Wosema mitengo wobiriwira ndi nkhalango yayikulu kwambiri mwa mitundu itatu yonse yomwe imaswana ku Great Britain, enawo awiri ndi nkhalango zazikulu ndi zazikulu. Ali ndi thupi lalikulu, lamchira lolimba komanso lalifupi. Pamwamba pali chobiriwira chokhala ndi mimba yotumbululuka, khungu lowala lachikaso, komanso chofiira pamwamba. Mitengo yamitengo yobiriwira imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthawa kozungulira komanso kuseka kwakukulu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Green Woodpecker
Olima matabwa obiriwira ndi ena mwa banja la "Woodpecker" - Picidae, lomwe limakhala ndi nkhalango, zomwe zilipo atatu ku UK (opangira matabwa okhala ndi mawanga akulu, opangira matabwa okhala ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono, obiriwira obiriwira).
Kanema: Wokonda Woodpecker
Pamodzi ndi opangira matabwa akuluakulu komanso osawoneka bwino, wopalasa wobiriwirayo adatha kuwoloka mlatho wapakati pa Great Britain ndi mainland Europe pambuyo pa Ice Age yomaliza, madzi asanatseke kwamuyaya kuti apange English Channel. Mitundu isanu ndi umodzi mwa khumi ya osema mitengo ku Europe yalephera ndipo sanawonekepo pano.
Chosangalatsa: Malinga ndi matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku Greek ndi Latin, tanthauzo la mawu oti "green woodpecker" ndiosavuta: pikos amatanthauza "woponda matabwa" ndipo viridis amatanthauza "wobiriwira": kumasulira kwachindunji kosasangalatsa, koma komabe kwenikweni.
Ili ndi nsonga zobiriwira, mkati mwake chachikaso choyera, korona wofiira ndi mzere wa masharubu, amuna amakhala ndi mimba yofiira, pomwe akazi ali ndi chilichonse chakuda. Kutalika kwa nkhwangwa wobiriwira kumakhala pakati pa 30 mpaka 36 cm wokhala ndi mapiko a masentimita 45 mpaka 51. Ndegeyo imawoneka ngati yoweyula, ndi zikwapu 3-4 zamapiko, kenako ndi kutsetsereka kwakanthawi pomwe mapikowo agwiridwa ndi thupi.
Ndi mbalame yamanyazi yomwe nthawi zambiri imakopa chidwi chake ndikamvekedwe kake. Wosema mitengo amapanga chisa mumtengo; Popeza mlomo ndi wofooka, umangogwiritsidwa ntchito pozula m'nkhalango zofewa. Nyamayo imayikira mazira anayi kapena asanu ndi limodzi, omwe amatuluka pambuyo pa masiku 19-20.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Mtengo wobiriwira wamatabwa ndi wokulirapo kuposa abale ake. Ndiwootchera mitengo wamkulu kwambiri ku UK wokhala ndi mchira wolimba komanso wamfupi. Kumbali ya utoto, imakhala yobiriwira, yomwe imawonekera mu dzinalo, ndipo ili ndi korona wofiira. Mchira, mosiyana ndi nkhwangwa zina, ndi waufupi pang'ono ndipo uli ndi milozo yopyapyala wachikaso chakuda m'mphepete mwake.
Zosangalatsa: Odula mitengo obiriwira amuna ndi akazi amawoneka chimodzimodzi, koma amuna achikulire amakhala ofiira kwambiri pamizere ya masharubu, pomwe wamkazi wamkulu satero.
Mibadwo yonse ndi akazi amakhala ndi nthenga zobiriwira zobiriwira zokhala ndi ma groats achikaso ndi zipewa zofiira, koma nkhwangwa zobiriwira zachinyamata zimakhala ndi nthenga zakuda.
Kuwonekera kwa wobisalapo:
- mutu: korona wofiira kwambiri, wokhala ndi mitundu yakuda kuzungulira maso ndi masaya obiriwira obiriwira.
- Mlomo wolimba, wautali wakuda.
- mtundu wazitsulo za mbalamezi zimasiyanitsa kugonana, popeza mwa amuna ndi ofiira, ndipo mwa akazi ndi akuda;
- mapiko: wobiriwira;
- thupi: kumtunda kwa thupi kuli nthenga zobiriwira, mbali yakumunsi ndi imvi, ndipo chotupa chake ndichachikasu.
Mofanana ndi odula matabwa, odulira mitengo obiriwira amagwiritsa ntchito nthenga zawo zolimba za mchira ngati chothandizira pamene agwiritsitsa mtengo, ndipo zala zawo zimakhala zokhazikika kotero kuti zala ziwiri zikuloza kutsogolo ndi ziwiri kumbuyo.
Kodi wodulira mitengo wobiriwira amakhala kuti?
Ngakhale kuti amakhala atakhala pansi, mitengo yamitengo yobiriwira yakula pang'onopang'ono ku Britain ndipo idabadwa koyamba ku Scotland mu 1951. Komabe, sanapezekebe ku Ireland ndi Isle of Man; Isle of Wight sinakhale koloni mpaka 1910, ngakhale anali ofala kumwera, kutanthauza kuti sakufuna kuwoloka madzi.
Amakhala m'malo otentha, komanso m'malo ocheperako pang'ono komanso madera a Mediterranean kumadzulo kwa Palaearctic munyanja komanso nyengo. Zofala kwambiri m'nkhalango zowonekera, madera owirira, minda, ndi minda yokhala ndi mipanda ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yomwazikana.
Mosiyana ndi ometa matabwa ambiri, imadyera pansi, kuphatikizapo udzu wakumunda, pomwe nyerere zimaboola ndikusuntha modabwitsa. Kukula kwakukulu ndipo makamaka nthenga zobiriwira, zomwe zimapezeka m'malo ambiri; mverani korona wofiira, maso otumbululuka ndi nkhope yakuda (amuna ali ndi chidindo chofiira). Ndi mbalame zochepa ku Iberia zomwe zili ndi nkhope zakuda. Chotupa chachikaso chimawonekera makamaka pakuwuluka pang'ono.
Chifukwa chake, ku UK, mitengo yobiriwira yobiriwira imakhala chaka chonse ndipo imatha kuwonedwa m'malo ambiri, kupatula madera akumpoto kwambiri ku Scottish Highlands, pazilumba ndi ku Northern Ireland. Malo amene mbalamezi zimakonda kukhala ndi nkhalango, minda, kapena madera akuluakulu. Amayang'ana mitundu ingapo ya mitengo yokhwima yoti akaikire mazira ndi malo otseguka. Malo otseguka, okutidwa ndiudzu waufupi ndi zomera, ndi bwino kuwadyetsa.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhalango yobiriwira imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi wodula mitengo amadya chiyani?
Ngati muli ndi mwayi ndipo odulira mitengo obiriwira amayendera dimba lanu, ndiye kuti mwawawonapo pa udzu wanu. Izi ndichifukwa choti chakudya cha wobzala nkhuni chimakhala ndi nyerere - achikulire, mphutsi, ndi mazira.
M'nyengo yozizira, nyerere zikayamba kukhala zovuta kupeza, zimadya izi:
- zina zopanda mafupa;
- mbewu za paini;
- zipatso.
Zosangalatsa: Popeza nyama yayikulu kwambiri ya nkhwangwa wobiriwira ndi nyerere, imakhala nthawi yayitali kufunafuna nyama yomwe ili pansi ndipo imawoneka momwe imakhalira.
Odula mitengo obiriwira amadya nyerere mwadyera. M'malo mwake, amathera nthawi yochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi posaka chakudya chomwe amakonda kotero kuti mumakawapeza m'mapaki ndi kapinga wam'munda - udzu wachidule umapereka malo abwino odyetsera nkhalango zobiriwira. Amakondanso kudya malasankhuli ndi kachilomboka ndipo ali ndi "lilime lolimba" lalitali lomwe limagwira potulutsa tiziromboti m'ming'alu ndi m'ming'alu ya mitengo yakale yovunda.
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale wobisalira wobiriwira amakonda kudya nyerere, amathanso kudya nyongolotsi zina zopanda mafupa zomwe zimapezeka m'malo awo kapena m'munda, komanso mbewu za paini ndi zipatso zina. Zakudya zamtundu wina izi zidzakhala zobwerera m'mbuyo nthawi yomwe nyerere zimakhala zovuta kuzipeza.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Green Woodpecker
Mitengo yobiriwira yobiriwira imakhala mumitengo, monga mbalame zambiri. Amakumba maenje m'mitengo ya mitengo yomwe imapezeka m'nkhalango zowirira. Milomo yawo ndi yofooka poyerekeza ndi ya anthu ena otema mitengo, monga wotchera matabwa kwambiri, choncho imakonda mitengo ikuluikulu ikamamanga mazira ndipo siyimakonda kulira. Odula mitengo obiriwira amakondanso kukumba zisa zawo, zomwe zimatenga milungu iwiri kapena inayi.
Mitengo yamitengo yobiriwira imalira kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi kuseka kwamphamvu kotchedwa "yuffle", yomwe nthawi zambiri ndiyo njira yokhayo yodziwira ngati wobisalira wobiriwira ali pafupi, chifukwa amakhala mbalame zochenjera. Umenewu ndi phokoso losiyana kwambiri ndi lopangidwa ndimitengo yobiriwira, koma mutha kumvanso nyimbo yawo, yomwe ndi mawu angapo othamangitsa pang'ono.
Chosangalatsa: Mbalame yamvula ndi dzina lina la nkhwangwa wobiriwira, popeza mbalame zimakhulupirira kuti zimaimba kwambiri poyembekezera mvula.
Mwa otema mitengo atatu ku Great Britain, wobisalira wobiriwira amakhala nthawi yocheperako m'mitengo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amamuwona akudya pansi. Apa mwina amakumba nyerere, chakudya chomwe amakonda. Imadya achikulire pamodzi ndi mazira awo, kuwagwira ndi lilime lake lalitali komanso lolimba.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbalame Yobiriwira Yobiriwira
Ngakhale odulira mitengo obiriwira amatha kukwatirana kamodzi kwanthawi yayitali, amakhala osagwirizana kunja kwa nyengo yoswana ndipo amakhala chaka chonse amakhala okha. Magawo awiri awiriwa atha kukhala pafupi nthawi yachisanu, koma sadzalumikizananso mpaka Marichi. Izi zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito kulira mokweza komanso nthawi ya chibwenzi.
Olima matabwa obiriwira amakonda kupanga chisa m'mabowo amitengo yakale (thundu, beech ndi msondodzi), omwe ali pafupi ndi malo owetera ndi zokondweretsa monga nyerere ndi mbozi. Mitengo yamitengo yobiriwira nthawi zambiri imakhala nyundo ndikuchotsa matumbo awo kuzungulira thunthu lowola la 60mm x 75mm, lomwe mkati mwake lakumbidwa mpaka 400mm. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ntchito yovuta yokumba imachitika kokha ndi munthu kwa nthawi yayitali yamasiku 15-30. Njira yovutayi nthawi zambiri imakhala yofunika kuyesetsa, chifukwa dzenje lopangidwa ndi manja a wobisalira wobiriwira limatha zaka 10.
Mbalameyi siyochezeka ndipo imakhala yokha, kupatula nyengo yoswana. Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi, chachimuna chimathamangitsa chachikazi mozungulira thunthu la mtengo. Potenga malo otetezera, yamphongo imagwedeza mutu wake uku ndi uku, ndikuwongola mphindikati ndikutambasula mapiko ake ndi mchira. Mosiyana ndi ena otema mitengo, imangogogoda nthawi yachisanu.
Kuchokera pamalo osakanikirana, nkhalango zobiriwira zobiriwira zimayamba kuswana kumapeto kwa Epulo ndipo zimapanga zowerengeka ziwiri nthawi iliyonse. Iliyonse ya nkhonoyi imatulutsa mazira 4 mpaka 9, ndipo nthawi yosakaniza, yomwe imatenga masiku pafupifupi 19, imamalizidwa ndikudula nthenga pafupifupi masiku 25. Mitengoyi imakhala ndi mazira asanu kapena asanu ndi awiri okha ndipo nthawi zambiri amawaikira mwezi wa Meyi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'manda amoyo ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mtengo womwewo chaka chilichonse, ngati si dzenje lomwelo.
Pakuthawa, kholo lililonse limatenga theka la anawo - zomwe zimakonda mbalame - ndikuwonetsa komwe zimadyetsa. Ndi nthawi yanthawi ino yomwe amatha kubweretsedwa ku kapinga wam'munda kuti adyetse, womwe ndi mwayi wabwino kwambiri kuti musamalire luso lanu lakuzindikiritsa.
Adani achilengedwe a mitengo yobiriwira yobiriwira
Chithunzi: Kodi wowoneka ngati wobiriwira amaoneka bwanji
Adani achilengedwe a obzala nkhuni zobiriwira ndi omwe amadya zisa monga njoka, ma grackle kapena mbalame zina; amadya mazira ndi nkhwangwa zazing'ono zobiriwira. Atakula, opalasa mitengo amakhala nyama ya amphaka amtchire, zisoti za mkaka wa safironi, nkhandwe, nkhwangwa komanso, mphalapala. Ngati otema mitengo obiriwira akanakhala opanda zilombo, titha kuthedwa nzeru ndi kuchuluka kwawo. Ali pachiwopsezo kuyambira pomwe adakhalapo.
Nkhalango yobiriwira imakhala yofala pakati pa anthu. Kudula mitengo ndi kusintha kwa malo okhala kumawopseza kukhalapo kwake, komabe, mtundu uwu suli pachiwopsezo padziko lonse lapansi pakadali pano. Olima matabwa obiriwira awonjezeka mwachangu m'malo okhalamo olimidwa, komanso akuwonjezeka kumidzi yakumidzi ndi madera osakanikirana aulimi. M'malo awo okondedwa, nkhalango zowuma, mitengo yakukula ikuchepa, ziwerengero zafika pokwaniritsa, zomwe zadzetsa kusefukira kwawo kukhala malo osakondera.
Anthu obiriwira obisala mitengo ku UK adakulirakulira kuyambira zaka za 1960, pomwe adakulitsa malo awo pakati ndi kum'mawa kwa Scotland. Posachedwa akulitsa kuchuluka kwawo ku England, koma osati Wales. Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira ndikusintha kwanyengo, popeza nkhalango zotere zimatha kugwa nyengo yozizira. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zimawopseza odulira mitengo obiriwira ndikuwonongeka kwa malo okhala nkhalango ndikusintha kwaulimi: madambo amalimidwa chaka chilichonse, ndipo madera a nyerere amatha kuwonongeka kapena ayi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Woodpecker wobiriwira kumbuyo
Anthu omwe ali ndi mitengo yobiriwira ku UK, malinga ndi RSPB, ali ndi ziwerengero 52,000 zoweta, ngakhale pakadali pano pali kuchepa kwodziwika kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa nkhalango ndi nkhalango. Mitundu ya Species - Mbalame yoswana kwambiri ku Leicestershire ndi Rutland. Mtengo wobiriwira umapezeka ku Britain, kupatula kumpoto chakutali. Komanso kulibe ku Northern Ireland.
Mitunduyi ili ndi mulingo waukulu wokhala ndi kufalikira kwapadziko lonse kwa 1,000,000 - 10,000,000 km². Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi anthu 920,000 - 2,900,000. Zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi sizinatchulidwepo, koma anthu akuwoneka kuti ndi osakhazikika, chifukwa chake mitundu ya zinyama siziwoneka kuti ikuyandikira malire a kuchepa kwa anthu pa IUCN Red List (mwachitsanzo, kuchepa kwa 30% mzaka khumi kapena mibadwo itatu). Pazifukwa izi, mitunduyo imayesedwa ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi kwambiri.
Kupanga madera audzu waufupi komanso wautali kumapereka malo okhala mitundu yonse yazamoyo. Itha kukhala yothandiza kwa wosema mitengo wobiriwira, yemwe amadyetsa dziko lapansi, ndikupatsa malo pobisalira ndikusaka nyama yake. Kaya mumakhala mumzinda kapena dziko, mutha kuthandiza osamalira mitengo yobiriwira komanso mbalame zina zam'munda powapatsa chakudya ndi madzi.
Wosema mitengo wobiriwira imakhala ndi kuphatikiza kodabwitsa kwa nthenga zobiriwira ndi zachikasu, korona wofiira, masharubu wakuda ndi wotumbululuka, kuyang'ana. Ngati mutha kuyang'anitsitsa cholengedwa chamanyazi ichi, mudzadabwa. Ndipo akakuwonani ndikuwuluka, mverani kuseka uku kumamveka patali.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/01/2019
Tsiku lowonjezera: 07/05/2020 nthawi ya 11:15
