Zinyalala zapakhomo (MSW) ndi zotsalira za chakudya ndi zinthu zomwe sizingagwiritsidwenso ntchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Zolembazo zili ndi zinyalala zachilengedwe komanso zinyalala zapakhomo. Chaka chilichonse kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zikukulirakulira, chifukwa padziko lapansi pali vuto lazotaya zinyalala.
Zipangizo za MSW
Zinyalala zolimba zimadziwika ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso heterogeneity. Malo opangira zinyalala ndi nyumba zogona, mafakitale, zofunikira komanso zamalonda. Gulu lazinyalala lolimba limapangidwa ndi izi:
- zopangidwa pamapepala ndi makatoni;
- zitsulo;
- pulasitiki;
- zinyalala chakudya;
- zopangidwa ndi matabwa;
- nsalu;
- zotchinga magalasi;
- labala ndi zinthu zina.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimawononga thanzi zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe. Awa ndi mabatire, zodzoladzola, zida zamagetsi ndi zapanyumba, utoto, zinyalala zamankhwala, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, utoto ndi mavanishi, feteleza, mankhwala, zinthu zokhala ndi mercury. Zimayambitsa kuipitsa madzi, nthaka ndi mpweya, komanso zimawononga thanzi la zinthu zamoyo.
Ntchito yachiwiri ya zinyalala zolimba
Pofuna kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala pazachilengedwe, zinyalala zina zimalimbikitsidwa kuti zigwiritsidwenso ntchito. Gawo loyambirira la izi ndikulekanitsa zinyalala. Pazinyalala zonse, ndi 15% yokha yomwe singagwiritsidwe ntchito. Chifukwa chake, zotsalira zomwe zitha kusungunuka zitha kusonkhanitsidwa ndikusinthidwa kuti mupeze zida zamagetsi, monga biogas. Izi zichepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala chifukwa zizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chodyera magetsi, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osungira zachilengedwe.
Makampani apadera amakonza zinyalala zamitundu zosiyanasiyana.
Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito makatoni ndi mapepala, omwe anthu amatolera ndikupereka mapepala owononga. Mukazikonza, moyo wamitengo umasungidwa. Chifukwa chake, matani 1 miliyoni a pepala lokonzekera amasunga pafupifupi mahekitala 62 a nkhalango.
Kuphatikiza apo, magalasi amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kumbali ya mtengo wachuma, ndikotsika mtengo kukonzanso botolo lagalasi lomwe lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kale kuposa kupanga latsopano. Mwachitsanzo, 24% yamphamvu imapulumutsidwa ngati mugwiritsanso ntchito botolo la 0,33 litre. Galasi losweka limagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamakampani. Zatsopano zimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo, ndipo zimawonjezeranso pakupanga zida zina zomangira.
Pulasitiki yogwiritsidwa ntchito imachotsedwa, pambuyo pake zinthu zatsopano zimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo. Nthawi zambiri zinthuzo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga njanji ndi mpanda. Zitini zazitsulo zimakonzedwanso. Tin imapezeka kuchokera kwa iwo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene toni 1 yachotsedwa m'maminera, matani 400 a ore amafunikira. Ngati mutulutsa zakuthupi zofananira, ndiye kuti pamafunika matani 120 okha a malata.
Pofuna kuti zinyalala zolimba zizigwiritsidwanso ntchito bwino, zinyalalazo ziyenera kusankhidwa. Pachifukwachi, pali zotengera momwe muli magawano apulasitiki, mapepala ndi zinyalala zina.
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kuchokera kuzinyalala zolimba
Zinyalala zaboma zimayipitsa dziko lapansi, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kukuwononga chilengedwe. Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala pansi kumakhala kovulaza, ndipo chachiwiri, guluu, varnishi, utoto, poyizoni, mankhwala ndi zinthu zina ndizovulaza chilengedwe. Sizingatayidwe kutali, zinthu izi ziyenera kuchepetsedwa ndikuikidwa m'manda apadera.
Mabatire, zodzoladzola, zida zamagetsi ndi zinyalala zina zowopsa zikachulukirachulukira, amatulutsa ma mercury, lead ndi utsi wakupha, womwe umalowa mlengalenga, umadetsa nthaka, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi madzi apansi panthaka ndi madzi amvula amatsukidwa kukhala matupi amadzi. Malo omwe malo otayira zinyalala amapezeka sangakhale oyenera kudzakhala nawo mtsogolo. Amaipitsanso chilengedwe, chomwe chimayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana mwa anthu omwe amakhala pafupi. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, madontho a magulu oopsa a 1, 2 ndi 3 amadziwika.
Yobwezeretsanso zinyalala zolimba
M'mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zinyalala zapakhomo zimapangidwanso. Ku Russia, izi ndizovomerezeka ndi lamulo ndipo cholinga chake ndi kupulumutsa chuma. Miyezo yamakampani imaloleza kugwiritsa ntchito zopangira zachiwiri. Komabe, izi zimafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera (kutsimikizira, kugawa, kupereka ziphaso, kupereka zilolezo, ndi zina zambiri).
Popanga, zinthu zobwezerezedwanso sizomwe amakonda. Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito zinyalala zobwezerezedwanso chifukwa cha izi:
- ndalama zopulumutsa pochotsa zopangira zoyambirira;
- kuchoka m'malo omwe zinyalala zolimba zidasungidwa kale;
- kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha zinyalala zachilengedwe.
Mwambiri, vuto la zinyalala zolimba za m'matawuni likufalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Mkhalidwe wamlengalenga, hydrosphere ndi lithosphere zimatengera yankho lake. Kuchepetsa zinyalala kumakhudzanso thanzi la anthu, chifukwa chake nkhaniyi singanyalanyazidwe.
