Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Zilombo zazing'onozi zimatha kudziwika kwambiri ndi anthu kwakuti zidakhala ndi mayina ambiri ndi mayina. Mwa njira, sizinthu zonse zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe awo. Tiyeni tiyambirepo kangaude solpuga, ngakhale ili m'gulu la arachnids ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo, sikuti ndi ya dongosolo la akangaude, koma ndi dongosolo la "solpugi".
Ndiye kuti, si kangaude, motero, koma abale ake apamtima, ofanana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka thupi. Salpugi amakhalanso ndi shaggy eyiti, komanso yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lowoneka bwino. Ngakhale poyang'ana koyamba zikuwoneka kuti alipo ochulukirapo khumi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti miyendo yakutsogolo ya zolengedwa sizamiyendo kwenikweni. Izi ndizomwe zimatchedwa pedipalps.
Amasewera gawo lawo osati pakukopa kokha, koma koposa zonse kulumikizana. Miyendo isanu ndi itatu yonse ili ndi zikhadabo zolimba, komanso imapatsidwa makapu oyamwa omwe ali pakati pawo, omwe amalola kuti eni ake azikwera pamwamba osati pazokha, komanso pamalo osalala.
Monga akangaude, thunthu lanyama lathu limamangidwa ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu ziwiri, zokutidwa ndi ma bristles ndi tsitsi. Yoyamba ndi cephalothorax yodulidwa, yotetezedwa bwino ndi chipolopolo cha chitinous. Mitundu iwiri ya humps imadziwika bwino pamutu wa solpug. Mwina ndi iwo omwe adakhala chifukwa cha dzina lina la chilengedwechi: kangaude wa ngamila.
Pamaso pa nyama zotere, mawonekedwe ake amatha kuwonedwa mosamala mu chithunzi solpugi, ziwalo zambiri zofunika zili. Chodziwika kwambiri cha iwo ndi zotanuka, zamphamvu, zofiirira zofiira, zikhadabo ziwiri za nsagwada, monga ma arachnids onse, otchedwa chelicera.
Dera loboola pakati, theka lakumtunda komanso lakumunsi kwa nsagwada zonse zimalumikizidwa molumikizana ndi mano. Izi ndizofunikira pakusintha ndikudzitchinjiriza. Palinso maso anayi pa cephalothorax kutsogolo ndi mbali zonse.
Amakonzedwa m'njira yovuta, monga zinkhanira, wachibale wina wapafupi wa mchere. Ziwalo zamasomphenya zotere zimatha kuzindikira osati kuwala kokha, komanso zimathanso kuthamanga kwa mphezi poyenda kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapatsa zamoyo zotere mwayi waukulu pakusaka ndi kutetezedwa kwa adani.
Kumbuyo kwa thupi kuli pamimba yayikulu, yopindika ngati yoluka, yolumikizidwa kutsogolo ndi mtundu wa "m'chiuno" chochepa. Amapangidwa ndi zigawo khumi, zolekanitsidwa ndi malo owoneka bwino omwe amafanana ndi mizere ya phalanx.
Ndipo izi zidadzetsa dzina lina la zolengedwa izi. "Phalanx" ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, ngakhale akuti siabwino kwenikweni. Amangotipangitsa kusokoneza kukongola kwathu ndi abale ena ochokera m'gulu la arachnids, phalanxes kapena, mwanjira ina, opanga udzu.
Onaninso kuti, poyerekeza ndi zolengedwa zina zomwe zimayandikana nazo, solpugs, mbali ina, ndi yachikale, monga zikuwonekera ndi kapangidwe ka ziwalo ndi thupi lawo. Koma, kumbali inayo, ndiotukuka kwambiri, popeza ali ndi makina owoneka bwino kwambiri, okhala ndi mizere yolumikizana yolumikizana kunja. Ziwalo za kupuma izi zimathandizidwa ndi dongosolo lamankhwala la nthambi lomwe limakometsa thupi lonse la ma arachnids athu.
Mtundu wa zolengedwa zotere ukhoza kukhala wabulauni, wachikasu, woyererako, nthawi zambiri motley. Nthawi zambiri, zimatengera malo okhala. Zipululu ndizamchenga, pomwe madera otentha okhala ndiudzu wobiriwira ndi owoneka bwino.
Mitundu
"Kubisala padzuwa" - ndi momwe dzina lalikulu la cholengedwa ichi latanthauzidwira kuchokera ku Chilatini. Ndipo kuchokera apa, mawu oti "mchereApanso sizikuwonetsa zenizeni, ndiye kuti zizolowezi za zolengedwa zotere. Zachidziwikire, mitundu yawo yokwanira imadziwika, yomwe imakonda usiku ndi tsiku ndikuyesera kuthawa kuwala kwa dzuwa kupita mumthunzi.
Koma palinso mitundu ya thermophilic, chifukwa tsiku lino ndiye nthawi yayikulu yogwira ntchito. Ndipo mawu awa ndi amodzi mwa mayina achingerezi azinthu zomwe zafotokozedwa, zomwe zimamasuliridwa kuti "kangaude wa dzuwa".
Gulu ili ndilokulirapo. Banja limodzi lokha, limakhala ndi zidutswa 13. Amagawidwa m'magulu 140 okhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi chikwi. Yakwana nthawi yodziwana ndi ena mwa omwe akuyimira ma bihorks (ili ndi dzina lina, ngakhale siligwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri).
1. Mchere wamba imagawidwa kwambiri kumadera akumwera a Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, komanso m'maiko aku Middle East. Izi ndi zolengedwa zakutchire zomwe zimabisala m'malo obisika achilengedwe komanso pansi pamiyala masana, komanso m'mabowo omwe amakumba ndi ntchito yawo kapena otsalira ndi mbewa.
Pafupifupi, ma arachnids otere omwe ali ndi kutalika kwa mwendo amakhala pafupifupi masentimita 5. Chiyambi chachikulu cha utoto wawo ndi mchenga, kumtunda kwake ndikoderako pang'ono kuposa pansipa. Zikhadabo awo chelicerae ndi wamphamvu ndithu.
Ndipo ngakhale kulimba kwake kuli kolimba kwambiri kotero kuti kumatha kupirira kulemera kwake kwa nyama zoterezi, zowonjezera zam'kamwa zotere sizingathe kuluma kudzera pakhungu la munthu. Ndipo kuluma kwa nsagwada ngati izi, chifukwa chakusowa kwa tiziwalo ta poizoni mwa eni, ndizopanda vuto lililonse. Ndizowopsa, koma kwa akangaude ena ndi zinkhanira, komanso nyama zina zapakatikati.
2. Bihorka Transcaspian imapezeka ku Central Asia. Ndiwokulirapo kuposa oimira mitundu yam'mbuyomu ndipo ndi wautali pafupifupi masentimita 7. Mbali yakutsogolo ya nyama zotereyi ndi yofiira, kumbuyo kwake ndi imvi. Pamwambapa pamadziwika ndi mikwingwirima yakuda komanso yayitali yodutsa, nthawi zina ngati mzere wopitilira kutalika womwe umadutsa pakati pamsana.
3. Smoky bihorka ndi nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imapezeka kumadera otentha osati kutali ndi ife, makamaka kudera la Turkmenistan. Mbali yakutsogolo ya zolengedwa zotere ndi yachikaso chakuya, mbali yakumbuyo ili ndi utsi, yodziwika ndi mzere wotambalala-wotuwa pakati. Kukula kwa mitundu iyi kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri.
Pali mitundu yaying'ono, koma mitundu yayikulu yolemera pafupifupi masentimita 20. Sitingaphunzire mitundu yonse ya arachnid kuchokera mwatsatanetsatane. Chifukwa chake, ndi okhawo mwa iwo omwe amalingaliridwa omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'maiko aku Europe.
Koma ziyenera kunenedwa kuti kuchokera kuzinthu zaku Africa zokha, asayansi apeza ndikufotokoza pafupifupi mazana mazana angapo amitundu. Zinyama zotere sizachilendo kumaiko akumayiko aku Asia ndi America. Ku Ulaya saltpuga amakhala makamaka kumadera akumwera: ku Greece, Portugal, Spain, ku Central Asia, kumwera kwa Russia.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Ndi nyama zolimba mtima, zotha msanga komanso zotha msanga, zokhoza kudziteteza molimba mtima komanso kudziletsa mwaluso. Chida chawo chachikulu ndi zikhadabo za chelicera. Panthawi yowukiridwa, ma solpugs adzawagwira pamodzi ndi zida zawo pakamwa, pomwe pamamveka mawu ofanana ndi kubowoleza. Kukula kwa kusintha kwachilengedwe kumeneku ndikodabwitsa.
Anthu okhala ku South Africa anena nthano kuti zolengedwa zoterezi zimatha kumeta tsitsi laumunthu ndi tsitsi lawo ndi chelicerae. Ndipo amaphimba nyumba zawo zapansi ndi zikho zofananira. Apa mpamene anzathu adatchulidwako koseta kapena kumeta. Koma zowona za nkhanizi ndizovuta kutsimikizira.
Lang'anani chimphona chachikuluomwe amakhala m'malo otentha amenewo, amatha kuvulaza khungu la anthu komanso kuluma misomali, komanso kuwononga mafupa a mbalame zosalimba. Ngakhale zolengedwa zotere sizingayambitse anthu ngozi iliyonse.
Koma ma bihorks amatha kulumpha mita imodzi kutalika. Ndipo amathamanga pa liwiro lalikulu kukula kwawo, kofanana ndi kayendedwe ka wanjinga kapena kuthamanga kwa mphepo. Chifukwa cha talente yotere, adadzipezera dzina limodzi - "zinkhanira mphepo." Malo okhala kwawo nthawi zambiri amakhala malo amchipululu, madera osachepera ndi nyengo youma ndi yotentha. Ndipo ndi mitundu yochepa yokha yomwe imapezeka m'nkhalango.
Zambiri mwa solpugs ndizinyama zakutchire, zobisala m'malo obisalira masana. Ndi maenje opangira komanso achilengedwe. Komanso, pofuna kupewa ngozi, nyama zoterezi zimakonda kusintha malo awo okhala mobwerezabwereza momwe zingathere.
Komabe, pafupifupi sawopa anthu. Chifukwa chake, ndikosavuta kwa munthu mdera lomwe ma arachnid oterowo adayamba. Nthawi zambiri nawonso amayendera malo okhala anthu. Ndipo ngati wina akumva mantha nthawi yomweyo, okhalamo ake, ndi alendo osayitanidwa, m'malo mwake, amamva ngati alendo.
Koma ngakhale ma solpugs sawona kuti ndikofunikira kuwonekera popanda chifukwa, ndikwanira kuyatsa moto pamalo otseguka mumdima wausiku, ndipo zingapo za zolengedwa izi zimabwera ndikuthamangira kuunikirako, koonekera patali.
Zakudya zabwino
Zilombozi, zolusa mwakhama komanso osaka mwaluso, zimakhala ndi chinthu chimodzi, chomwe pazifukwa zina sichinazindikiridwe kapena kuphatikizidwa ndi dzina kapena dzina. Amakhala osusuka mopanda tanthauzo, pomwe amakhala osadya kwambiri. Ndipo kuposa pamenepo, popanda kukokomeza, ali okonzeka kudya chilichonse chomwe amatha kuyamwa.
Nthawi zambiri, amakhala ozunzidwa: chiswe, ziwala, njuchi, nsabwe zamatabwa, kafadala, ndi ma arachnid ena. Kuchokera pagulu lalikulu, amatha kulowerera anapiye ndi abuluzi akuluakulu, ngati, osaka okhawo ali ndi magawo oyenera, omwe si achilendo.
Mukumenya kamodzi ndi chinkhanira, omenyera nkhondo ndi omwe amapambana. Yemwe amadziwika kuti chelicera amathandizira kuti agwire mwamphamvu, kenako ndikupha nyama. Ndikudabwa kuti ndikumverera kotani mchere-phalanx osatha kudziwa konse.
Ndipo izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kuyesa kwasayansi. Nthawi ina, mayeso a arachnids omwe tidawafotokozera adayikidwa mu terrarium. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zinthu zabwino ndi zokometsera zinayikidwanso pamenepo.
Wosusuka wosauka, yemwe akuwoneka kuti akuganiza kuti anali ndi mwayi wopambana, adamuponyera mwamtopola mwamphamvu, osadziwa kuti posachedwa ayamba kukopeka ndi umbombo wake. Solpuga adadya mpaka idaphulika. Koma ngakhale atapuma komaliza, adapitilizabe kudya, osadandaula za zotsatirapo zake.
Akangaude a ngamila amakhudzidwa ndi umbombo wawo osati m'malo opangira zokha, komanso kuthengo. Ndipo izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi milandu yambiri yosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, nthumwi za mitundu ina yakukhala ku California zimakonda kupangira ming'oma usiku, ndikukwera kudzera m'mipata yolowera.
Kusaka kumachita bwino poyamba. Ndipo posakhalitsa pansi pa nyumba ya njuchi yaphimbidwa ndi zotsalira za anthu ake. Komabe, ikafika nthawi yoti asambe, owukira usiku amazindikira kuti sangathe kuchita izi, chifukwa, kudya kwambiri, sabwerera pakhomo.
Salpugs amayenera kukhala mumng'oma mpaka mbandakucha. Ndipo m'mawa, njuchi zokwiya, zitapeza ovutitsa mafuta, zimayamba kuziluma mopanda chifundo, posachedwa zikuluma mpaka kufa.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Solpugi ali okonzeka kupeza zokwanira ngakhale pamtundu wawo. Chifukwa chake, osanyoza konse, wamkazi wama arachnids amawononga mnzake atakwaniritsa ntchito yake yamwamuna, ndipo kufunikira kwa anthu ake kudzatha.
Njira yokwatirana yokha ndi iyi. Ndikumva kununkhira kwa mapazi ake kununkhiza kwa ma pheromones obisika ndi "kukongola" komwe kumakonzekera umuna, njonda yomwe idakhala pafupi nthawi yomweyo imayamba kutulutsa timadzi tam'mimba.
Ndipo, kudzera mu nsagwada zake zotchuka zooneka ngati zibangili, imasamutsira kwa mnzake kulowa kotsegulira maliseche. Pakadali pano, azimayiwo amakhala opanda chochita ndipo amakhala osachita bwino kotero kuti amalamulidwa ndi amuna. Otsatirawa, popanda kutsutsana kwina, amatha kuwakokera kumalo osavuta ndikuwapatsa zovuta.
Komabe, njira yodziwikirayi ikangotha, "okongola omwe akugona" omwe abwerera m'maganizo mwadzidzidzi amadzuka ndikuukira anthu osapsa mtima mwamphamvu. Koma amuna nawonso siosavuta. Chifukwa chake, atakwatirana, amafunafuna mwachangu kuthawa ndi kulimba mtima kwawo komwe "amphwanya". Ndipo chifukwa chake nthawi zonse sizotheka kuti azimayi osusuka adye ndi chisangalalo.
Kuphatikiza apo, wokondedwa uja akutulutsa dzenje labisala ndikuyika clutch mu kukhumudwaku, komwe akupitilizabe kuyang'anira. Ndipo pakatha theka la mwezi kapena kupitilira apo, mazira ang'onoang'ono amatuluka m'mazira, omwe kukula kwawo kumayambira m'thupi la mayi.
Munthawi imeneyi, amasintha kuchokera kuzinthu zopanda kuyenda, zosasintha komanso zopanda ubweya kukhala makope ang'onoang'ono a makolo awo. Ndipo atapulumuka molt woyamba, makandawo amawongola miyendo yawo, amatetezedwa ngati zikwangwani zolimba ndikukula tsitsi.
Zomangamanga zimapangidwa ndimatumba amchere kangapo pachaka. Chiwerengero cha ana omwe amapeza kuchokera kwa mayi m'modzi munthawi yake chitha kukhala chosiyana, koma kwenikweni atha kupitilira anthu mazana awiri. Kutalika kwa zamoyozi sikudziwika ndi sayansi.
Koma akuganiza kuti zoposa chaka chimodzi. Nthawi yozizira ikafika, mitengo ya beeh imabisala m'mayenje ndikuzizira, motero imakhala ndi moyo mpaka nyengo yotsatira. Koma chinthu chosayembekezereka kwambiri ndikuti atha kulowa mu anabiosis nthawi yotentha. Zifukwa zodabwitsazi sizinafotokozedwebe.
Zosangalatsa
Zaka zimachitika pomwe kuchuluka kwa solpugs kumawonjezeka kwambiri kotero kuti imawukira nyumba za anthu, ikukwawa kulikonse komwe ingafune. Ndipo izi zimachitika osati m'maiko otentha okha, komanso mdera la Russia. Makamaka, chilimwe chatha kudera la Volgograd, osati zolengedwa zaubweya zowoneka bwino kwambiri, zotchedwa zinkhanira zamphepo m'malo amenewo, zidawopsyeza kwambiri nzika zakale za famu ya Shebalino motere.
Crimea wachisangalalo imatha kuwononga alendo ena onse omwe amapita kumalo achilengedwe. Pali zochitika zodziwika bwino pomwe zolengedwa zopanda mantha zidakwawa ndikukhala pansi kuti ziwotha moto pa tchuthi atakhala pafupi ndi moto. Omwe agwidwa ndi izi nthawi zambiri amalangizidwa kuti akhale chete.
Kupatula apo, kuchita zinthu mwamakani, kufuula ndikugwedeza manja anu ndi njira yosafunikira yothanirana ndi vutoli. Zilombozi ndizochepera, zimathamanga komanso zimadumpha. Zachidziwikire, amathamangira kuti abwezere. Zimakhala zovuta kuziphwanya panthaka yosalala, kupatula mwina pachinthu cholimba.
Koma wina sayenera kuyembekezera zotsatira zazikulu chifukwa cha kuwukira kwawo. Satha kuluma ndi nsalu yolimba, koma ngati akukwawa pansi pa zovala kapena kulowa m'hema, afika pamaso, ndiye kuti atha kubweretsa mavuto ambiri.
Solpugi kuluma siopweteka kwambiri komanso ndi chakupha. Koma poganizira kuti nyama zosakhutitsazi ndizodetsedwa kwambiri, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chakudya chowola, chomata panthawi yosaka komanso chakudya chochuluka, chimatha kulowetsa zilonda zopangidwa ndi nsagwada.
Zinyalala zowola zowopsa izi zimatha kuyambitsa kutupa komanso kupha magazi. Chifukwa chake, malo owonongeka ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi peroxide, ayodini kapena wobiriwira wobiriwira posachedwa.
Kenako muyenera kuthira bandeji yoyera yothira mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Ndibwino kuyika maantibayotiki pang'ono pachilondacho, kenako ndikuphimba mosamala chilichonse ndi pulasitala. Ndibwino kuti musinthe mavalidwe mpaka kuwonongeka kukukulira.
