Gwape wofiira kapena mbawala Kodi ndi nyerere zofiira zaku East Asia. Amapezeka m'magawo aku Russia: mdera la Angara, Transbaikalia, m'dera la Khabarovsk ndi madera ena akutali a Far East. Amakhala ku Chinese Manchuria.
Gwape wofiyira ndi nyama zazikulu zokhala ndi ziboda, zamphongo zomwe zimakhala ndi nyanga zokongola za nthambi. Nswala zofiira ndizochepa komanso zokongola - sikuti membala aliyense wazinyama zathu amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe otere. Gwape ofiira ndiwofunika kwambiri pakusaka masewera ndi zikho.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kukula kwamwamuna wokhwima mwa subspecies m'mapewa kumakhala pafupi mamitala 1.6. M'dzinja, nswala zofiira zimatha kubweretsa kulemera kwake mpaka theka la tani. Amuna ndi akazi ndi ocheperako komanso okongola nthawi yayitali komanso poyenda. Mwina ndichifukwa chake dzina la mitunduyo lili ndi epithet "wolemekezeka".
Miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yamphamvu, pafupifupi kutalika mofanana kutsogolo. Msana suli wopendekera: mzere wopingasa ukhoza kujambulidwa pakati pa nape ndi sacrum. Mutu wake ndi wotambalala, wokhala ndi mphuno yayikulu. Mwa akazi, mphuno imawoneka yopyapyala, yoyengedwa kwambiri.
Maso ofiira ofiira ali pakati pakati pa mawonekedwe amondi ndi oval. Ophunzira ali otukuka, akutuluka pang'ono. Iris nthawi zambiri imakhala yachikaso-bulauni. Zotulutsa za preorbital zimasiyanitsidwa bwino, ndikugogomezera kuzama kwake.
Maso ndi mphuno ndizo zinthu zowoneka bwino kwambiri. Amakwaniritsidwa ndi makutu akulu. Zigobowo zimakonda mbali ndi kutsogolo, molimba mtima zimayimirira. Kusiyana kwa khutu ndikokulirapo. Pambuyo pake pa chipolopolocho ndi chotukuka. Pamwamba pa khutu ndizoyenda bwino, mozungulira.
Khosi ndilolimba, litambasulidwa mpaka kutalika kofanana ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu amthupi. Amuna ndi akazi onse ali ndi mane. Mwa amuna, amadziwika kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi khosi, mchira umawoneka wosatukuka. Ngakhale khutu limakhala lalitali kuposa mchira. Nyanga ndi mwayi wamwamuna. Nswala zofiira pachithunzichi Kuponya mutu wake kumawonetsa chinthu chomwe amanyadira.
Mwa munthu wamkulu, nyanga zimakhala ndi nthambi zosachepera zinayi. Mitengo iwiriyo ndi yopindika mu arc. Gawo lawo, monga gawo la ndondomekoyi, ndi lozungulira. Gawo lakumtunda kwa mitengo ikuluikulu nthawi zambiri limasandulika "tchire" lokhala ndi mbale ngati mbale.
Mitundu yonse ya akazi ndi yakuda. Koma khosi ndi mphumi zawonetsedwa. Achinyamata ofiira amakhala ndi mane komanso wowonda kwambiri komanso wamfupi kuposa akazi. Makanda, monga oyenera agwape, amakhala achikuda ndi mizere ingapo yamadontho oyera.
Mosasamala kanthu za jenda ndi msinkhu, Gwape wofiira amakhala ndi "galasi" mchira - chosiyanitsa, chowulungika pamalo amchira, chomwe chimathandiza mphalapala kuti zizidziyendetsa m'gulu la ziweto poyenda mwachangu. Banga akhoza kukwera pamwamba pa mchira ndipo ali ndi utoto pang'ono dzimbiri.
Mitundu
Asayansi omwe adafufuza za Far East adaphunzira za mphalapala zofiira. Zotsatira zake, tidazindikira kuti mitundu ya Aaborijini omwe amakhala m'malo amenewa alibe dzina lokha - nswala zofiira, komanso zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyanitsa kukhala taxon yodziyimira payokha (subspecies). Gwape ofiira amakhala ndi abale apamtima oposa 10.
- Cervus elaphus bactrianus - nthawi zambiri amatchedwa nyama ya Bukhara. Kugawidwa ku Central Asia.
- Cervus elaphus atlanticus ndi nswala yofiira wamba. Amakhala ku Scandinavia, Western Europe.
- Cervus elaphus barbarus ndi subspecies wobadwira ku North Africa. Kudera lino.
- Cervus elaphus brauneri ndi gawo la agwape, omwe dzina lawo limalumikizidwa ndi malo ake - Crimea.
- Cervus elaphus corsicanus ndi mitundu yosawerengeka. Odwala kuzilumba za Corsica ndi Sardinia.
- Cervus elaphus hispanicus - amapezeka ku Peninsula ya Iberia.
- Cervus elaphus maral ndi mtundu wa nswala zofiira zozikika ku Caucasus. Nthawi zambiri, subspecies izi zimatchedwa maral. Anthu okhazikika kwambiri amakhala m'nkhalango zakumpoto kwa Northwestern Caucasus.
- Cervus elaphus pannoniensis.
- Cervus elaphus hibernicus.
- Cervus elaphus scoticus ndi subspecies yaku Britain. Anachoka ku Europe pafupifupi zaka 8000 zapitazo. M'zaka zapitazi, zidabweretsedwa ku New Zealand kuti zikwaniritse zokonda zawo.
- Cervus elaphus songaricus ndi subspecies ya Himalaya, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa ukwati wa Tien Shan.
- Cervus elaphus yarkandensis ndi Central Asia kapena Yarkand subspecies. Derali likufanana ndi dzina - Central Asia.
Gwape wofiira ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri wa mphalapala. Kusinthasintha malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili kwanuko, idasinthika kukhala mitundu ingapo. Kusokonezeka kwamatchulidwe ena kwachitika ndi nswala zofiira ndi wapiti. M'mabuku achingerezi, nswala zofiira nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa Manchu wapiti. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ku Russia ndi alenje amasiyanitsa mitundu itatu ya nswala zofiira:
- Nyama zofiira zaku Southeast - iyi mbawala zofiira zimakhala mu Transbaikalia.
- Nyama zofiira zam'nyanja ndi nyama zomwe zadziwa bwino nkhalango ya Amur ndi phiri la Sikhote-Alin.
- Nyama zofiira za South Yakut - zimapezeka m'nkhalango zozungulira mtsinje wa Olekma.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Nkhalango ya taiga yomwe ili ndi malo otsetsereka komanso mitsinje ndi malo okondwerera agwape ofiira. Kuchokera m'nkhalango, timagulu tating'onoting'ono tanyama timapita kukachotsa utoto wokhala ndi udzu wapamwamba kwambiri. Kuyenda bwino m'mphepete mwa malo otsetsereka, nswala zofiira zimanyalanyaza malo amiyala.
Gwape wofiira, mosiyana ndi nswala, nyama zamphongo, sasintha malaya ake kamodzi, koma kawiri pachaka. kutentha, kutentha kwa masika kumayamba mu Epulo. Mutu ndi miyendo ndiomwe amayamba kudzimasula nthawi yachisanu, ubweya pang'ono. Kenako tsitsi limayamba kuchoka kutsogolo kwa thupi ndikumangirira. Croup imamasulidwa komaliza.
Molting amatambasula nthawi yonse yachaka. Anthu athanzi komanso olimba amachotsa ubweya wachisanu ndikusunthira kuubweya wachangu mwachangu. Amayi apakati ndiomwe amakhala omaliza m'gulu lomaliza. Kwa ng'ombe, iyi ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri. Amagwetsa nyanga zawo ndikuyamba kutulutsa zatsopano.
Antulu amakula nthawi yofanana ndi malaya achichepere, achilimwe. Ubweya womwe ukukula kumene ulibe chovala chamkati. Tsitsi ndilochepa, lalitali, lofiyira lofiira ndi lachikasu. Chifukwa cha ichi, mbawala imasandulika malo ofiyira kumbuyo kwa udzu wachinyamata.
M'chilimwe, mphalapala yachiwiri ya mphalapala wofiira imadutsa pang'onopang'ono. Maonekedwe a chovala chachifupi chachisanu amawonekera mu Ogasiti. Pakati pa Seputembala, chivundikiro cha chilimwe chimasowa kwathunthu. Gwape wofiira amakumana mu Okutobala atavala zovala zachisanu.
M'nyengo yozizira, gulu la agwape ofiira amapita kumalo opanda chipale chofewa. Amayang'ana madera omwe mumadzaza aspen ang'ono ndi mitengo ina yovuta. Nyama sizilekerera chisanu bwino. Atawathawa, gulu la agwape ofiira agona pansi, nyamazo zili pafupi.
Nswala zofiira zimalekerera chipale chofewa chomwe chimayenderera kwambiri kuposa chisanu. Chipale chofewa chimamana chakudya cha mbawala ndipo chimawapangitsa kukhala osoŵa chochita pamaso pa adani awo. Kufa kwakukulu kwa nswala kumachitika nthawi yachisanu. Poyamba kugwedeza, nyama zimawoneka m'miyala yoyang'ana dzuwa.
Osadya nyama zambiri amadyetsa agwape ofiira akuluakulu. M'nyengo yozizira, mimbulu, mogwirizana ndi chipale chofewa, imakhala adani akulu a mphalapala. Phukusi la nkhandwe limayendetsa nyama kupita kumalo komwe agwape amalephera kuyenda. Apa pakubwera kutha kwa mbawala zofiira ndipo phwando la mimbulu liyamba.
Kwa akambuku ndi akambuku akum'mawa kwa Asia, agwape ofiira ndi nyama zomwe amakonda. Koma kuwonongeka kwa amphaka akulu ndikuchepa kuposa mimbulu. Amphongo ndi agwape ofiira obadwa kumene amatha kulimbana ndi nyama yodya nyama iliyonse, kuphatikizapo mbalame zazikulu.
Kuphatikiza pa odyetsa, nswala zofiira zimakwiyitsidwa ndi tizilombo taiga timene timayamwa magazi: ntchentche, ntchentche, aliyense amene agwirizana m'mawu amodzi - oyipa. Gwape wofiira amadwala anthrax, aphthous fever kapena matenda apansi ndi mkamwa, chifuwa chachikulu, ndi zina zotero. Matenda a munthu payekha amatha kukhala misala yakufa.
Zakudya zabwino
Gwape wofiira — nyama zowala. Udzu, nthambi za tchire, makungwa a aspens ndi mitengo ina yodula ndizo chakudya chachikulu cha nswala izi. Gwape ofiira ali otanganidwa kusonkhanitsa chakudya m'mawa ndi madzulo, nthawi zina amakhala usiku wonse kuchita izi.
Pa mitengo ikuluikulu ya aspens, misondodzi, m'malo momwe agwape ofiira amakhala, sizivuta kuwona zotchedwa kuluma. Ndi zipsera pamtengo, ndikosavuta kudziwa nthawi yomwe mbawala zofiira zimabowoleza khungwalo. M'chaka mumakhala kuyamwa kwamitengo yogwira ntchito. Gwape wofiira amachotsa makungwa amtengo ndi nthiti zonse, osasiya mano.
M'nyengo yozizira, makungwawo amayenera kutemedwa. Msaki wodziwa zambiri amasankha mtundu wa nyama yomwe yasiya kukukuta chifukwa cha mano. Pamlingo waukulu kuposa makungwa achisanu, nthambi za tchire ndi mitengo yodula zimadyedwa ndi nswala zofiira nthawi yozizira.
Mchere amatenga gawo lofunikira pakudya kwa nswala zofiira. Pali malo amodzi okha omwe agwape amatha kutenga okwanira - kunyambititsa mchere. M'madera otere, nyama zimapeza dongo lolemera ndi ma cyolite, calcium yachilengedwe ndi mankhwala a sodium.
Mwa kuzidya, mbawala zimapatsa thupi lawo mchere wofunikira makamaka pakukula kwa nyerere. Olanda nyama ndi anthu amadziwa izi, kupatula nyama zodya nyama, matupi awo amafunikira mchere. Onsewa amagwiritsa ntchito zidole zamchere posaka nswala zofiira ndi ma artiodactyls ena.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Magulu a nswala zofiira ndi akazi angapo okhala ndi ana amphongo azaka chimodzi ndi azaka ziwiri. Gwape wokalamba komanso wodziwa bwino amayang'anira gulu la ziweto. Ng'ombe zakale zimakhala zodziyimira pawokha, zimakonda kudyetsa zokha. Okhwima, koma sanapeze chidziwitso, ng'ombe zimagwirizana m'magulu amphongo.
Chithunzi cha chikhalidwe chimasintha ndikuyamba kwa rut. Ziwetozi zimasweka. Amuna, akudziyesa kuti apitiliza mtunduwo, amayamba kubangula. Yatsani bulu wofiira kubangula akazi amabwera, ndipo amuna omwe akufuna kulimbana ndi gulu la akazi kuchokera kwa mnzake. Otsutsa ofanana okha ndi omwe amalowa mu duel duel. Nthawi zina, malo okondedwa amatengedwa ndi agwape ofiira amphamvu kwambiri, okhala ndi nyanga zowoneka bwino kopanda nkhondo.
Wamphongo, yemwe wagwiranso gulu la akazi, amawaphimba. Tikhala nthawi yonse yozizira ndi gulu ili. M'masiku 250-270 patadutsa nthawi yophukira, ng'ombe imawonekera, nthawi zina ziwiri. Kubereka kumachitika m'tchire kapena m'malo odzala ndi udzu wamtali.
Masiku awiri kapena atatu oyamba Gwape wamkazi wamkazi wofiira sasuntha patali ndi mwana wang'ombe. Ndiye machenjerero amasintha. Ng'ombe imabisala, ndipo yaikazi, popewa chiwopsezo chake, imadyetsa poyera. Mbawala zofiira sabata iliyonse zimalumikizana ndi amayi awo ndikupita nawo limodzi uku zikudya msipu.
Ng'ombe zimagwera pakamwa pa mbawala mpaka kuyamba kotsatira. Koma ngakhale pambuyo pake amapitilizabe kukhala ndi amayi awo. Nthawi zina ana atatu kapena anayi amsinkhu wofanana amatha kuwona pafupi ndi akazi. Mwinanso, awa ndi makanda omwe amayi awo adamwalira ndikukhomerera nswala ina.
Gwape wofiira wamwamuna wosiyanasiyana samakhwima nthawi yomweyo. Akazi amatha kubweretsa mwana wawo woyamba atatha zaka zitatu, amuna amayamba kuwonetsa kuyambira kwawo kwamwamuna ali ndi zaka 4 zokha. Nthawi ya moyo wa nswala zofiira, monga mitundu yambiri ya nyerere zofiira, ili pafupifupi zaka 20.
Zosangalatsa
Nyama zina zimalemekezedwa ndi anthu akumaloko kotero kuti ziboliboli zimayikidwiratu. Mbawala yofiira imalemekezedwa ndi ulemu wotere. M'dera la Irkutsk, m'chigawo cha Bayandaevsky, pamalire ndi tawuni ya Ekhirit-Bulagatsky, chipilala chofiira cha nswala chapangidwa. Linapangidwa ndi Pavel Mikhailov, waluso komanso wosema ziboliboli.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chosemacho kunachitika mu Julayi 2014. Kuyambira pamenepo, chipilalachi ndi malo azikhalidwe ojambula kwambiri m'derali. Koma chosema cha nyama yonyada mwa alendo ena chimadzutsa chibadwa chosaka: Gwape ofiira wamwala adathyoledwa mwendo kangapo.
Osangokhala miyendo yokha mwa nyama. Mu mankhwala amwambo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zochiritsira.
- Tincture wofiira wamphongo wofiira
- Elixir kuchokera kumimba yoberekera ya mphongo yofiira yamphongo.
- Kulowetsedwa mowa mwa mbewa zofiira.
- Red deer mtima tincture.
- Pantogematogen kwenikweni magazi magazi agwape.
- Mimbulu yofiiraamamwa mowa.
Kuphatikiza pa zotsekemera, magawo onse a nswala zofiira amadyedwa mu mawonekedwe owuma komanso osasinthidwa. Nzika zakomweko komanso makamaka achi China amagwiritsa ntchito mbali zambiri za thupi lofiira ngati njira yolimbikitsira chitetezo chamthupi komanso kukonza moyo wabwino.
Anthu okhala kumpoto amakonda kwambiri wapiti kamus. Awa ndi khungu lochokera pakhungu la nyama. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma skis. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magolovesi ndi zovala zina. Simungathe kusoka nsapato zabwino zazitali popanda kamus. Kamus wa artiodactyls osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma agwape ofiira amadziwika kuti ndi abwino kwambiri.
Kusaka nyama zofiira
Mu Epulo, nyanga zimayamba kumera pa nswala zofiira. Chifukwa cha iwo, masika amayamba kusaka agwape ofiira... Cholinga chachikulu chowombera nyama panthawi yomwe chipale chofewa chimasungunuka ndikumagwira nyerere. Ngakhale dzina la chochitikachi - "antler" amalankhula za izi.
Njira imodzi yogwirira nswala zofiira ndikubisalira mbambande zamchere. Panjira ndi njanji, alenje amapeza zonyamula zachilengedwe zamchere, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayendera ndi nswala zofiira. Koma anthu amatha kupanga zopangira mchere. Pachifukwa ichi, mchere wamba umagwiritsidwa ntchito, womwe umayikidwa m'malo momwe mungathere mphalapala.
Zopangira zamchere zakhala zikuthandiza osaka kugwira agwape ofiira kwa nthawi yoposa chaka chimodzi. Malinga ndi miyambo yakomweko, bwaloli lokopa limadziwika kuti ndi la mlenje yemwe adalilenga. Komanso, pamafunika kuthandizidwa nthawi zonse - machulukitsidwe ndi mchere.
Mchere wopangidwa ndi anthu umakopa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya agwape. Pantachi woyenera, wotchedwa nswala zofiira, onyamula nyerere, samawoneka ponyambita mchere nthawi yomweyo. Amasamala kwambiri. Amatha kutuluka madzulo, ndikudalira chitetezo chawo.
Mlenje panthawiyi ali pangozi. Malo obisalirako amakhala pansi, mwaubisalira, kapena omangidwa motalika ngati mawonekedwe osungira. Pantachi amatuluka ndi mchere m'nyengo yamadzulo, mdima wandiweyani. Zikatero, simungathe kuchita popanda tochi ya grenade. Kuunika kowala sikudzakhala ndi nthawi yowopseza nswala, koma kudzawonetsetsa kuti kuwombera bwino.
Ngati kumapeto kwa gwape wofiira amakopeka ndikupereka mchere, ndiye kuti kugwa amuna amapatsidwa msonkhano ndi mdani. Masewera a nswala amayamba mkatikati mwa Seputembala. Wosaka nyama amatsanzira mkokomo wamphongo. Pachifukwa ichi, chitoliro cha birch bark decoy chimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mlenje waluso amapanga mawu osadziwika kusiyanitsa ndi kubangula kwa ng'ombe yokonzekera duel yoswana. Chifukwa chake, zimakwiyitsa nyama yomwe imamva kubangula uku kuti ilowe nawo mpikisano. Phokoso limafika pamakutu a ng'ombe yotsutsana. Iye, akumvera mayitanidwe achilengedwe, amapita kubangula lonyenga.
Wamphongo, nthawi zambiri samakhala yekha, amakhala limodzi ndi gulu lonse la akazi. Chifukwa chake, kubangula nthawi zambiri kumasaka limodzi. Mlenje wina, mothandizidwa ndi chitoliro chonyenga, akuwonetsa kulira kwa gwape wofiira, winayo amazembera alendowo, posankha nyama yabwino kwambiri.
M'nyengo yamatsenga amasaka ndipo pantach yayikulu kwambiri imawombedwa. M'dzinja, amakonzekera kusaka nyama kapena kumenya nyama zofiira. Kuti akwaniritse zokhumba zawo, msaki akuyesera kuti apeze nyama yayikulu kwambiri, kuti akhale wapamwamba nyerere zofiira.
Kusaka nyama kuli ndi ntchito zina. Gwape wolimba amakhala ndi mwayi wopewa tsogolo la wovulalayo. Nyama yake ndi yolimba, yolimba. Kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zophikira, wosaka mosakondayo amasankha wocheperako, wocheperako.
M'malo molimbana mwachilungamo, mlenje amapatsa mbawala zofiira mfuti. Nthawi zina pamakhala zochitika. M'malo mwa gwape, chimbalangondo chachikulu chimabwera kwa msaki. Amamva bwino komanso amakhala ndi chilakolako chokwanira asanagone. Chimbalangondo chingayesedwe ndi kubangula kwa agwape ofiira, kuyembekeza kuti apeze nyama.
Kusaka mkokomo kumachitika osati kokha mukamagwira nswala zofiira. Mitundu ina yazinyama zofiira kwenikweni imakhalanso zikho zosaka, ndimagwera chinyengo ichi. Momwemonso, wapiti imapezeka ku Canada.
Pambuyo posaka kubangula, ndi nthawi yosaka nyama pachipale chofewa chomwe changogwa kumene. Kusaka ufa ndi bizinesi yolemetsa yomwe imafunikira kupirira kwapadera, kutha kubisala, ndi kusamala. Koma kusaka kwamtunduwu kumayandikira kwambiri mafotokozedwe achikondi, amabuku okhudza nyama.
