genera ili ndi dzina lonyada la Crotalus - njoka zenizeni. Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu 36, kuphatikiza njoka zazing'ono zazing'ono, pafupifupi theka la mita, ndi rhombic rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus), mpaka mamita awiri ndi theka. Mwa njira, ma herpetologists ambiri amawona kuti njoka zam'mbuyomu ndizakale komanso zokongola kwambiri.
Kuwonekera kwa njoka
Njoka zam'mutu zimasiyanasiyana kukula (kuyambira 0,5 mita mpaka 3.5 m) ndi utoto, womwe, monga ulamuliro, uli ndi mawonekedwe a polychrome. Masikelo amatha kujambulidwa pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya utawaleza - yoyera, yakuda, chitsulo, beige, emarodi, ofiira-pinki, abulauni, achikaso ndi zina zambiri. Zokwawa izi nthawi zambiri sizimasintha zokha, sizimachita mantha kuwonetsa mawonekedwe ake ovuta komanso mitundu yokongola.
Mbiri yayikulu nthawi zambiri imawoneka ngati yolukanalukana mikwingwirima, mizere kapena ma rombus. Nthawi zina, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi celebeskoy keffiyeh, mtundu wobiriwira (wobiriwira wowala) umangosungunuka pang'ono ndi mikwingwirima yoyera yoyera.
Njoka zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi mutu woboola pakati, zibambo ziwiri zazitali (pomwepo poizoni amadutsa) ndi mchira womangika wopangidwa ndi ma keratinities ooneka ngati mphete.
Zofunika! Osati zokwawa zonse zili ndi njoka zamphongo - sizili, mwachitsanzo, ku shitomordnikov, komanso mu Catalina rattlesnake wokhala pafupi. Santa Catalina (Gulf of California).
Njokayo imafunikira mchira kuti iwopseze adani, ndipo kukula kwake kukupitilizabe m'moyo wake wonse. Kukulira kumapeto kwa mchira kumawonekera pambuyo pa molt woyamba. Nthawi ina ikamadutsa, zidutswa za khungu lakale zimamamatira pakukula kumeneku, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mpumulo.
Mukasuntha, mphetezo zimatayika, koma zambiri zimatsalira ngati chida choletsera / chenjezo. Kugwedeza kwa mchira wakwezedwa, wokhala ndi phokoso, kumawonetsa kuti chokwawa chimachita mantha ndipo muyenera kusiya njira yake.
Malinga ndi a Nikolai Drozdov, kulira kwa mphete zofananira kuli kofanana ndi phokoso lomwe limapangidwa ndi kanema wojambulidwa ndipo limamveka patali mpaka 30 mita.
Utali wamoyo
Ngati njoka zam'madzi zimatha nthawi yonse yachilengedwe, sakanachoka padziko lino zaka 30 zisanachitike. Pafupifupi, uku ndikutalika komwe mitu ya dzenje imakhala muukapolo (mokhutira komanso opanda adani achilengedwe). Mwambiri, zokwawa izi sizimafika pafupifupi makumi awiri, ndipo ambiri amafa kale kwambiri.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malinga ndi herpetologists, pafupifupi theka la rattlesnakes (mitundu 106) amakhala ku kontinentiyo yaku America ndi mitundu ingapo (69 ya mitundu) ku Southeast Asia.
Mitu yokha yokha yomwe yalowa m'magulu onse apadziko lapansi amatchedwa shitomordniki... Zoona, ku North America kuli zochepa - mitundu itatu yokha. Awiri (kum'mawa ndi wamba shitomordniki) adapezeka ku Far East mdziko lathu, ku Central Asia ndi Azerbaijan. Kum'mawa kumapezekanso ku China, Japan ndi Korea, komwe nzika zake zaphunzira kuphika mbale zabwino kwambiri kuchokera ku nyama ya njoka.
Njoka wamba imatha kuoneka ku Afghanistan, Iran, Korea, Mongolia ndi China, ndipo nkhosayo imatha kuwona ku Sri Lanka ndi India. Mace osalala amakhala ku Indochina Peninsula, Sumatra ndi Java. Himalaya amakonda mapiri, kugonjetsa nsonga mpaka 5 zikwi mamita.
Kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi, mitundu yambiri ya keffis imakhala, yochititsa chidwi kwambiri yomwe imadziwika kuti imakhala ku Japan - mita imodzi ndi theka. Mountain keffiyeh adalembetsa ku Indochina Peninsula ndi ku Himalaya, ndi bamboo - ku India, Nepal ndi Pakistan.
Kumadzulo kwa dziko lapansi, palinso mipesa ina yotchedwa botrops. Ma rattlesnake ambiri ku Brazil, Paraguay ndi Uruguay amadziwika kuti ndi njoka zotentha, ndipo ku Mexico - urutu.
Moyo wa Rattlesnake
Mitu ya Dzenje ndi gulu losiyanasiyana kotero kuti mutha kupeza mamembala kulikonse kuchokera kuzipululu mpaka kumapiri.... Mwachitsanzo, njoka yam'madzi "imadya" m'madambo, madambo onyowa, magombe amadziwe ndi mitsinje, ndi Bothrops athrox imakonda nkhalango zotentha.
Njoka zina zamtunduwu sizimatsika m'mitengo, zina zimakhala ndi chidaliro pansi, ndipo zina zasankha miyala.
Madzulo dzuwa lotentha, njoka zam'madzi zimapuma pansi pamiyala, mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yakugwa, pansi pamasamba ogwa, m'munsi mwa ziphuphu ndi mabowo omwe asiyidwa ndi mbewa, kupeza nyonga pafupi ndi madzulo. Zochitika zausiku zimakhala ngati nyengo yotentha: m'nyengo yozizira, njoka zimakhazikika masana.
Ozizira m'nyengo yozizira, komanso zokwawa zapakati, nthawi zambiri zimawala ndi dzuwa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Njoka zamchere zambiri zimakhalabe zokhulupirika kwazaka zambiri mpaka kubowola lomwe lidasankhidwa kale, momwe mbadwa zawo zambiri zikupitilizabe kukhala. Nora akuwoneka kuti watengera kwa zaka makumi khumi ndi mazana.
M'khola labanja lotere, magulu akuluakulu a njoka amakhala. Kutuluka koyamba, kusaka, kukwerana komanso kusamuka kwanyengo kumachitika pafupi ndi khwawa. Mitundu ina ya njoka zam'madzi zimabisala m'makampani akulu, kutenthetsana nthawi yopumula, pomwe ina imasiyana.
Zakudya, kupanga
Mbalame zotchedwa rattakesnakes, monga nyama zobisalira zomwe zimawabisalira, zimayimirira ndikudikirira kuti nyamazo zibwere patali. Chizindikiro cha kuukira kumene kukuyandikira ndi kukhosi kopindika ngati kwa S, komwe mutu wa chinjoka umayang'ana mdani. Kutalika kwa kuponyako ndikofanana ndi 1/3 kutalika kwa thupi la njoka.
Mofanana ndi njoka zina, mamba a mdzenje amalimbana ndi nyama yapoizoni m'malo mongoitsatira. Rattlesnake amadyetsa makamaka nyama zazing'ono zotentha, koma osati iwo okha. Zakudyazo (kutengera dera) zili ndi:
- makoswe, kuphatikizapo mbewa, makoswe ndi akalulu;
- mbalame;
- nsomba;
- achule;
- abuluzi;
- njoka zazing'ono;
- tizilombo, kuphatikizapo cicadas ndi mbozi.
Njoka zaunyamata nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito nsonga zawo zamiyala yowala kukopa abuluzi ndi achule.
Masana, njoka zam'madzi zimapeza nyama mothandizidwa ndi ziwalo wamba zamasomphenya, koma chinthu chomwe chimazizidwa osasuntha sichingazindikiridwe. Usiku, amawathandiza, potengera kutentha kwa maenje, kusiyanitsa tizigawo tating'onoting'ono. Ngakhale mdima wandiweyani, njokayo imawona kutentha kwa wozunzayo komwe kumapangidwa ndi radiation ya infrared.
Adani a njoka yamchere
Choyamba, uyu ndi munthu amene amawononga zokwawa posangalala kapena chifukwa cha mantha opanda chifukwa. Mbalame zambiri zamtunduwu zinaphwanyidwa m'misewu. Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa njoka zammbuna, monga njoka zina, padziko lapansi kwatsika kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa cha njoka zam'madzi, imodzi mwazoyenda zakale za rumba yaku Mexico zidawoneka: wovina nthawi ndi nthawi amaponyera mwendo wake kutsogolo kapena chammbali, kukanikiza china ndi chidendene. Zimapezeka kuti njoka zimalowa mgule nthawi zambiri kotero kuti amuna amaphunzira kupondaponda zokwawa, mosadukiza rumba.
Adani achilengedwe a rattlesnake, pamodzi ndi anthu, ndi awa:
- nkhono zofiira;
- mimbulu;
- ziphuphu;
- nkhandwe;
- njoka, kuphatikizapo zazikulu (mpaka 2.4 m) za musuran;
- California ikuyendetsa nkhaka.
Zinthu zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa njoka zam'madzi zimaphatikizapo chisanu chausiku, chomwe chimapha ana oswedwa kumene.
Kubalana kwa njoka
Ma viviparous rattlesnake amakwatirana nthawi yachisanu (mu Epulo-Meyi) kapena mtsogolo, kutengera mtunduwo... Nthawi zambiri, umuna wa chilimwe umasungidwa mthupi la mkazi mpaka masika otsatira, ndipo mu Juni kokha chokwawa chimayikira mazira. Mu zowalamulira pamakhala zidutswa 2 mpaka 86 (Bothrops atrox), koma pafupifupi 9-12, ndipo patatha miyezi itatu mwanayo amabadwa.
Monga lamulo, asanaikire mazira, akazi amakwawa kutali ndi khola lawo kwa 0,5 km, koma zimachitika kuti njoka zimaswa mu chisa cha banja. Pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri, wamkazi, atapezanso mphamvu, adzakhala wokonzekera kukwerana kwina.
Zikhala zosangalatsa: momwe njoka zimaswana
Ali ndi masiku khumi, njoka zimatulutsa khungu kwa nthawi yoyamba, pomwe "batani" limapangidwa kumapeto kwa mchira, womwe pamapeto pake umasanduka phokoso. Chakumayambiriro kwa Okutobala, njoka zikuyesa kulowa muboola wawo, koma sikuti aliyense amapambana: ena amafa ndi kuzizira komanso olusa, ena amasochera.
Amphongo a mimbulu amafika pofika zaka ziwiri, akazi ndi atatu.
Ululu wa njoka zam'madzi, kuluma njoka
Njoka yamphongo yoopsa kwambiri komanso yoopsa kwambiri imatchedwa Crotalus scutulatus, yomwe imakhala m'zipululu ndi m'nkhalango ku North America. Akamamuukira, amabayitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Komabe, pafupifupi ma rattlesnake onse ali ndi poyizoni: poyizoni nthawi zambiri amayambitsa kukha magazi mkati, kumabweretsa mantha a anaphylactic, kulephera kupuma, kulephera kwa impso ndi kufa.
Zowona, kuweruza ndi ziwerengero, ku United States chaka chilichonse anthu 10-15 amamwalira kuchokera ku 8,000 yolumidwa, zomwe zikuwonetsa mulingo wapamwamba wamankhwala komanso kupezeka kwa mankhwala amakono.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti njoka yamtunduwu imakonda kuukira munthu, posankha kupuma pantchito ikakumana... Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, amatha kugwedeza phokoso lake, akudziwitsa achibale za ngozi zomwe zingakhalepo.
Ngati mwalumidwa ndi shitomordnik, ndipo simunakonze mankhwala, kumbukirani njira zowerengera zolimbana ndi ululu wa njoka:
- imwani tiyi wambiri (wotentha, wokoma komanso wamphamvu kwambiri);
- Imwani vodka (ngati mukuipeza);
- tengani cordiamine (ngati zingachitike);
- kulowa / kumwa antihistamines (suprastin, tavegil kapena ena).
Ndipo musaiwale kuti njoka, ikalumidwa, sikabaya nthawi zonse poizoni: nthawi zina imakhala mtundu wamwambo wopangira kuwopseza.
Kusunga njoka yanjoka kunyumba
Choyamba, ganizirani mosamala ngati mudzatha kudziteteza nokha ndi iwo okuzungulirani poyambitsa njoka. Ngati yankho lanu ndi inde, pezani terrarium yopingasa (yokhala ndi kukula kwa 80 * 50 * 50 kwa akulu 2-3).
Zomwe mukufunikira kukonzekeretsa khola la njoka mtsogolo:
- Nthaka yomwe gawo la kokonati kapena cypress mulch wothira moss ndi udzu ndi wangwiro;
- Masamba (pamwamba pa nthaka) kuti abweretse malo okhala pafupi ndi chilengedwe. Mutha kutenga masamba aliwonse, kuphatikiza linden, birch ndi thundu;
- mwala wamafuta osakanikirana womwe udzalowe m'malo mwa miyala;
- khungwa ndi nkhuni, kumene njoka zam'madzi zimabisala;
- chakumwa chokhala ndi ndere ndi moss: motere mumapeza chinyezi chambiri, poteteza madzi kuti aziuluka mzidutswa za dothi.
Ziweto zanu zidzafunika kutentha kwawo... Izi zikutanthauza kuti usiku mu terrarium sayenera kuzizira + 21 + 23 madigiri, ndipo masana - + 29 + 32 madigiri (m'dera ofunda) ndi + 25 + 27 madigiri (m'madera shaded). Chinyezi cha mlengalenga chimasungidwa pamlingo wa 40-50% mwa kupopera mankhwalawa ndi mfuti yopopera kamodzi patsiku kapena kuyika jenereta ya chifunga.
Zikhala zosangalatsa: kusunga njoka kunyumba
Zokwawa zazikulu zimadyetsedwa masiku aliwonse 10-14 kuti zisayambitse kunenepa kwambiri. Chakudya chachikulu cha rattlesnakes chidzakhala makoswe ang'onoang'ono; ndikumayambiriro kwa kasupe, tizilombo tambiri ndi achule timayambitsidwa mu zakudya.
