Nthano ya Amwenye a Quechua, mbadwa za Incas, akuti kamodzi mulungu wamkazi Pachamama adatsikira kudziko lapansi. Kholo la anthu onse anali limodzi alpaca... Nyamayo idasankhidwa chifukwa chamapangidwe achilendo, ofatsa komanso odula.
Amwenyewa anayamikira nyama yomwe milunguyo inatumiza. Ambiri mwa okhala mu ufumu wa Inca amapangidwa ndi ubweya wa llama. Ndi olemekezeka okha komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu zopangidwa ndi ubweya wa alpaca.
Anthu aku Europe nthawi zambiri samasiyanitsa alpaca ndi llama. Nyama zonse ziwirizi. Amatha kupereka ana wamba. Komabe, ndi osiyana kwambiri. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwakunja: llama ndi yayikulu kukula ndi kukula kuposa alpaca.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Alpaca — nyama artiodactyl. Wamkulu amalemera pafupifupi 70 kilogalamu ndipo amafika mita imodzi atafota. Popeza ndi yowola, thupi lonse limakonzedwa kuti lidye ndikupanga chakudya chambiri.
Ku alpaca, nsagwada yakumtunda ilibe mano. Mlomo wapamwamba ndi wamphamvu, wopingasa ngati ngamila. Zitsulo zam'munsi zimazunguliridwa ndikudula paudzu womwe wagwira pakamwa kumtunda. Kuchokera pakucheka kosalekeza kwa udzu, ma incisors apansi amapera. Pofuna kupewa kutayika kwathunthu, chilengedwe chimapereka mwayi wokulira mano.
Mimba yawo imagawika m'magawo atatu, m'malo mongokhala anayi ngati zowetchera zina. Tsiku lonse alpaca amachita modzaza m'mimba ndi chakudya chachilendo, chowola. Madzulo, kutafuna kachiwiri kumayamba. Njira yogaya chakudya ya zitsamba zoterezi ndiyothandiza kwambiri. Hekita imodzi yodyetsa ndiyokwanira kudyetsa gulu la mitu 20-30.
Nyama izi zimadziwika ndi sayansi kuyambira zaka za zana la 16. Adafotokozedwa ndi a Spaniard Pedro de Cieza. Amapatsidwa udindo wokhala wansembe ndi msirikali, wankhondo komanso wofufuza. Kuchokera kwa iye azungu adaphunzira za njira yogonjetsera: kugonjetsedwa kwa South America. Za anthu, nyama ndi zomera zachigawo chino cha dziko lapansi. Kuphatikiza za mbatata ndi chinanazi, za llamas, vicuñas ndi alpaca.
Alpaca anali ndi mwayi wokhala pamndandanda wazinthu zochepa zodziwika bwino zaku South America. Mwayi unapangitsa kutchuka. Mu 1836, mwana wamwamuna wopanga Chingerezi adachita chidwi. Dzina lake anali Titus Sult. M'sitolo ina, adapeza mabele aubweya ndikuyamba kuyesa.
Kusiyana pakati pa alpaca ndi llama
Anapeza nsalu yabwino. Amayenerera kupanga zovala zazimayi zazimayi. Mawu akuti alpaca akhala odziwika bwino. Ankanena za nyama yomwe inkachotsedwa ubweyawo ndi nsalu yomwe inkapangidwa ndi ubweyawu. Mtundu wa nsalu wapangitsa kuti anthu azifuna kwambiri.
Kufunsaku kwadzetsa kuchuluka kwa ziweto. Chiwerengero chawo chafika pa mamiliyoni 3-5. Izi sizochepa, komanso sizambiri. Yerekezerani: pali mitu mazana angapo a nkhosa padziko lapansi.
Mitundu
Kumapeto kwa Pliocene, pafupifupi zaka 2-3 miliyoni zapitazo, ma camelids adayamba kupanga kumpoto kwa kontinenti yaku America. Ngamila zamtsogolo zidapita ku Eurasia pafupi ndi malo omwe analipo kale. Makolo a guanacos ndi vicuñas anasamukira ku South America. Kuchokera kwa iwonso, kunabwera ma llamas ndi alpaca.
Alpaca huacaya
Mpaka posachedwa, ma alpaca amalingaliridwa kuti ndi amtundu wa llamas. Kunapezeka kuti ali ndi makolo osiyana. Kuchokera ku guanaco kunabwera lama, alpaca ndi mbadwa ya vicuña. Zonsezi ndi za banja limodzi la ngamira. Chibadwa chinathandiza kumvetsetsa magwero a llama ndi alpaca.
Monga nyama zoweta zilizonse, ma alpaca amasankhidwa mwachilengedwe komanso mwanzeru. Tsopano pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu: huakaya ndi suri. Huacaya ali ndi chovala chachifupi. Pali nyama zambiri zamtunduwu. Akamalankhula za alpaca, amatanthauza mitundu iyi. Suri ili ndi chivundikiro chachilendo. Palibe tsitsi loyang'anira. Kwa tsitsi lalitali lalitali, malekezero amapindika pang'ono. Zotsatira zake, ubweya wazinyama ulukidwa kukhala ma dreadlocks achilengedwe.
Alpaca suri
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Gulu alpaca kuthengo ankadziwa bwino dera lamapiri la Andes. Pamapiri a Altiplano, omwe ali pamtunda wa mamita 3-5 zikwi, 80 peresenti ya anthu onse amadyetsa ziweto.
Tsogolo la alpaca ndilofanana ndi la anthu akumaloko. Mu 1532, ogonjetsa omwe adatsogoleredwa ndi Pizarro adawonekera ku Peru. Anthu aku Spain adawononga ufumu wa Inca. Chitukuko cha ku Europe chidabweretsa imfa kwa nzika zaku South America. Koma sanangovutika okha.
Alpaca anali ndi matenda komanso nkhanza pamodzi ndi anthu. 98% ya nyama izi zawonongedwa kwazaka zambiri. Zina zonse zidatayika kumapiri. Kumene mafunde akutukuka adapulumuka.
Alpaca kuthengo
Alpaca ndi nyama zoweta zokha. Pafupi ndi abale awo okha ndi omwe amakhala otetezeka. Gulu limapangidwa ndimagulu am'banja motsogozedwa ndi alpha wamwamuna. Amayi ndi akazi ang'onoang'ono amamutsatira. Ntchito yayikulu ya ziweto ndi chitetezo chogwirizana. Chenjezo langozi limakhala ndi zizindikilo zomveka. Kubangula kwakukulu kumatanthauza alamu ndikuwopseza adani. Kukwapula ndi ziboda zakutsogolo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chogwira ntchito.
Alpaca, monga ma camelid ambiri, ali ndi chida chawo chosaina - kulavulira. Bukuli lakonzedwa kuti lizingopulumutsa nyama zolusa. Awa ndi njira yomaliza. Zida zolumikizira zimaphatikizira zizindikiritso zosiyanasiyana zamawu. Njira yolumikizirana ndi chidziwitso pogwiritsa ntchito thupi imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Moyo wa ziweto umatengera luso lotha kulumikizana.
Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zambiri zakusokonekera pakati pa anthu. Muyenera kupambana kapena kuteteza udindo wapamwamba. Kapenanso, onetsani udindo wapansi. Izi zimachitika kuti ndikofunikira kuteteza danga lanu. Alpaca amayesa "kukambirana" kudzera munjira zomveka komanso zopanda mawu. Nthawi zovuta, kulavulira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Dongosolo limabwezeretsedwanso popanda kuwononga thupi.
Zakudya zabwino
Maziko a zakudya za alpaca ndi udzu wamsipu. Alimi amakolola udzu ndi silage. Zitsambazi zimawapatsa zakudya zofunikira. Alpaca amadya zochepa kwambiri: pafupifupi magawo awiri peresenti ya kulemera kwawo patsiku. Zakudya zachuma zimatsimikiziridwa ndikutafuna mobwerezabwereza ndikutenga nawo mbali m'thupi gawo loyamba la m'mimba.
Kudyetsa kwaulere sikungakwaniritse zosowa za chakudya. Kudyetsa ziweto kumachitika mwadongosolo. Zikhomo zodzaza ndizofunikira makamaka m'nyengo yozizira. Mavitamini ndi mchere amawonjezeredwa ngati kuli kofunikira.
Alpaca ndi nyama zofunikira pachuma. Chifukwa chake, alimi ndi alimi amasamala kwambiri za msipu woyenera, kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chatsopano, chophatikizidwa, cha silage kuphatikiza zowonjezera zomwe zimawonjezera thanzi.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Nyama ya pafamu iyenera kudyetsedwa. Chachiwiri chomwe anthu amasamala ndi kuswana kwawo. Mukapeza ana alpaca, kutenga nawo mbali anthu kumachepetsedwa. Njira zopangira umuna zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zinyama zina sizothandiza ndipo sizigwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwinanso izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe azinthu zazimayi pakati pa akazi. Iye (ovulation) amapezeka pokhapokha atakwatirana. Otchedwa anachititsa ovulation.
Kukhwima mwapadera kumaphatikizapo kupatula mwamuna ndi mkazi kapena gulu la akazi mu khola lina. Izi zitha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Kutengera chidziwitso pakuweta nyama, nthawi yomwe amasankha ndi masika kapena nthawi yophukira.
Alpaca mayi ndi mwana
Pambuyo pa miyezi 11.5, ana amabwera. Mmodzi mwa milandu 1000, atha kukhala mapasa. Otsalawo ali ndi mwana mmodzi. Amalemera makilogalamu 6-7 ndipo mu ola limodzi ndi theka atabadwa amafika pamapazi ake ndipo amatha kutsagana ndi akulu. Akazi amathanso kupezanso mphamvu ndipo pakatha mwezi umodzi amatha kupezanso matupi atsopano.
Alpaca pachithunzichi nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ndi mwana wakhanda atatsamira. Pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kuyamwitsa kumatha. Mwanawankhosa amakhala wachinyamata. Pofika chaka sichingathe kusiyanitsidwa ndi akulu. Pofika chaka chimodzi ndi theka, achinyamata amakhala okonzeka kubereka. Nthawi yobereka imakhala zaka 15. Nthawi yonse ya moyo imafika zaka 20.
Alpaca kuswana
Amwenye omwe amakhala kumpoto kwa Chile, ku Peru, Ecuador, kumadzulo kwa Bolivia, akhala mogwirizana ndi nyama izi kwazaka zikwi zingapo. Nyama imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya. Zovala zimasokedwa kuchokera ku ubweya ndi zikopa. Tchizi amapangidwa ndi mkaka. Koma makamaka kuyamikiridwa alpaca... Iye ndiye cholinga chachikulu chosungira ma artiodactyls awa.
Moyo ku Andes suli bwino. Masana, mpweya umafunda mpaka + 24 ° C, usiku kutentha kumatsikira mpaka -20 ° C. Zikatero, ubweya wa nyama uyenera kukhala ndi mikhalidwe yapadera. Tsitsi lililonse limakhala lopanda mkati. Chinyengo ichi cha chilengedwe chimapangitsa kuti ubweya ukhale wotentha kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, tsitsi limatha kukulitsa kukhathamiritsa kwamphamvu: ikatenthedwa, imachepetsa, ikakhazikika, imakulitsa. Umu ndi momwe ubweya wa nyama zakumtunda, mwachitsanzo, chimbalangondo chapamwamba, umakonzera.
Kuswana alpaca
Tsitsi ndi lalitali. Fikirani masentimita 30. Amakhala olimba kwambiri, mumkhalidwewu amakhala opitilira kangapo kuposa nkhwangwa. Tsitsi mwake ndi laling'ono, ma 30-35 ma microns okha. Kwa achinyamata, sikupitilira ma micron 17. Mwa anthu, mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi m'mimba mwake ndi 75 microns. Kutalika, mphamvu, finesse, ndi kutchinjiriza kwamphamvu kwambiri zimapangitsa ma alpaca kukhala opangira ubweya wabwino kwambiri wa ziweto.
Kuyambira zaka ziwiri, nyama zimayamba kudula. Kuchita izi kumachitika kamodzi pachaka - mchaka. Sikuti tsitsi lonse limachotsedwa, kusiya magawo awiri mwa atatu a chivundikirocho chisawonongeke. Kumeta tsitsi kosakwanira kumathandiza kuti nyama zizikhala ndi thanzi labwino posazizirira. Zida zopangidwa kuchokera kwa achinyamata ndizofunika kwambiri.
Ubweya wotsatirawo umasokonezedwa ndikusanjidwa. Azimayi osauka aku Peru amachita izi pamanja. Ubweya umasankhidwa malinga ndi mtundu, utali ndi makulidwe aubweya waubweya. Mtundu wachilengedwe umagawika mitundu 22 ndi mithunzi. Woyera mpaka wakuda. Mthunzi wofala kwambiri ndi terracotta. Mtundu wosowa kwambiri ndi wakuda.
Kumeta tsitsi kwa Alpaca
Mu nsalu zachikhalidwe, mtundu wachilengedwe wazinthu zoyambirira umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Mitundu yowonjezerapo imadziwika ndi zoyera ulusi wa alpaca... Pankhaniyi, alimi wamba sanasiyane ndi miyambo. Amagwiritsa ntchito utoto wachilengedwe wokha womwe umapezeka ku zitsamba zam'mapiri ndi mchere. Izi zimakwaniritsa utoto wowala bwino.
Ubweya wabwino womwe umapezeka kuchokera kuzinyama zazing'ono pamapeto pake umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovala zapamwamba, zapamwamba, zapamwamba za ana. Mitundu yoyera yaubweya imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zofunda, ma rugs, ma rugs. Mtengo wapadera wa nsalu zopangidwa ndi ulusi wa alpaca umakhala munthawi yake yotsutsa-allergenic. Samasonkhanitsa fumbi, ndipo nthata za ubweya siziyambira mmenemo.
Ubweya wa Alpaca umapangidwa pang'ono: matani 4-5 zikwi. Zambiri zimatumizidwa kunja. Omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zopangira ndi China, India, Vietnam ndi mayiko ena aku Asia. Mayiko aku Europe amapanganso nsalu zodula za alpaca.
Nthawi zina ma alpaca amadulidwa moyambirira, ndikupanga zovala zofananira
Maiko omwe ali ndi ziweto zazikulu kwambiri amawatenga ngati chuma chamayiko. Mpaka 1990, kutumiza nyama kunja kwina chifukwa chaulimi kunali koletsedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, malo omwe amafanana ndi nyengo yakunyumba ya alpaca ali kutali ndipo ndi ovuta kufikako.
M'zaka za zana la makumi awiri mphambu chimodzi, zinthu zidayamba kusintha. Alpaca adatumizidwa ku Australia ndi New Zealand, komwe adayamba kuswana. Ku United States, alimi akuyesanso kuchita zomwezo. Ngakhale ku Russia kuli opitilira umodzi famu ya alpaca.
Mitundu yazinthu zomwe zalandilidwa ndizochepa. Mitu zikwi zingapo amakulira ku Australia. Amapanga matani makumi aubweya ndi nyama. Zotsatira zochepa za kubereketsa ma alpaca kunja kwa chilengedwe ndizopindulitsa: ubweya wapamwamba kwambiri komanso utoto wopangidwa ndi iwo umasungidwa.
Alpaca ali ndi malo omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu posachedwa - ndiwofatsa komanso amawoneka okongola. Kusungidwa kwa nyama mnyumba zapadera ndi zapagulu tsopano kwakhala kwapamwamba kuthana ndi zosowa zokongoletsa.
Pali mitundu yoseketsa pakati pa alpaca
Ubwenzi wa nyama, kufewa kwamkati ndi kunja, mawonekedwe osangalatsa adakonzeratu kugwiritsa ntchito alpaca pochizira. Mtundu wothandizira ziweto - alpacotherapy - wawonekera. Alpaca imapatsa anthu chilichonse: ubweya, nyama, mkaka, ngakhale kukongola kwake komanso ulemu. Nzosadabwitsa kuti iye anakhala wosankhidwa ndi mnzake wa wamkazi wakale Indian.
