Mzindawu ukugona, ndipo cholengedwa chodabwitsa chimadzuka, chodzetsa chidwi ndi mantha kwa anthu ambiri - nsapato za akavalo... M'malo mwake, zolengedwa izi zimayamba kugwira ntchito zawo koyambirira, ndikulowa mdima woyamba. Ndipo mdima, moyo wawo umakhala wachangu kwambiri.
Anthu ambiri amakhala osamala komanso amanyansidwa ndi mileme. Nthawi zambiri amachita mantha ndiulendo wawo wapandege, phokoso lomwe amapanga, kuwononga kwawo ziweto. Ndipo zowonadi, apa panali nthano zonena za mzukwa apa, chifukwa mileme ndiotengera zawo m'mabuku ndi zaluso.
Komabe, si mileme yonse yomwe imadya magazi, imawukira ziweto, imawoneka ngati mbewa zouluka, komanso imafalitsa matenda a chiwewe pakati pa nyama. Izi zimachitika kuti chinthu choyipa kwambiri m'chifaniziro chawo ndi mawonekedwe awo okha, ndipo chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha ichi ndi nsapato za akavalo... Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi mawonekedwe apadera pankhope pake. Pali nthano zambiri za iwo, monga za mileme yonse. Tiyeni tiyesere kudziwa ngati zili zowona mu nthano izi.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Horseshoe amawawona ngati mileme yakale kwambiri. Dzinali linapatsidwa kwa iwo mwa mawonekedwe a khungu la khungu lomwe limazungulira mphuno, lofanana ndi nsapato ya akavalo. Zikuwoneka kuti zungulira mphuno.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti gawo la "zokongoletserazi" silopuma konse, koma kuyenda. Kukula kumathandizira kupanga milatho yazizindikiritso za echolocation, zomwe nyama izi zimalumikizana ndi mphuno pakamwa patsekedwa. Zili ndi mapiko otambalala, nthawi zambiri amapindidwa ngati ubweya wa akodioni. Pa nthawi yothamanga, imakhala pakati pa 19 mpaka 50 cm m'lifupi, kutengera mitundu.
Mchira umaphatikizidwira pakatikati, ndipo kupumula kumayang'ana kumbuyo. Awiri awiriawiri amiyendo. Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yayitali, yokhala ndi zikhadabo zopindika komanso zowongoka kwambiri. Tithokoze iwo, mileme yamahatchi imagwiritsitsa malo "olakwika" - makoma ndi kudenga kwa malo awo okhala.
Kutsogolo kumawoneka modzichepetsa kwambiri. Kukula kwa thupi kumakhala kuyambira 2.8 mpaka 11 cm, kulemera kwake kumasiyana pakati pa 6 mpaka 150. Mbali yakumbuyo ya sternum, nthiti ziwiri zoyambirira, chiberekero chachisanu ndi chiwiri komanso chotupa choyamba chamtundu wa thoracic zidalumikizana, ndikupanga mphete imodzi mozungulira.
Mtundu wa ubweya nthawi zambiri umakhala wa imvi-bulauni, wosasunthika, nthawi zina wowala pang'ono, kufupi ndi kufiyira. Palinso maalubino. Maso ndi ochepa, ndipo makutu, m'malo mwake, ndi akulu, owongoka, owoneka ngati diamondi komanso opanda zovuta (katsamba kakang'ono kophimba chovala).
Mileme Horseshoe, monga nkhandwe ndi raccoons, akhoza kutenga matenda a chiwewe. Komabe, matenda awo kumaonekera osati mwaukali, koma m'malo mwake. Nyama yomwe ili ndi kachilomboka imachita dzanzi, ngati kuti yafa ziwalo ndipo siyitha kuwuluka. Mukakhala kutali ndi mileme yokwawa, palibe ngozi.
*Nthano yoyamba - mileme ndiomwe imatulutsa chiwewe.
Mitundu
Mbewa za Horseshoe onaninso mabanja awiri - Milomo ya akavalo (Hipposiderini), amatchedwa nthawi zambiri mphuno zamasamba, ndipo makamaka, mileme yamahatchi (Rhinolophus).
Banja loyamba lili ndi mibadwo 9, kuphatikiza mitundu 67. Sanaphunzirebe bwino chifukwa chachinsinsi chawo, koma tikudziwa zina mwa zolengedwa zodabwitsazi.
- Tsamba la Kaffra... Monga mphuno zonse zamasamba, kutuluka kwake kwamatenda m'mphuno kumakhala kofanana ndi tsamba. Okhala ku Central ndi South Africa. Dera lake limatha, titha kunena za magulu osiyana, koma osakhazikika. Nyamayo ndi yaying'ono, mpaka 9 cm kutalika ndi 10 g kulemera. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi. Ubweyawo ndi wafumbi komanso mtundu wa mchenga wotentha, wokhala ndi utoto wofiyira. Mdani wachilengedwe wa khanduyu ndi mbalame zodya nyama, makamaka mphamba wakukamwa.
- Wobala masamba wamba... Wokhala ku Asia. Osasankha zanyumba - nthaka youma, nkhalango zowirira, madera olima - amakonda chilichonse. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mapanga amiyala yamiyala. Ana amapitiliza kukhala pafupi ndi amayi awo ngakhale kudyetsa kutatha.
- Wobala masamba obiriwira... Amakhala ku Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia. Amakonda nkhalango zotentha.
- Mphuno ya Commerson. Amatchedwa pambuyo pa wasayansi waku France Philibert Commerson. Amakhala ku Madagascar. Amadyetsa makamaka nyongolotsi.
- Ridley kachilomboka kugawidwa ku Southeast Asia. Imakhala m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 15 pansi pa korona wamitengo yayitali. Wotchedwa dzina lachiyuda waku Britain a Henry Nicholas Ridley.
- Tridentus... Zonsezi ndi mitundu iwiri ya chilengedwe ichi, azungu komanso wambakhalani kumpoto kwa Africa. Ndi yaying'ono kwambiri - mpaka masentimita 6 m'litali, imalemera ochepera 10. Koma nyenyeswa zimakhala ndi makutu akulu amaliseche, m'kamwa monse ndi katemera ngati mawonekedwe ozungulira mphuno. Mtundu umasiyanasiyana, koma umasungidwa mu "kalembedwe" ka zipululu zaku Africa, kuyambira imvi mpaka bulauni, wokhala wachikaso komanso wofiira.
Banja laling'ono la Rhinolophus limangokhala ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wosankha mileme ya Horseshoe yokhala ndi mitundu 63. Odziwika kwambiri ndi awa:
- Nsapato yayikulu yamahatchi... Mwa oyimira ku Europe, amadziwika kuti ndi akulu kwambiri. Kukula kwake kwa thupi kumakhala mpaka 7.1 cm, kulemera kwake mpaka 35 g.Dera limadutsa kumwera chakumwera kwa kontrakitala yonse ya Eurasia, kuphatikiza Spain, France, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Tibet, Himalaya, China ndi Japan. Aang'ono analanda kumpoto kwa Africa. Timazipeza kumpoto kwa Caucasus kuchokera ku Krasnodar Territory kupita ku Dagestan. Kuphatikiza pa mapanga a karst, mabwinja osiyanasiyana ndi mitsinje, nthawi zambiri imawonedwa pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu, ngakhale pamtunda wa 3500 m kumapiri. Makoloni amakhala pakati pa makumi angapo mpaka anthu mazana angapo. M'misasa yozizira, kutentha kumakhala kolimba kuyambira +1 mpaka + 10 ° C. Akazi amabisala mosiyana ndi amuna.
- Nsapato yaying'ono yamahatchi... Mosiyana ndi wakale uja, nthumwiyi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa onse aku Europe. Thupi lake ndi laling'ono kukula kuposa bokosi lamachesi - mpaka 4.5 cm kutalika, ndi kulemera - mpaka magalamu 9. Mapiko ake amakhala mpaka masentimita 25. Mwinanso, chifukwa cha kukula kwawo pang'ono, amakhala moyo wosungulumwa kwambiri. Onse mchilimwe komanso m'nyengo yozizira amakhala okha, kupatula nthawi yolowa m'malo.
Amakhumudwitsidwa ndi nyama zambiri - ma martens, amphaka, akadzidzi, mbewa. Sathamanga kwambiri, ndipo amakhulupirira kwambiri maphunziro awo kuposa masomphenya, chifukwa ali ndi gawo laling'ono. Amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo zambiri posaka kuposa mitundu ina. Nthawi zambiri zimauluka pamalo osaposa mamita 5. Zimaswana m'chilimwe.
- Southern akavalo... Amapezeka kumwera kwa Europe, Middle East komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa. Russia ilinso m'ndandanda wamayiko omwe akukhalamo. Amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yosawerengeka. M'chilimwe, magulu amawerengera anthu 50 mpaka 1500. Madera achisanu amakula mpaka makope 2,000. Amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wokhala pansi womwe umakhala m'mapanga, migodi ngakhalenso m'zipinda zogona.
Ili ndi ubweya wofewa mumayendedwe ofiira. Kumbuyo - kofiirira, pamimba - wonyezimira wachikasu.
- Zochititsa chidwi kapena Horseshoe Megeli... Dzina lina ndi khate la akavalo waku Romania. Amadziwika ndi dzina lachirengedwe Lajos Mecheli. Kukula ndi utoto, imakhala ndi tanthauzo la "golide" pakati pa abale akulu ndi ang'ono. Kulemera kwake ndi kwa 17 g, ndipo kukula kwake ndi masentimita 6.4. Ubweya ndi wandiweyani. Mdima wozungulira kuzungulira mawonekedwe am magalasi ndiwodziwika. Amakhala kumwera kwa Europe, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa komanso kumpoto kwa Africa.
- South China nsapato... Mwa zonsezi pamwambapa, iye yekha sanalemekeze Russia. Dziko lakwawo ndi South Asia: China, India, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Nepal. Mtundu uwu wavutika kwambiri chifukwa cha zokopa m'mapanga ndi zochitika za anthu. Imatetezedwa m'malo ena osungira zachilengedwe.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mileme ya Horseshoe yasankha kokha Kum'mawa kwa dziko lapansi. Pazifukwa zina, sanakumaneko ku America mpaka pano. Amakhala kumwera kwa Eurasia, Africa, Australia ndi zilumba zambiri za Pacific. Malo kwa iwo alibe tanthauzo lililonse - amatha kukhala m'nkhalango, zigwa, mapiri ndi zipululu.
Malo okhala anthu sanachotsedwe pamndandandawu. Tsiku lililonse amakhala m'malo obisalamo - m'mapanga, m'maenje, m'migodi kapena nyumba zosiyanasiyana. Ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu mpaka mazana angapo.
Pakugona, amadziphimba ndi mapiko, ngati bulangeti, ndikudzikulunga nawo. Pakadali pano nsapato za akavalo pachithunzichi amafanana ndi koko. Ngati nyengo ndi yotentha kapena kuzizira kwambiri kwa iwo, amabisala. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yachisanu m'malo otentha kapena m'nyengo yotentha kwambiri kumwera.
Kugona masana ndi pang'ono. Ngati zasokonezedwa, zimapanga mawu osasangalatsa, amwano, ofanana ndi phokoso. Amakwezedwa kangapo mobwerezabwereza ndi mapokoso akumapanga akumapako, nthawi zambiri amawopseza apaulendo osachita bwino.
M'mabuku azoyeserera, tawona malongosoledwe a mileme yomwe imamangirira kumutu kwa anthu akangolowa m'gawo lawo. Kuchotsa iwo kunali kosatheka, amakhulupirira kuti amatha kusankha tsitsi lawo monga maziko a chisa chamtsogolo.
*Nthano yachiwiri - mileme imamanga zisa. M'malo mwake, kumanga sikochita zomwe amakonda. Amapeza malo okhala kapena achilengedwe mosavuta. Ndipo anthu amangomira m'madzi kokha m'phanga lakuda pomwe zokwawa zimakwera munthu mosazindikira. Ichi ndi chinthu chokha chomwe chimawakonda.
Ndisanayiwale, *nthano yachitatu - mbewa nthawi zonse zimapachikika mozondoka. Koma asayansi amati sitidziwa zochepa za iwo. M'ming'alu yopapatiza amakhala ngati mbalame panthambi.
Zakudya zabwino
Mano awo, 32 kuchuluka, ndi ochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi osawoneka kuchokera m'kamwa. Zimakhala zovuta kuluma kudzera pakhungu la cholengedwa china chokhala ndi tizinthu tating'onoting'ono ngati tomwe. Chifukwa chake, amangokhalira kukonda zolengedwa zazing'ono - tizilombo. Amagwira iwo ntchentche.
Mwa njira, mosiyana ndi mbewa wamba ndi makoswe, samadya chilichonse - samatafuna tirigu ndi zakudya zina, komanso kudenga, pulasitiki komanso chitsulo. Makoswe opatsa chidwi amachita izi. Kumbali ya zakudya, mileme ili pafupi kwambiri ndi anyani kuposa makoswe. Ndipo machitidwe awo sali ofanana. Kuchita zachinyengo, kuzembera, kuthawirako komanso kusaopa makoswe wamba sikuli nawo.
*Nthano yachinayi - amawoneka ngati makoswe oyenda. Ndipo pambuyo pake tidzachita zonyansa ndinthano yachisanukuti mileme ndi tizirombo. Izi sizowona. Kudyetsa tizilombo, komwe kumavulaza kwambiri zomera, maulendowa ndiopindulitsa. Inde, usiku umodzi, woyeretsa wotere amatha kudya tizilombo pafupifupi chikwi.
Chakudya chachikulu cha mileme yamahatchi ndi njenjete, komanso udzudzu, mphutsi, ntchentche, odyera thunthu, mafinya, ntchentche, ntchentche ndi ma Diptera ena, Lepidoptera ndi Retinoptera. Komanso akangaude. Amasaka okha, ndegeyo imakhala chete osati mwachangu kwambiri. Koma ndiyotheka kwambiri.
Mitundu ina imagwira chakudya pa ntchentche, pomwe ina imapachikidwa pamtengo kwa nthawi yayitali, kudikirira wothandizidwayo. Powona, akuthamangira kanthawi kochepa. Mleme weniweni wamahatchi nthawi zambiri amauluka m'malo otsika mkati mwa zomera. Pouluka, zimatulutsa zikwangwani, ndipo izi sizimawalepheretsa kudya.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
M'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuswana kumachitika nthawi yachilimwe kapena kugwa kusanachitike. Komatu dzira la mazira limayamba kukula pokhapokha dzinja, nyengo ikakhala kuti ili pafupi. Kawirikawiri, yaikazi imangokhala ndi mwana mmodzi yekha kwa miyezi itatu, yomwe kulemera kwake kumakhala kotala la kulemera kwa amayi.
Poyamba, amapachika thupi la kholo, kumamatira mwamphamvu ndi zikhadabo, kuyamwa nsonga yamabele. Mwana amatsegula maso ake pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndipo amatha kuwuluka pambuyo pa masabata atatu. Pambuyo masiku 30, mwanayo amatha kale kusaka yekha.
Kukula msinkhu kumachitika zaka 2 zakubadwa. Koma m'mitundu ina, akazi samakwatirana mpaka zaka 5. Zosangalatsa mbewa yamahatchi pazithunzithunzi zazing'ono ngati izi, zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri - kutengera mitundu, kuyambira zaka 20 mpaka 30.
Zosangalatsa
- Nthano yachisanu ndi chimodzi - mileme ya vampire. Mwa mileme 1,200 yodziwika, atatu okha ndi amampires. Sanakumaneko ku Russia mpaka pano. Kuchokera m'malovu awo, mankhwala "Drakulin" amapangidwa, omwe amaletsa magazi kugundana. Khalidwe lapaderali lingakhale lofunikira pamankhwala ena.
- Nthano yachisanu ndi chiwiri - mileme, monga osaka usiku ambiri, amakhala akhungu masana. Koma amawona bwino. Zina sizoyipa kwambiri, koma zili bwino kwambiri kuposa anthu, chifukwa amakhalanso ndi "kuwonanso" - echolocation.
- Nthano yachisanu ndi chitatu - Mwa mitundu 63 ya mileme yamahatchi, 4 amawerengedwa kuti amanyamula ma coronaviruses okhudzana ndi SARS (atypical pneumonia). Ndipo imodzi mwa iyo ndi nsapato yayikulu ya akavalo, yotchuka ku Russia. Tsoka ilo, pakadali pano nthano iyi sinasinthidwe. Koma sichingatchulidwe kuti chatsimikizika.
