Tangoganizirani momwe zikanakhalira zovuta m'nkhalango mbalame sizikuimba. Ndi mbalame zoyimba zomwe zimapanga mawu apadera achilengedwe. Ma trill awo, kulira, ma roulades nthawi zonse amakhala osangalala. Komanso, birdong, malinga ndi madokotala, kwambiri bwino thanzi. Mmodzi mwa "ochiritsa oyimba" amatha kutchedwa mbalame yotchedwa "yenda momyata».
Mtundu wa skate umagwirizanitsa pafupifupi mitundu 40 ya mbalame zazing'ono, zomwe zimagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Wolemba zachilengedwe wotchuka Alfred Bram akhoza kupeza dzina lachiwiri la mbalameyi. Masewera a mbalame amatchedwanso "schevritsy". M'zaka za zana la 19, adakhala ndi mitundu yoposa 50. M'nthawi yathu ino, ma skating ambiri alowa kale mu Red Book of Russia, m'malo ena ndi International Red Book.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ma skate ndi amtundu wa wagtail, koma potengera maulawo amalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe kuposa amenewo. Mtundu uwu umatchedwa patronizing. Palibe malankhulidwe okhwima, koma ofiira ofewa, beige ndi imvi kumbuyo, ndi mitundu yowala bwino pachifuwa ndi pamimba. Kuphatikiza apo, chovala chobisika chimapangidwa ndimabotolo amtundu wamdima wakuda.
Nthenga zoterezi nthawi yomweyo amazibisa pakati pa nthambi. Koma thupi lochepa, mchira wolumikizika, miyendo yayitali kwambiri ndi mlomo wakuthwa - izi ndizofanana ndi magaleta. Kuyenda kwa mbalamezi ndichinthu chofala kwambiri "m'banja". Kukula kwa mbalameyi ndi kochepa, kuyambira 14 mpaka 20 cm, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 18-25 g.
Titha kuganiza kuti dzina loti "kavalo" lidaperekedwa kwa fidget yathu pazifukwa, koma chifukwa chokonda maulendo apandege komanso kudumpha kuchokera kunthambi kupita kunthambi. Kuphatikiza apo, pansi, amasuntha chimodzimodzi ndi kavalo wothamanga - mwachangu kwambiri ndikudumpha pang'ono.
Skate pachithunzichi ofanana ndi mbalame zina - monga lark, warblers ndi mpheta. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza chilengedwe kotero amayesetsa kuti asayime ngakhale pakati pamasewera. Ndizovuta kusiyanitsa mtundu wamtundu wina ndi mzake ndi wamphongo.
Zimakhalanso zovuta kudziwa zaka zenizeni za mbalameyi. Ngakhale kuti m'chilengedwe ndi osiyana, ndipo chiwerengero chawo ndi chachikulu, sitikudziwa zambiri za iwo. Izi zimachitika kuti mutha kuwasiyanitsa ndi mtundu wanyimbo.
Kuyimba-kavalo mbalame itha kukhala yosiyana, yonse yosangalatsa komanso yosangalatsa. Ngati muli akatswiri paukatswiri wake, mudzamva konsati yeniyeni. Ntchitoyi nthawi zambiri imayamba ndi "sip-sip-sip" kapena "tir-tir-tir" youma. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi ma trill angapo, otsatiridwa ndi kutha kwa nyimbo, komwe kumakhala ndi masilabule ena "sia-sia-sia".
Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kuwonjezera kwina "tiv-tiv-tiv". Akakhala mumtengo ngati banja, nyimboyi imasiyanasiyana komanso kusangalatsa. Mbalamezo zikakhala ndi mantha, zimabwereza mofewa "tit, tit .." kapena "cit, cit ..". Akuuluka, amafalitsa "tsii" kapena "psit" ya monosyllabic.
Mitundu
Malinga ndi akatswiri azakuthambo, madera 10 a ma skate amakhala mdera la Russia.
1. Mtsinje wa Meadow... Nthenga kumbuyo kwake ndi imvi zakuda, ndipo pachifuwa - zofiira mkaka ndi ziphuphu zakuda. Amakhala mkatikati mwa dzikolo, amasankha zigwa zonyowa ndi udzu, malo pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi madambo, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'miyala yokhala ndi tchire lomwe likukula, m'malo otseguka pomwe pali miyala, m'malo ophulika.
Itha kukwera zitunda zing'onozing'ono, itadzisankhira malo ake paphiri la chitunda kapena chitunda. Kukula kwake pafupifupi masentimita 16, kulemera pafupifupi magalamu 18. Pamiyendo yakumbuyo, mumakhala chikhadabo chachitali, pafupifupi chopindika, chomwe chingaoneke ngati chosiyana.
Kuimba meadowhorse
2. Mbalame yamtchire yamtchire wokulirapo kuposa wokhala dambo. Kukula kuli pafupifupi masentimita 18-19, kunenepa mpaka 24 g Kumbuyo kumakhala kofiirira kwakuda ndikumenyedwa kosiyanasiyana. Mimba ndi bere ndi mtundu wa batala, wokhala ndi mabotolo ang'onoang'ono a chokoleti.
Mapewa ndi opepuka ndi pinki tinge, chikhadabo chakumanja chokhotakhota ndichopindika komanso chachifupi kuposa cha dambo pipit. Amuna ndi akazi ndi ovuta kusiyanitsa akakhala chete. Ngati mbalame imayimba, zimawonekeratu kuti uyu ndi nthumwi ya kugonana kwamphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi nyimbo yawo yokhazikika komanso yosadzikonda yomwe imadziwika kwa ife kuposa ena, nthawi zambiri imasokoneza mawu ambiri m'nkhalango.
Pofika nthawi yoyikidwa, imatsika. Mbalamezi zimasankha nkhalango zowoneka bwino kuti zizikhalamo, zimakhala bwino m'madambo ndi m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, zimatha kukhala m'malo odikirira kapena m'nkhalango zazing'ono. Nthawi zina amatha kumveka kunja kwa mzindawo kubzala kapena paki.
Sakonda chinyezi chochuluka, amakonda chitonthozo chouma. Koma kuwawona sikophweka ngati mbalame sizili pansi. Pakati pa mitengo ndi tchire, zimakhala zosawoneka chifukwa cha utoto. Ndikumva kokha pomwe mutha kudziwa komwe woimbayo ali.
Sewerani kavalo wamnkhalango
3. Chingwe cha steppe m'modzi mwa akuluakulu oimira masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Central Europe. Kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 20. Kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi magalamu 22. Ali ndi kutalika kwamiyendo, komanso zala zake ndizitali. Mtundu umasiyana pang'ono ndi dambo.
Amakhala ku Kazakhstan, zigawo za steppe kum'mawa kwa Asia, ku Siberia ndi Far East, mpaka ku Pacific Ocean. Amasuntha mtunda waufupi kumadera opanda chinyezi monga madambo osefukira kapena madambo. Nyengo kum'mwera kwa Asia.
Kuimba hatchi ya steppe
4. Hatchi yakutchire. Kumbuyo kwake kuli nthenga zokhala ndi mchenga wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yosiyanasiyana. Chifuwa ndi mimba zimakhala zoyera, ndizotentha zachikasu zomwe zimada m'mbali mwake. Kutalika ndi kulemera kochepera wokhala wokhala. Amakhala m'malo otseguka, otentha, mwachitsanzo, madera, zipululu, zipululu. Amagawidwa kwambiri kontinenti yathu, komanso North America.
Mverani mawu a kavalo wam'munda
5. Hatchi yamapiri... Amakhala m'mapiri a ku Eurasia. Pali ma subspecies atatu. Mmodzi amakhala m'mapiri a Western Europe - Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkan, Alps ndi Carpathians, komanso amakhala kuzilumba za Sardinia ndi Corsica. Chachiwiri chisa kum'mawa: ku Greater and Lesser Caucasus, Armenia Highlands, Elbrus ndi Central Kopetdag.
Wachitatu amakhala chakum'mawa kwambiri, kuyambira kumapiri a Tien Shan kudutsa m'mapiri akumwera kwa Siberia mpaka ku Mongolia komanso kumadzulo kwa phiri la Stanovoy. Kutalika kwa 17-18 cm, kulemera kwa 19-24 g.Nthawi zambiri amakhala abulauni pamwamba pake ndi kutsikira pansi. Amasiyana ndi masiketi ena pamizere ingapo. M'chilimwe, mtundu wa nthenga umasintha, chifuwa chimakhala chamtambo, mutu wake umakhala wotuwa.
Hatchi yamapiri
6. Kavalo wamawangamawanga lowala mokwanira mtundu. Kukula kwake kumayambira 15 mpaka 19 cm, kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 17-26. Nyengo ikakwerana ikayamba, mbalame zazikulu zimatembenuka kukhala azitona zobiriwira pamwamba, kenako kamvekedwe kowala kameneka kamasanduka imvi pang'ono. Pali mizere yakuda pamutu ndi pamapiko. Chifuwa ndi mimba zili zoyera ndi mikwingwirima yakuda.
Pali "nsidze" yoyera yokhala ndi chikasu chachikaso pafupi ndi mlomo. Nthenga zam'mapiko kumtunda zili ndi malire oyera. Komanso pamapiko mumatha kuwona utoto wobiriwira, womwe sapezeka m'mitundu ina. Amakhala ku Asia konse kuchokera ku Kamchatka Peninsula mpaka ku Mongolia ndi China, amatha kuwona pagombe la Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi Nyanja ya Japan, kuzilumba za Kuril ndi Sakhalin.
Kuyimba pamahatchi owoneka bwino
7. Hatchi yaku Siberia ali ndi kukula kwa 14-15 cm, ndipo amalemera 20-25 g. Kujambula pamtundu wa mapiri onse - "mtundu wachilengedwe". Pamwambapo pamakhala bulauni wobiriwira wobiriwira wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kotenga nthawi, makamaka pamutu. Pansi - utoto wonyezimira wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yapakatikati. Malo okhala kuchokera ku Pechora River kupita ku Chukotka. Komanso ku Kamchatka ndi Islands Islands. Zitha kuwoneka ngakhale pamtunda. Nyengo ku Philippines ndi Indonesia.
8. Hatchi yofiira kukula kwake pafupi ndi dambo, pafupifupi 15-16 cm, kulemera kwa 18-19 g. Pamwambapo pamakhala bulauni ndimikwingwirima. Mbalame zazikulu zimakhala ndi nthenga zofiirira pakhosi, ndipo nthawi zina pamakhala mtundu wofiira pachifuwa ndi mbali. Mtundu wa nthenga zapakhosi umasungidwa m'nyengo yozizira. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi pakhosi zoyera. Pansi pa thupi ndi mtundu wa mkaka wophika wokhala ndi timadontho.
Amayimba makamaka pothawa, makamaka pansi kapena pakati pa nthambi. Anasankha madera akumpoto a tundra, mpaka kudera lamadzi oundana, amapezekanso ku Scandinavia komanso pagombe la Pacific ku Alaska. M'nyumba zokhala ndi madambo onyowa, madambo okhala ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino za mitengo.
Mverani kuimba kwa kavalo wofiira ndi khosi lofiira
9. Kavalo wadazi kapena waku America. Poyamba ankaganiza subspecies kavalo wamapiri. Amakhala ku North America, komanso ku Japan, China, Korea komanso kuno ku Eastern Siberia. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira ndi utoto wa beige, pansi pake ndi kopepuka, yoyera.
Mimba ndi chifuwa zimasanduka beige panthawi yovota. Pali mikwingwirima ndi zikwapu zochepa kwambiri m'thupi. Mtunda uwu umasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ingapo yazosankha. Zitha kuwonedwa m'malo am'madambo, m'mapiri komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
10. Hatchi ya Godlevsky mtundu wapafupi ndi chitoliro cha m'nkhalango, kupatula kuti nthenga zimakhala ndi utoto wofiyira pang'ono, wofanana ndi wam'mero wofiira. Komabe, mosiyana ndi yotsirizira, ili ndi miyendo yopepuka. Amakhala m'mapiri a Central ndi East Asia. Amakonda zitsamba ndi malo amiyala. Zimaswana m'malo otsetsereka ouma a mapiri ndi zitunda.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Popeza ma skate osiyanasiyana, titha kunena kuti amakhala kulikonse. M'nkhalango, mapiri, zipululu, madambo, taiga ndi tundra - kulikonse padziko lapansi, kupatula madera akumadzulo. Kawirikawiri amagawika awiriawiri, ndipo nthawi zonse amagwiritsitsa. Ma skate ndi mbalame zokhazokha, amakhala okhulupirika mpaka theka lachiwiri moyo wawo wonse.
Gulu la mbalame limawonedwa kawiri pachaka - akamasonkhana nthawi yachisanu komanso akabwerera kwawo. Nthawi yotsala amakhala ngati banja losiyana. Pamodzi amasaka, pamodzi kumanga zisa ndipo pamodzi kudyetsa ndi kulera anapiye.
Simawoneka kawirikawiri atakhala osayima panthambi kapena pansi. Amakhala akuyenda pafupifupi nthawi zonse. Ngati mbalame zikukhala mwakachetechete pamtengo, ndiye kuti nthawi yobisalira ili pafupi kwambiri. Kenako ngakhale wamwamuna wosakhazikika amayamba kuyimba pang'ono, ndipo pambuyo pa Julayi amakhala chete. Palibe chidwi - palibe nyimbo.
Chakumapeto kwa Seputembala, anthu omwe sakhala m'nyengo yozizira amasonkhana kumwera. Ndege zimachitika usiku kapena m'mawa. Masana, amayesa kupumula kwinakwake m'munda wa mbatata kapena pamalo opanda kanthu.
Mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumadera akumwera kwambiri zimakhalabe m'malo, safunika kusintha malo awo. Amatsimikizira kuti nyengo yachisanu ndi yokonzeka kokha ndi utoto wonyezimira pang'ono.
Zakudya zabwino
Mbalame zazikulu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta. Amasaka makamaka pamalo olimba. Chakudya chawo ndi tizilombo, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono komanso zopanda mafupa. Kumbu, cicadas, agulugufe ang'onoang'ono, mbozi, nsabwe za m'masamba, akangaude, nyerere, zouluka, zosefera, slugs ndi nkhono - apa amadyera mbalame chiyani.
Imayang'anitsitsa nyama yake kuchokera munthambizo, kenako imawulukira pansi ndikuinyamula mwachangu, mwanjira yeniyeni. Zimakhala kuti amatha kugwira udzudzu kapena midge. Nthawi zina amadya mbewu za zipatso zosiyanasiyana kapena zipatso zokhwima, koma amadyera nyama.
Pomwe zingatheke, amagwira dzombe, agulugufe ndi ziwala. Anapiye amadyetsedwa ndi mbozi. Zakudya zonse zomwe zatchulidwazi zikuwonetsa kuti mbalamezi ndizotsatira zachilengedwe. M'nyengo, alenje osatopayi amatha "kuyeretsa" zomera kuchokera kuzirombo. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimakonda kudya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta nkhono ndi nkhanu.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Atabwerera kuchokera kumayiko akutali ndipo azolowera pang'ono kwawo, mbalame zimayamba kukonzekera kuswana. Nthawi zonse amapanga chisa pansi. Ngati mbalame zakhala zikuzolowera mapiri, ndiye kuti zimasankha malo otsetsereka a mapiri kuti zikaikire zisa. Omwe amakhala m'malo onyowa ndi achithaphwi amayesa kukhala m'malo ouma poyikapo.
Amapeza bowo kapena kukhumudwa pakona yokhayokha pafupi ndi chitsa, chitsamba kapena mwala, wokutidwa ndi udzu wouma, udzu, moss, zidutswa za ubweya kapena nthenga. Nthawi zambiri, mkazi amachita izi. Mu clutch pali mazira 3 mpaka 6 okhala ndi matte pamwamba pamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Mtundu wa chipolopolocho chimadalira malo okhala ndi mtundu wa mbalame. Mazira ndi ofiira, beige, otumbululuka achikasu, obiriwira pang'ono, obiriwira achikasu kapena khofi wamkaka wofiirira. Pakati pawo, pafupifupi palibe monochromatic, iwo ndi utoto ndi zidutswa zakuda zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Mkazi amaikira mazira pafupifupi masiku 10-15. Anapiye amaswa mu Meyi. Iwo aphimbidwa ndi imvi wakuda pansi. Makolo onse amadyetsa anapiye kwa milungu iwiri. Pakati pa nthawi yokwanira ndikudyetsa, ma skate amakhala anzeru kwambiri akayandikira chisa. Amatsikira pansi chapatali, ndikuthamanga njira ina yonse.
Amachitanso chimodzimodzi akasiya chisa - choyamba amathawa, kenako amanyamuka. Mu Juni-Julayi, banjali limatha kubwereza zowonjezerazo, ngakhale nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira ochepa kuposa oyamba. Mbalamezi zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 5-8, mu ukapolo pakhala zaka zokhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 10.
Zosangalatsa
- M'malo opatsirana minyewa, pakukonzanso, nthawi zambiri amapereka kuti amvere mawu achilengedwe. Kuimba kwa skate kumakhalapo nthawi zonse pakati pa mbalame. Zochita zake zimakhala ngati zokhazokha.
- M'masiku akale, adati ngati mumva kuyimba kwa skate pambuyo pa dzinja, chaka chamawa chonse chidzakhala chosangalatsa komanso chosavuta.
- Panalinso chikhulupiriro chotere: muyenera kupeza ndikukweza nthenga ya skate, kenako ndikuyiyika pansi, ndiye kuti nyumba yanu izitetezedwa kumoto. Ndipo ngati muponyera nthenga mmwamba ndikuisiya kuti iwuluke ndi mphepo, kuyembekeza kusintha kosangalatsa m'moyo wanu pasanathe chaka, nthengayo idzakutsogolerani komwe mukufuna.
- Ma skate ena amathawira nthawi yozizira osati kumwera, koma amapita kumpoto ku England, "akuyembekeza" nyengo yofunda yam'madzi ku Gulf Stream.
- Khola nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi nkhalango kapena dambo, kuyimba kwawo kumafanana ndi kwa canary, kungoyimba kokha kumakhala kosiyanasiyana. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti nyimboyi imangokhala miyezi itatu pachaka, kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi. Koma chifukwa cha kukongola kwa kuyimba, ambiri amavomereza kuyendera kwakanthawi kotere.
