Jackdaw — mbalame, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakumana ndi anthu okhala m'mizinda yaku Europe ndi Asia. Ali ndi munthu, mawonekedwe odziwika komanso kufuula kwamanyazi. Jackdaw - m'gulu lachilengedwe limaphatikizidwa ndi akhwangwala, choughs, rooks.
M'nthawi zakale, ma corvids awa amatchedwa ndi dzina wamba: gayvorone, gai, gulu lachiwawa. Panali njira: gal, gal'e. Limodzi mwamaina achikhalidwe achi Slavic lidasinthidwa ndikukhazikika: mbalameyo idayamba kutchedwa jackdaw.
Anthu anali ndi malingaliro okhumudwitsa ma vranov onse. Iwo amatamandidwa ndi kulumikizana ndi kumanda, miyoyo ya ochimwa. Panalinso zifukwa zina zosavuta kuzimvera mbalame: alimi amakhulupirira kuti ma corvids akuwononga mbewu.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Jackdaw - woimira wocheperako wa ma corvids. Kutalika ndikofanana ndi nkhunda: masentimita 36-41. Kulemera kwake kumafanana ndi kukula kwa thupi ndipo sikupitilira 270 g. Mapikowo amatseguka otseguka masentimita 66-75. Mchirawo ndi wautali wapakati ndipo uli ndi nthenga zocheperapo kuposa mapiko.
Maonekedwe a thupi, mapiko ndi mchira zimapangitsa mbalame kuti ziziyenda bwino kwambiri. Amatha kuyendetsa ndegeyo. Zomwe zimafunikira pamoyo wamatawuni. Paulendo wautali, ma jackdaw amawonetsa kutha kukonzekera komanso kuwuluka chifukwa cha zikwapu zosowa. Zikuwerengedwa kuti kuthamanga kwambiri komwe mbalame imatha kuchita ndi 25-45 km / h.
Mtundu wautoto umakhala wofanana ndi ma corvids. Mtundu waukulu ndi anthracite. Nape, khosi, chifuwa ndi kumbuyo ndi mtundu wa Marengo. Mbali yomweyo yamkati yamthupi. Nthenga pamapiko ndi mchira zimapereka utoto wofiirira kapena wabuluu.
Mlomo ndi wokulirapo, koma momveka bwino kuti ugwire ntchito yovuta. Hafu ya chigawo chapamwamba ili ndi ma bristles. Pansi, amakhala kotala la pamwamba. Maso amasintha mtundu wawo ndi msinkhu. Anapiyewo ndi amtambo. Pofika nthawi yokhwima, ma iris amakhala otuwa pang'ono, pafupifupi oyera.
Kudalirika kwa kugonana ndikovuta kuzindikira. Mwa amuna akulu, nthenga pakhosi ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu zimayamba kuzimiririka ndikusiya kuwala. Ngakhale katswiri sanganene motsimikiza kuti ndi chiyani jackdaw pachithunzichi: wamwamuna kapena wamkazi.
Anapiye ndi mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zobiriwira mofananamo. Kuya, machulukitsidwe a kamvekedwe, kukhalapo kwa mitundu mitundu mu mbalame akukhala mu madera osiyana zimasiyana. Nthawi yomweyo, kusamvana pakati pa gulu kumatha kukhala kwakukulu kuposa anthu onse.
Ma Jackdaws, monga ma corvids ena, amakumbukira bwino, amatha msanga komanso amatha kutsanzira mawu osiyanasiyana. Anthu adachita chidwi ndi izi kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo nthawi zambiri ankasunga mbalamezi kunyumba. Izi zidathandizidwa kukula kwa jackdaw komanso kuzolowera mwachangu anthu. Pakadali pano, ichi ndi chizolowezi chosowa.
Ma Jackdaw alibe adani ambiri. Mumzindawu, ndi akhwangwala makamaka omwe amawononga zisa zawo. Mwachilengedwe, mndandanda wa adani ukukula. Izi ndi mbalame zodya nyama, amphaka amphaka ndi nyama zina zomwe zimatha kugwira jackdaw. Monga nyama zilizonse zomwe zili pafupi, mawonetseredwe a epizootic samachotsedwa.
Mitundu
Mtundu wa jackdaws wagawika m'magulu awiri.
- Jackdaw yakumadzulo. Akamayankhula za jackdaws, amatanthauza mitundu iyi.
- Piebald kapena Daurian jackdaw. Zosiyanasiyana zophunziridwa pang'ono. Malo ogwiritsira ntchito amafanana ndi dzina - iyi ndi Transbaikalia ndi madera oyandikana nawo. Chilichonse chomwe kale chimatchedwa Dauria.
Jackdaw yakumadzulo ndiye mitundu yophunziridwa kwambiri komanso yofala. Asayansi apeza mitundu inayi ya mbalameyi. Koma palibe mgwirizano pakati pa akatswiri azamoyo.
- Coloeus monedula monedula. Ma subspecies osankhidwa. Dera lalikulu ndi Scandinavia. Ziweto zina zimasamukira ku England ndi ku France nthawi yachisanu. Mawonekedwe akunja ndi opanda pake: zipsyera zoyera kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi khosi.
- Coloeus monedula spermologus. Zimasokoneza ku Europe. Mdima wakuda kwambiri, wamtundu wakuda.
- Coloeus monedula soemmerringii. Amakhala kumadera ambiri akumadzulo ndi Central Asia, ku Trans-Urals, Siberia. Mwakuwoneka, ndizofanana ndi ma subspecies osankhidwa. Nthawi zina akatswiri amaphatikiza izi ndi ma subspecies osankhidwa kukhala taxon imodzi.
- Coloeus monedula cirtensis. Kumalo okhala kumpoto kwa Africa, Algeria. Zimasiyana ndi ma jackdaw ena mu yunifolomu komanso yoyera kwambiri.
Pali mbalame ina yomwe imachedwa jackdaws. Anasunga chinyengo ichi m'dzina lake: alpine jackdaw kapena jackdaw wakuda... Mbalameyi imakhala m'mphepete mwa mapiri ku Eurasia ndi North Africa.
Amadziwa kutalika kwa 1200 mpaka 5000 mita pamwamba pa nyanja. Kafukufuku wa chibadwa adatsogolera pakuwona kuti mtundu wina udasiyidwa ndi mbalame m'thupi, ndikusiya ma corvids m'banjamo.
Mosiyana ndi Alpine jackdaw, a Daurian jackdaw ndi achibale enieni a jackdaw wamba. Amalowa naye m'banja limodzi. Mbalameyi ili ndi dzina lapakati - piebald jackdaw. Amakhala ku Transbaikalia, kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa China, ku Korea.
Zimasiyana ndi mitundu yofananira kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa mutu, kolala, chifuwa ndi mdima wakuda wamaso. Khalidwe, zizolowezi zodyera, momwe amaonera ana ndi ofanana ndi a jackdaw wamba.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Funso "mbalame yozizira ya jackdaw kapena yosamuka»Zimathetsedwa mosavuta. Monga mbalame zina zambiri, jackdaw imaphatikiza zonsezi. Kwenikweni, iyi ndi mbalame yamoyo, ndiye kuti, siyimapanga kusamuka kwakanthawi.
Jackdaw m'nyengo yozizira imakhala m'malo omwe imaswa anapiye. Koma anthu omwe adziwa madera akumpoto kwamtunduwu, pofika nthawi yophukira, amasonkhana m'magulu ndikuwulukira kumwera. Kupita ku Central ndi Kumwera kwa Europe.
Njira zosamukira sizimveka bwino. Ma Jackdaw, monga apaulendo, nthawi zina amakudabwitsani. Amapezeka ku Iceland, zilumba za Faroe ndi Canary. Daurian jackdaws amathawira ku Hokaido ndi Hanshu. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ziwombankhanga zinawoneka ku Canada, m'chigawo cha Quebec.
Zinyama zimasunthira nyengo zosapitilira 10%. Koma pafupifupi magulu onse a mbalame amasamuka. Maulendo sangakhale omangika nyengo inayake. Nthawi zambiri, zimalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa chakudya, kufunafuna malo abwino okhalira mazira.
Jackdaw ndi cholengedwa chofanana. Amakhala ndi kubereka anapiye m'midzi. Pakati pa nyumba, m'mabwalo ndi m'malo otayira zinyalala, amapezeka mgulu lomwelo lokhala ndi ma rook. M'magulu osakanikirana mutha kuwona nkhunda, nyenyezi, khwangwala pafupi ndi nkhwangwa.
Makamaka ma jackdaw ambiri amakhala m'malo omwe muli nyumba zakale komanso zosiyidwa zamiyala. Pamodzi ndi akhwangwala ndi nkhunda, adakhazikika munyumba za belu, nyumba zosakira zamakampani, malo opanda kanthu. Kukopa kwa nyumba zamiyala kukusonyeza kuti mbalamezi nthawi ina zinkakhazikika m'mphepete mwa miyala ya mitsinje ndi malo otsetsereka a mapiri.
Mukamadyera limodzi ndi mbalame zina, sizikuwonekeratu kuti gulu la jackdaws ndi gulu lolinganizidwa motsogola. Amuna akumenyera nkhondo patebulopo. Ubale umathetsedwa mwachangu. Chifukwa chakumenyana kwakanthawi kochepa, chachimuna chimakhala m'magulu oyambiranso. Kumuphatikiza jackdaw wamkaziamakhala pamlingo wofananawo.
Gulu limadziwika pamene mbalame zimakhala. Banja lalikulu kwambiri lidayikidwa bwino kwambiri. Kugawidwa kwa mwayi kwa mbalame zina kumagwirizana ndi gulu loyera. Kuphatikiza pakupanga zisa zambiri, bungwe limawonetseredwa poteteza adani kapena omenyera ufulu watsambalo.
Zakudya zabwino
Omnivorous ndi mtundu womwe umathandiza mbalame kuti izolowere nthawi iliyonse. Gawo lamapuloteni la chakudyacho ndi mitundu yonse ya tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo, mavuvu. Zocheperako kuposa ma corvids ena, ma jackdaws amayang'anitsitsa zovunda. Imatha kuwononga zisa za anthu ena, kuba mazira ndi anapiye osathandiza.
Zakudya zozikidwa pazomera ndizosiyanasiyana. Lili ndi mbewu za zitsamba zonse. Mbewu zaulimi zimakonda. Osanyalanyazidwa: nandolo, zipatso, zipatso ndi zina zotero. M'mizinda ndi m'matawuni, mbalame zimakopeka ndi malo omwe zinyalala zimapezeka.
Mukamadyetsa, bzalani chakudya chokwanira 20% yama voliyumu azakudya, mapuloteni - 80%. Nthawi yonseyi, kuchuluka kumasintha ngati magalasi: 80% ndi zakudya zamasamba, 20% ndi chakudya chanyama.
Pofunafuna chakudya, ma jackdaw amakonda makamaka kusanthula zinyalala zapansi, m'masamba okugwa. Tizilombo tamagwidwa kawirikawiri pa tchire ndi mitengo. M'malo oswana nyama, amayang'anira milu ya ndowe. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimawoneka pamsana pa nkhosa, nkhumba, ndi ng'ombe, pomwe zimamasula ziweto ku nkhupakupa ndi tizilombo tina.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Ali ndi zaka chimodzi, ma jackdaws amayamba kufunafuna awokha. Mfundo zomwe zisankho za mnzanu sizikhazikitsidwa. Awiriwa amabwera pasadakhale, nyengo yobereketsa isanayambike. Nthawi zina maanja amathetsa msanga.
Pofika zaka ziwiri, mbalame zonse zimakhala ndi mnzake. Kukondana kumatenga moyo wonse. Ngati m'modzi mwaomwe amwalira, banja latsopano limapangidwa. Ngati imfa yamwamuna kapena wamkazi imachitika pakulera anapiye, chisa chokhala ndi ma jackdaw chimatsalira.
Nthawi yobereketsa imadalira nthawi yobwera masika. Pankhani yotentha koyambirira, nyengo yoswana imayamba mu Epulo, kumapeto kwa masika - mu Meyi. Awiriwa akuyamba kumanga chisa limodzi. Nthawi zambiri nyumba siyimangidwanso mwatsopano, koma yakale imakonzedwa, osati yake.
Chisa cha Jackdaw ndi kapangidwe kakale ka mbalame kamene kamapangidwa ndi nthambi ndi nthambi zomwe zimagwiridwa pamodzi ndi dongo, matope, manyowa, kapena osayika bwino. Zofewa zimayikidwa pansi pa chisa: nthenga, tsitsi, tsamba la udzu, pepala.
Zisa zimapangidwa m'mabowo amitengo yakale, pansi pamadenga, m'malo opumira mpweya m'nyumba zogona. Mapaipi otentha ndi amodzi mwamalo omwe zisa zimamangidwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito mbaula zachitofu ndi mbaula kumabweretsa zotsatira zosagwirizana komanso nthawi zina zomvetsa chisoni.
Pamapeto pa zomangamanga, awiri amalumikizidwa. Clutch, yomwe imapangidwa pambuyo pokwatirana, imakhala ndi mazira 4-6. Ali ndi mawonekedwe achikale ndi mtundu wa chowawa wokhala ndi timadontho tating'ono. Nthawi zina chiwerengero chawo chimafika 8 zidutswa. Pakakhala kuwonongeka kwa chisa, kufa kwa zomangamanga, zonse zimabwerezedwa: nyumba yatsopano yamangidwa, zomangamanga zatsopano zimapangidwa.
Mzimayi amawotcha anawo kwa masiku pafupifupi 20. Nthawi yonseyi, yamphongo imasamalira chakudya chake. Jackdaw anapiye amaswa asynchronously. Izi zimathandizira njira yodyetsa mbadwo watsopano. Mbalame zomwe zangobadwa kumene sizitha kuchita chilichonse, zakhungu, zokutidwa ndi malo ochepa.
Makolo onse awiri akhala akudyetsa chakudya kwa mwezi wopitilira. Pambuyo masiku 28-32, anapiyewo amatuluka muchisa. Amakhala pafupi naye. Pambuyo masiku 30-35 kuchokera pomwe adabadwa, mbadwo watsopano wa ma jackdaw umayamba kuwuluka. Koma kudyetsa sikuthera pamenepo. Anapiye, osakhala otsika kukula kwa mbalame zazikulu, amathamangitsa makolo awo ndikupempha chakudya. Izi zimatha masabata 3-4.
Pamapeto pake, mbalame zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zimagawidwa m'magulu. Atagwirizana ndi anzawo nthawi zonse: nkhunda ndi akhwangwala, amayamba kufunafuna malo okhutiritsa kwambiri. Jackdaws ndi mtundu womwe suli pachiwopsezo chotha.
Akatswiri odziwa za mbalame amalemba kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa mbalame pakati pa anthu 15-45 miliyoni. Kusakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira, kuthekera kopezeka m'mizinda, kumatsimikizira kuti mbalamezi zimapulumuka. Kuphatikiza apo, ma jackdaw amakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 13, khumi ndi ziwiri amatha kubala ana.
