Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mwa zolengedwa zamapiko za dziko lapansi pali banja lalikulu la akadzidzi. Ndipo oimira ake sanatchulidwe konse ngati chizindikiro cha nzeru kuyambira nthawi zakale, chifukwa mwachilengedwe adapatsidwa luso, nzeru zothandiza komanso kutha kuzindikira, ndiye kuti, popanda kupanga phokoso, kuyenda mumlengalenga.
Koma nthawi yomweyo, iwowo nthawi zonse amadziwa zomwe zikuchitika. Makutu awo ndi ocheperako modabwitsa chifukwa choti makutu amatseguka bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azimva kulira kochokera mbali zonse.
Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe am'magazi amalola mbalamezi kutembenuza mitu yawo mozungulira patali ndi kotala, ndipo poyang'ana ndege mawonekedwe awo amapindidwa, zomwe zimawapatsa mwayi wowonjezera kuti akhale osamala nthawi zonse.
Banja ili limakhala ndi akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga, akadzidzi a scops, akadzidzi ataliatali ndi mitundu ina ya nyama zodyera, ogwirizana m'magulu khumi ndi atatu. Ambiri mwa mamembala amtunduwu (ngakhale si onse) amawerengedwa kuti ali ndi ziboliboli pazifukwa, chifukwa zaka zawo zimakhala zaka 50 kapena kupitilira apo.
Kunja, zolengedwa izi zimawoneka zowopsa, zonyada pakusungulumwa kwawo komanso zodzidalira pazonse. Zowona, iwo omwe adadziwana nawo bwino amakhulupirira kuti m'mitima mwawo ali pachiwopsezo chotenga chiopsezo.
Mmodzi wa banja lino alinso kadzidzi tawny... Zilombo zamapikozi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi abale awo, koma amakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Makhalidwe awo ndi moyo tidzakambirana.
Kuzindikira kwakumveka kwa akadzidzi kumaperekedwa ndi chida chapadera chothandizira kumva. Ndipo chifukwa chake amatha kumva momwe kachikumbu kamasunthira muudzu ndipo mbewa imalowa mosabisa mosamala. Koma kupatula apo, kadzidzi amathandiza kuti amve mapokoso osiyana siyana ndi tinyanga tofa nato - nthenga zolimba zomwe zimamera kuchokera m'malere.
Zolozeredwa m'mwamba mwanjira inayake, zimafanana ndi makutu, ndipo sizosadabwitsa kuti ambiri, mwakungoyang'ana pang'ono, amaganiza choncho. Komabe, kadzidzi wonyezimira alibe izi. Ndi khola lokhalo lokha lomwe limakwirira mipata yake yomvera.
Ndipo kusapezeka kwa makutu ongoganiza awa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe kapangidwe ka mbalamezi, zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi abale awo m'banjamo. Mutu wa kadzidzi wonyezimira ukuwoneka ngati waukulu kwambiri. Mlomo ndi waufupi, woonda, waudongo, wopanikizika pambuyo pake.
Chimbale cha nkhope, chofotokozedwa ndi mawonekedwe omveka, chimafotokozedwa bwino. Ndipo maso ozungulira a kadzidzi ndiwodziwika kwambiri, kuwonetsa chidwi cha mawonekedwe ake onse. Maso a zolengedwa izi, osangalatsa ndi chinsinsi chawo, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nthiti zakuda.
Koma ngakhale kuti ndi iwo omwe amawonjezera china chapadera, chodabwitsa ku chithunzi cha zolengedwa izi, pali lingaliro kuti kunyezimira kwachilengedwe sikumadziwika bwino ndi iwo. Inde, izi sizofunikira, chifukwa eni ake amakhala nthawi yayitali m'nkhalango zowirira, ndipo amakhala achangu usiku.
Ndipo m'malo akutali komanso munthawi yovuta ngati imeneyi, palibe dzuwa lochulukirapo. Pali lingaliro loti mbalamezi, monga akadzidzi ena, zimayankha bwino kutentha kwa dzuwa, ngakhale asayansi ambiri amatsutsa izi. Nthenga za mbalamezi ndi zotayirira, zosalala bwino, ndiponso zofiira kapena zaimvi ndi zofiira zamawangamawanga.
Mitundu
M'banja la kadzidzi, mbalame zomwe zafotokozedwazo zikuyimira mtundu wonse, womwe umatchedwanso, monga mbalame zomwe: tawny owls. Amagawidwa m'mitundu 22, yomwe mamembala ake ali ndi mawonekedwe awo apadera, osiyana ndi malo okhala, nthenga ndi kukula.
Kutalika kwa thupi kwakukulu kwambiri mwa iwo atakula kumatha kupitirira masentimita 70. Koma ambiri mwa anzawo sioyimira, amakhala ochepa kapena kupitirirapo. Tiyeni tione mitundu ina.
1. Kadzidzi Tawny (amatchedwanso imvi). Mitunduyi imaphatikizira pafupifupi subspecies khumi. Mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono, yaying'ono kuposa khwangwala. Maso ake ndi amdima. Nthengazo zimakhala ndi mtundu wobisala wofanana ndi khungwa la mtengo.
Mawonekedwe a mapiko, poyerekeza ndi akadzidzi ena, amakhala ozungulira kwambiri, ndipo iwonso ndi otakata komanso afupikitsa. Mbalameyi imakhala makamaka ku Ulaya, koma imapezeka ku Asia, makamaka m'madera apakati ndi kum'maŵa kwa dziko lino, ndipo imapezekanso kumpoto kwa Africa.
Malo ake amakhala ofanana nyengo. Awa atha kukhala kumapeto kwakumwera kwa taiga, Mediterranean ndi madera ena a ku Eurasia okhala ndi zofananira, komwe anthu ambiri amakhala.
Mbalame zotere zimakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zakale zokhala ndimitengo yakale kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta, koma nthawi zina zimakhala zamitundumitundu. Nthawi zambiri m'nkhalango usiku zimafalikira kuderalo mawu a kadzidzi.
Ndikuchedwa, kulira, koopsa "uuuh". Umu ndi momwe amphongo amalira, ndipo mayitanidwe awo munthawi yokwatira amatha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi "kwi" yayifupi komanso yosasangalatsa, yomwe anzawo amawatsatira. Zizindikiro zofuna chakudya, zomwe zidzamveka patapita nthawi pang'ono, zidzakhala zosiyana - osalankhula komanso "piuvik" osalankhula, motero ana a makolo awo adzawayendera.
Phokoso lomwe mbalamezi zimatulutsa limasiyanasiyana ndipo zimadalira momwe zimakhalira. Amatha kukhala ndi cholinga chokopa chidwi, kuwopseza, komanso kuchitira umboni mayiko ena ndi zokhumba za zolengedwa izi. Ndipo timbre tawo, ngakhale m'makanema, adakhala umunthu usiku. Zamoyo zamapiko zotere zimauluka bwino komanso mokongola, mwina zikulimbira mmwamba, kapena mosemphana ndi nthaka.
2. Pallid kadzidzi wopezeka m'minda ya kanjedza, m'zigwa zamiyala ndi m'malo am'chipululu a Egypt, Arabia, Israel ndi Syria. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yapita, mbalamezi ndizocheperako (pafupifupi 31 cm). Mtundu wawo umakhalanso wosiyana, womwe, chifukwa cha malo okhala, ndiwachilengedwe. Chifukwa cha mchenga ndi miyala, maso awo achikaso ndi utoto wonyezimira wa nthenga zimapangitsa kuti nyama izi zisawoneke ndi maso osafunikira.
3. Kadzidzi Chaco - wokhala m'dera lotentha lotentha la Chaco, lomwe lili ku South America. Ndiye chifukwa chake mbalameyi idatchedwa ndi dzina. Nyama yamphongo imeneyi imatha kuwonedwa m'nkhalango zowuma zachigawochi pamitengo komanso m'malo am'chipululu, ikukhala pazitsamba zosowa kapena pansi. Monga akadzidzi onse, oimira amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amakhala akadzidzi pakati pausiku ndipo amachita mdima. Mbalameyi ili ndi nthenga yaimvi yakuda ndi ziphuphu zoyera zokongola.
4. Kadzidzi waku Brazil - wokhala m'chigawo chomwecho monga Chaco, komanso, m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi mbalame zomwe tafotokozazi, koma zazikulu kuposa zam'mbuyomu (mpaka 38 cm). Mbalamezi sizipezeka ku Brazil kokha, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, komanso ku Argentina ndi Paraguay. Mbalame yotere imakhala m'nkhalango zowirira, ili ndi maso akuda ndi utoto wofiirira wobiriwira.
5. Kadzidzi wa mchira wautali mwa abale, omwe ndi akulu kwambiri (pafupifupi 70 cm). Dzinalo silinyenga, mchira wamizeremizere wa mbalame zotere ndizotalika kwenikweni. Ili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ngati mphero ndipo imafika masentimita 30, ikutuluka kwambiri pansi pa mapiko ikapindidwa.
Mtundu wa nthenga za mbalame ndi wamawangamawanga, koma wowala kwambiri, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, bulauni ndi ocher kuphatikiza mithunzi ndikuwonjezera mawanga ang'onoang'ono. Kuimba kwa mbalame zotere kumafanana ndi phokoso limodzi ndi zolemba zochepa, pomwe "yy" ndi "uv" amadziwika.
Nthawi zina mbalame zimapanga phokoso lofanana ndi kuuwa kwa galu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, nyama zamapiko izi zidalembedwa mwasayansi ndikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ku Urals, chifukwa chake, mwazinthu zina, mitunduyo idalandira dzina: Ural kadzidzi... Koma uthunthu wa zolengedwa zamapikozi sizocheperako, m'malo mwake, ndizokulirapo, chifukwa zimapezeka kumunsi kwa Vistula, ku Balkan ndi ku Carpathians.
Mbalame zili ponseponse mpaka kumpoto kwa Europe, makamaka ku Scandinavia, komanso kum'mawa mpaka ku Pacific Ocean komwe, kuphatikiza zilumba za Kuril ndi Sakhalin. Amakonda kukhala m'nkhalango zochepa, komanso m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, amasankha malo odula ndi madera omwe ali pafupi ndi nkhalango ngati malo okhala.
6. Barred Owl amakhala mdziko la North America, pafupifupi masentimita 35. Malinga ndi dzinalo, mbalame zotere zilidi ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana. Ndipo pankhope pake, yotchulidwa ndi mizere yoyera, maso akuda komanso achisoni akuda amaonekera.
Tsatanetsatane wowoneka bwino wokondetsa ndi "ntchentche" ya nthenga, yomwe imakongoletsa mawonekedwe ndikuwonetsa poyambira kwa mbalame. Imayamba mwachindunji pansi pa kamlomo kakang'ono kwambiri ndipo imawoneka ngati mpango waukulu kuzungulira khosi la mbalameyo. Mawu a zolengedwa izi omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe okokedwa "hu-hu-o" ndiodabwitsanso.
7. Kadzidzi wamkulu wakuda yayitali kwambiri, chifukwa miyeso yake imafika masentimita 80. Chiyambi chachikulu cha nthenga za mbalame zotere ndichopanda utsi, chovalacho chimakongoletsedwa ndi mitundu yovuta, madontho ndi mabotolo. Zilombo zamapikozi zidatchulidwanso chifukwa chakuda pansi pamlomo, chomwe chimafanana ndi ndevu.
Zina zochititsa chidwi za mawonekedwewo ndi maso achikaso okhala ndi eyeliner yakuda ndi mzere woyera pakhosi, ngati kolala yopyapyala. Mapiko a mbalamezi amafotokozedwa momveka bwino kotero kuti nthenga zonyezimira kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi pansi zimafanana ndi kapu.
Zamoyo zoterezi zimapezeka kudera lalikulu la Eurasia. Kumadzulo, mndandanda wawo umayambira ku Prussia ndikupitilira, kudutsa chigawo chonse chapakati cha Russia, kulanda nkhalango za taiga ndi madera ena amapiri, umadutsa ku Siberia ndi Mongolia mpaka Sakhalin.
8. Tsikkaba waku Africa - wokhala m'chigawo chotentha chotchulidwa dzinali. Mbalame zoterezi zimapezeka kumwera kwa Sahara m'malo achonde a kontinentiyi, zomwe zimakhala m'minda yam'mapiri komanso m'nkhalango m'zigwa za mitsinje.
Zinyamazi zimakhala ndi nthenga zambiri zofiirira zokhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera ndi nthenga zolowererapo, zakuda kwambiri pamwamba, zoyera pansipa ndi mawu ofiira ndi ofiira owonjezedwa. Mawonekedwe a nkhope amafotokozedwa ndi mzere wofanana ndi mtima. Ili ndi maso akuda, ozungulira komanso mphuno yachikasu yopyapyala. Mapiko a mbalame zotere ndi akuda kuposa momwe zimakhalira kumbuyo. Samapitilira masentimita 35 kukula.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Pogwira gawo lalikulu komanso madera osiyanasiyana Padziko Lapansi, kadzidzi poyamba adasankha nkhalango zowirira kapena amangokhala m'malo osakhalamo anthu, ndiye kuti madera apadziko lapansi, dera lomwe tsopano likuchepa chaka chilichonse chifukwa chazovuta zamakampani komanso kufalikira kwa chitukuko cha anthu.
Komabe, ngakhale zili choncho, mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zotere sizivutika kwambiri, imakhalabe yotukuka komanso yambiri. Chifukwa chake ndichokhoza kuzolowera kusintha kwa zinthu.
Mwachitsanzo, imvi kadzidzi - nzika zoyambirira za m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango zakuya, zikuwoneka bwino m'nkhalango, zopezeka m'mapaki, minda yosasamalidwa, m'manda osiyidwa, omwe amangopezeka kokha, komanso amaberekanso ana.
Zowona kuti nthumwi zonse zamtunduwu kuchokera kubanja la kadzidzi ndizodya zolusa zimatha kumvedwa kuchokera ku dzina la mbalame. Akatswiri ambiri a zamatsenga amakhulupirira kuti amachokera ku mawu oti "kususuka". Zowona, pali malingaliro ena.
Amakhulupirira kuti dzina la mbalame liyenera kumasuliridwa kuchokera ku Church Slavonic ngati "osati chakudya", ndiye kuti, mu Russian chamakono - "osati chakudya". Ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti mbalame zotere, limodzi ndi mbalame zina ndi nyama, malinga ndi mabuku ovomerezeka a m'Baibulo, siziyenera kudyedwa. Mizere ina ya Chipangano Chakale imatsimikizira izi.
Kwenikweni, zolengedwa izi zimakhala zosungulumwa, kokha nthawi yoberekera ndiyomwe imachita. Kadzidzi Tawny – mbalame, yomwe ilibe adani owopsa m'chilengedwe, kupatula nyama zowononga zazikulu kwambiri: ziwombankhanga zagolide, mphungu, ziwombankhanga.
Chifukwa chake, ngati zolengedwa zamapiko zotere ziwonongeka, zifukwa zake ndizachilengedwe, ndiye kuti, matenda ndi ngozi. Popeza kuti mbalame zambiri zomwe zimafotokozedwazo zimangokhala (ngakhale pali mitundu yosamukasamuka), nyengo yotentha kwambiri m'malo okhala nyengo, imatha kufa chifukwa chosowa chakudya chokwanira.
Ndipo pokhala pafupi ndi munthu, anzawo osaukawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ozunzidwa, atakumana ndi zingwe zamagetsi kapena kugundana ndi mayendedwe. Zochitika zotere sizofalikira, koma zimadziwika.
Ndiwo mbalame zamadzulo komanso antchito okhulupirika usiku. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ogalamuka kuyambira madzulo mpaka m'mawa oyamba tsiku lotsatira. Zowona, ngati nthawi zamdima mdera linalake kumpoto chakumtunda ndizochepa kwambiri kapena sizimakhalako nthawi yotentha, mbalame sizingachitire mwina koma kutsogolera moyo wawo ndikupeza chakudya padzuwa.
Atakhuta mokwanira, kadzidzi amapuma masana. Komabe, pali zina kuchotserapo, Mwachitsanzo, kadzidzi wamkulu imvi, iye amakonda kuthamangitsa nyama masana, ndipo amapuma usiku.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya za nyama zoterezi ndizanyama zazing'ono. Zomwe zili mndandanda zimadalira malo okhala, ndipo zokonda zimadalira mitundu ya oimira akadzidzi. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha mbalame zapakatikati ndi zinyama, agologolo ndi mitundu yonse ya makoswe: ma voles, mbewa, makoswe.
Wamkulu kadzidzi ya kukula kodabwitsa, imatha kudzikongoletsa yokha ndikupeza grouse yakuda kapena hazel grouse nkhomaliro. Achule, odzigudubuza, zokwawa zosiyanasiyana, nsomba nawonso amachitidwa chipongwe ndi nthenga zolusa ngati izi. Mitundu yaying'ono ndi nyama zomwe zimadya zimafufuza tizilombo tomwe timadya.
Mbalame zotere zimasaka zisa zawo pafupi, ndipo pofunafuna nyama, samayenda mtunda wopitilira kotala kilomita imodzi. Omwe amawazunza, ngati ali akulu mokwanira, adang'ambika kuti akhale osavuta kuyamwa, ndipo nyama zing'onozing'ono zimatha kumeza bwinobwino.
Nkhuntho zimasamalidwanso. Nthawi zambiri, okonda zachilendo amatenga ziweto zotere kuzinyumba zawo kuti akasunge. Ndiyeno alendo osazolowereka amadyetsedwa ndi masewera ang'onoang'ono, nyama, soseji. Kadzidzi akhoza kukhala owopsa chifukwa ngodya zowopsa.
Ndipo kuyiwala za izi kumadzala ndi zotsatirapo. Amadya ndi chisangalalo chamtchire, akung'amba zakudya zokhetsa magazi m'magawo ang'onoang'ono ndikuwabalalitsa okha, potero zimabweretsa chisokonezo chachikulu.
Ndipo mbewa zoyera zikakhala mnyumbamo, ma hamsters kapena eni ake ali ndi nyama zina zazing'ono, zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Kupatula apo, chibadwa chosaka cha oyandikana nawo okhala ndi mapiko adzawakakamiza kuti abwezere mwankhanza.
Koma kawirikawiri, kadzidzi amawerengedwa kuti ndiwokhetsa magazi pang'ono komanso osamala kwambiri. Ngakhale omwe akufuna kukhala nawo akulangizidwa mwamphamvu kuti atenge mbalame zotere kuchokera ku nazale, ndizovuta kwambiri kwa anthu amtchire kupondereza kulira kwachilengedwe.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
M'chipululu, nyumba zokhala ndi kadzidzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'mabowo obadwa mwachilengedwe amitengo yakale, omwe mbalamezi zimangofunafuna ndikukhalamo, chifukwa iwowo sangathe kudzimangira nyumba.
Ngati dzenje loyenerera silipezeka, mbalame zimayesera kukhazikika mu zisa zomwe mbalame zina zinasiyidwa, mwachitsanzo, makungubwi ndi mbalame zina zodya zilombo: akhungubwe, akabawi, odya mavu. Sizachilendo kuti azikhala m'nyumba zazitali zomwe anthu amazisiya kapena kuziyendera kawirikawiri.
Amunawa ali pankhondo yolimbana ndi malo obisalirapo ndi kuwateteza, kuwonetsa chidwi chachikulu ndikupereka chilango chovuta kwa onse omwe akuphwanya malowo. Nthawi yoti mbalame zoterezi zikuswana ziziyambika m'nyengo yachilimwe. Ndiyeno eni zisa amathamangira kukapeza anzawo.
Ndipo akapeza ofunsira oyenerera, amakhala nawo ndi chakudya chokoma, ndiye kuti, zopereka zamwambo.Ngati zonse zikuyenda bwino, masewerawa amatsatiridwa ndikulumikizana ndi zotsatira zake zonse.
Mazira a mbalame zotere (nthawi zambiri amakhala mpaka asanu ndi mmodzi) amafanana ndi mazira a nkhuku kukula kwake ndipo amakhala oyera. Kwa milungu inayi ikubwerayi, mayiyo akuchita nawo zowafutukula, ndipo bambo wa banja amabweretsa chakudya kwa bwenzi lake.
Anapiye akhungu, omwe amawonekera posachedwa, amaswa mu nyenyeswa, koma amakula mofulumira, ndipo mwezi woyamba, kulemera kwawo kumawonjezeka katatu. Chifukwa chake, kumapeto kwa nthawi ino, amakhala ndi thupi lolemera pafupifupi 400 g.
Sabata imodzi atabadwa, maso awo amatseguka. Pakatha mwezi umodzi, anawo amachoka pachisa, komabe amakhalabe pafupi ndi makolo awo. Kukula kwawo kwakukulu kumatha miyezi itatu. Kenako amakhala ndi malo awo osakira, amakhala olimba komanso okhwima. Zomwe amakhala zimawoneka kadzidzi pa chithunzi.
Kadzidzi ndiwotchuka chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wautali, koma izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa onse m'banjamo. Amakhulupirira kuti kutalika kwa moyo wa mbalamezi kumadalira kukula kwake. Mamembala akulu kwambiri am'banja, motsatana, amakhala ndi moyo wautali. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi, zaka zakadzidzi, zomwe ndizochepa poyerekeza ndi abale awo, ndizochepa kwambiri.
Zimaganiziridwa kuti sizikhala zaka zoposa zisanu. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mfundoyi ikupezeka mu kagayidwe kake kamene kamapezeka m'zinthu zawo zazing'ono. Komabe, pali zosiyana pano. Milandu yalembedwa pomwe akadzidzi amakhala mu ukapolo komanso m'malo awo achilengedwe kwa zaka khumi, ngakhale makumi awiri kapena kupitilira apo.
