Yak ndi nyama. Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe, mitundu, moyo ndi malo okhala Yak

Yak - nyama yayikulu yokhala ndi ziboda zokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso owonetsa. Dziko lakwawo ndi Tibet, koma popita nthawi malowa afalikira mpaka ku Himalaya, Pamir, Tan Shan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia ndi Altai Territory. Nyamayo idabweretsedwa ku North Caucasus ndi Yakutia.

Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe

Nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika, yofanana ndi ng'ombe yayikulu, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi tsitsi lalitali lakuda, ndi yak. Pachithunzichi mawonekedwe ake akunja akuwoneka:

• lamulo lamphamvu;
• hump wopangidwa ndi maulalo amtundu wautali (4 cm);
• wowawasa kumbuyo;
• miyendo yotukuka bwino, miyendo yamphamvu, yayifupi komanso yaying'ono;
• chifuwa chachikulu;
• khosi lalifupi;
• kabere kakang'ono kokhala ndi mawere 2 2 kutalika kwa 4 cm;
• mchira wautali;
• nyanga zopyapyala.

Kapangidwe kake ndikosiyana ndi khungu la nyama zina zofananira. Mu yaks, minofu yocheperako imafotokozedwa bwino, ndipo ma gland a thukuta sapezeka. Ali ndi khungu lakuda lokhala ndi tsitsi lakuda. Chovala chofewa komanso chosalala chimapachikidwa mthupi mmaonekedwe a mphonje ndipo chimaphimba kwathunthu miyendo.

Pamiyendo ndi pamimba, tsitsi limakhazikika, lalifupi, lopangidwa ndi tsitsi loyang'anira bwino. Chovalacho chimakhala ndi chovala chamkati chomwe chimagwera mu timatumba m'nyengo yotentha. Mchira ndi wautali, ngati kavalo. Palibe burashi kumchira, yofanana ndi ng'ombe.

Chifukwa cha mapapo akulu ndi mtima, kukhuta magazi ndi fetog hemoglobin, magazi a yak amakhala ndi mpweya wambiri. Izi zidalola kuti ma yaks azolowere mapiri.

Yak ndi nyama kusinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Yak ali ndi luso lakumva bwino. Kumva ndi masomphenya ndizovuta. Yak yakunyumba ilibe nyanga.

Kulemera kwa yaks zoweta ndi 400 ... 500 kg, yachs - 230 ... 330 kg. Yak yakutchire imatha kulemera mpaka 1000 kg. Kulemera kwamoyo kwa ma yatchi obadwa kumene ndi 9 ... 16 kg. Potengera magawo ofanana ndi amtheradi, ana amphongo ndi ocheperako kuposa ana ang'ombe. Gome likuwonetsa magawo amthupi a yaks ndi yaks.

Mitundu yomwe yatchulidwa ili yotsimikizika Kodi nyama yak umawoneka bwanji.

Mitundu

Malinga ndi mtundu wa asayansi, ma yak ndi a:

• gulu la zinyama;
• gulu la artiodactyls;
• kuitanitsa zoweta;
• banja la bovids;
• ng'ombe zapabanja;
• mtundu wa ng'ombe zenizeni;
• kuwona kwa yaks.

M'magulu omwe analipo kale, mwa mtundu umodzi wamtundu umodzi, ma subspecies awiri adasiyanitsidwa: zakutchire ndi zoweta. Pakadali pano amawerengedwa ngati mitundu iwiri yosiyana.

• Yak yakutchire.

Bos mutus ("wosalankhula") ndi mtundu wa yak yakuthengo. Nyama izi zidapulumuka m'malo omwe anthu sanatengepo kanthu. Mwachilengedwe, amapezeka kumapiri okwera a Tibet. Mbiri zakale zaku Tibet zimamufotokozera kuti ndi cholengedwa choopsa kwambiri kwa anthu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, yak yakuthengo idafotokozedwa mwasayansi ndi N.M. Przhevalsky m'zaka za zana la 19.

• Yodzipangira yak.

Bos grunniens ("akung'ung'udza") - yak Pet... Imawoneka yayikulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nyama yakutchire. Jacob adaleredwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana loyamba. BC. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama zolemetsa.

Ofufuzawo amati ndi nyama yokhayo yoyenera kunyamula katundu ndi kuyendetsa galimoto kumapiri ataliatali. M'madera ena, amaweta ngati nyama komanso nyama zamkaka. Zipangizo zachilengedwe (nyanga, tsitsi, ubweya) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokumbutsa, ntchito zamanja, zopangidwa ndi ubweya.

Yak ndi hybrids ng'ombe - hainak ndi orthon. Ndizochepa kuposa kukula kwa yaks, zofatsa, ndipo amadziwika ndi kupirira pang'ono. Hainaki amapangidwa ngati nyama zonyamula anthu kumwera kwa Siberia ndi Mongolia.

Moyo ndi malo okhala

Dziko lakwawo yak yakutchire ndi Tibet. Ma yak yakutchire tsopano amangokhala kumeneko, kumapiri. Nthawi zina amapezeka kumapiri oyandikira - Ladakh ndi Karakorum.

M'chilimwe, malo awo amakhala pamtunda wokwera mpaka 6100 m pamwamba pa nyanja, ndipo nthawi yozizira amapita mpaka 4300 ... mamita 4600. Amakwaniritsidwa pamapiri (ozizira komanso osawoneka bwino), chifukwa chake salola kutsika ndi kutentha kupitilira 15 C.

M'miyezi yotentha, amayesa kukwera pamwamba, kuwombedwa ndi mphepo, komwe kulibe tizilombo toyamwa magazi. Amakonda kudyetsa ndi kugona pa madzi oundana. Yaks amayenda bwino kumapiri. Zinyama ndi zaukhondo kwambiri.

Yaks amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mitu 10-12. Ziweto zimapangidwa ndi akazi ndi ma yatchi. Monga gulu, nyama nthawi yomweyo zimayendera limodzi, zimakhala tcheru nthawi zonse.

Amuna achikulire odyetserako ziweto amasonkhana m'magulu a 5 ... 6 mitu. Zinyama zazing'ono zimakhala m'magulu akulu. Ndi zaka, ziweto m'magulu zimachepa pang'onopang'ono. Yak okalamba amuna amakhala mosiyana.

Pakati pa chisanu choopsa mu mphepo yamkuntho kapena namondwe, ma yaks amasonkhana pagulu, kuzungulira ana, motero kuwateteza ku chisanu.

Seputembara - Okutobala ndiyo nyengo yovuta. Makhalidwe a yaks panthawiyi ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi machitidwe a ma bovids ena. Amuna amalowa nawo gulu la ma yatchi. Nkhondo zoopsa zimachitika pakati pa yaks: amayesa kumenyerana mbali ndi nyanga zawo.

Kusiyanitsa kumatha kuvulala koopsa, nthawi zambiri, imfa imatha. Kawirikawiri yak yakachetechete pamalopo imatulutsa mkokomo waukulu. Nyengo yokhwima itatha, yamphongo imasiya ziwetozo.

Wamkulu zakutchire yak - nyama yoopsa komanso yamphamvu. Mimbulu imalimbana ndi nkhwawa m'magulu achisanu, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuyenda kwa nyama yonenepa kwambiri. Ma yak yakutchire amakhala andewu kwa anthu. Pogundana ndi munthu, yak, makamaka wovulazidwa, nthawi yomweyo amapita.

Kufooka kokha kwa yak, kosangalatsa kwa mlenje, ndikumva kochepa komanso kuwona. Yak womenya akuwoneka wankhanza kwambiri: mutu wokwezedwa pamwamba ndi mchira wokhala ndi ubweya wopukutira ndi sultan.

Mosiyana ndi nthumwi zina za ma bovids, ma yak satha kung'ung'udza kapena kubangula. Nthawi zambiri, amamveka mofanana ndi kung'ung'udza. Chifukwa chake amatchedwa "ng'ombe zodandaula".

Zakudya zabwino

Mawonekedwe a nyama Yak komwe kumakhalamomwe thupi lake limasinthira zochitika zachilengedwe zimakhudza zakudya. Kapangidwe ka mphuno ndi milomo kumakupatsani chakudya kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa (chokhala ndi masentimita 14) komanso panthaka yachisanu. Mwachilengedwe, yaks amadyetsa:

• ndere;
• udzu;
• udzu;
• zitsamba zazitsamba ndi mitengo;
• zomera zouma komanso zouma pang'ono podyetsa nthawi yozizira.

Mazira obadwa kumene amadya mkaka wa mayi mpaka atakwanitsa mwezi umodzi, kenako amasinthana kuti azibzala zakudya. Masamba, phala, chimanga, mkate wakuda, ndi chimanga amawonjezeredwa pazakudya zapakaka zapanyumba ndi zamtchire zosungidwa kumalo osungira nyama. Chakudya cha mafupa, mchere ndi choko chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera mavitamini.

M'minda ya yak, amadyetsa msipu pamapiri moyang'aniridwa ndi woweta yak. Pakudya msipu, yaks, ngakhale ali odekha, yesetsani kuchoka kwa anthu, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amachitidwe awo amanjenje.

Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo

Longosola, nyama yanji, mutha kuwerenga momwe zimakhalira. Kuzolowera kukhala m'malo ovuta kunapangitsa kuti ma yaki azitha kuswana kutentha. Kuswana kumachepetsa chifukwa chokhala m'malo okhala ndi mapiri ochepa okhala ndi nyengo yotentha komanso yofatsa.

Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti pamaso pa munthu, yaks samawonetsa malingaliro azakugonana. Kukula msinkhu kwa anthu amtchire kumachitika ali ndi zaka 6 ... zaka 8, zaka zapakati pazaka ndi zaka 25.

Zoswana:

• Yak ndi nyama za polyester. Nthawi yoswana imayamba kumapeto kwa Juni - pakati pa Julayi ndipo imatha mu Okutobala-Disembala, kutengera malo okhala.
• Amayi amatha kupanga feteleza ali ndi zaka 18 ... miyezi 24.
• Mwa akazi osabereka, kusaka kumatenga kuyambira Juni mpaka Julayi, mwa kubereka akazi - kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembala, komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi yobereka.
• Kusunga ma yatchi kumatsetse akumwera kwa mapiri kumabweretsa kusaka kwanthawi yayitali popanda kuyamwa.
• Zizindikiro zosaka: Ma yatchisiti asokonezeka, amakana kudya msipu, kununkhiza ndi kulumpha nyama zina. Kugunda, kupuma kumachepetsa, kutentha kwa thupi kumakwera ndi 0.5-1.2 ° C. Ntchofu zowoneka bwino komanso zamtambo zimatuluka kuchokera pachibelekeropo. Kutsekemera kumachitika mkati mwa 3 ... maola 6 kutha kusaka.
• Nthawi yozizira ya tsikulo, malinga ngati isungidwa kumtunda kwa mapiri, ndi nthawi yabwino yokwatirana.
• Kugonana kwa ma yatchi kumalepheretsa kutentha komanso m'malo otsika ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa oxygen.
• Kutalika kwa kukula kwa intrauterine kumafupikitsidwa poyerekeza ndi ng'ombe zina ndipo ndi 224 ... masiku 284 (pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi inayi).
• Ma Yachikhs amakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto nthawi yopanda anthu.
• Kukula kwachiwerewere kwa yaks amuna kumadalira kutengera momwe amalera. Zimapezeka pa 15 ... miyezi 18.
• Kugonana kwakukulu kumawonetsedwa ndi amuna azaka 1.5 ... zaka 4.

Kuti mukolole kwambiri nyama zazing'ono munthawi ya minda ya yak, ndikofunikira kutsatira zofunikira:

• kulinganiza mating munthawi yake;
• Gwiritsani ntchito opanga achinyamata mu gulu;
• Chepetsani kuchuluka kwa amuna mpaka 10-12 mawotchi;
• m'nyengo yokwanira, sungani yaks msipu pamalo okwera osachepera 3 zikwi zitatu ndi udzu wokwanira;
• chitani ana moyenera.

Ziweto zosakanizidwa ndi ng'ombe zazimuna nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosabala.

Mtengo

Ma yak yakunyumba amagulitsidwa ndi kulemera kwawo. Mtengo kuchokera ku 260 rubles / kg. Zigulidwa kuti zizisungidwa m'mafamu apanyumba komanso ozungulira. Zinthu zachilengedwe za Yak ndizofunika kwambiri.

• Nyama. Amadyedwa okonzeka. Ndi yokazinga, youma, yophika, yophika ndi kuphika. Zakudya za caloriki 110 kcal./100 g. Muli mavitamini B1 ndi B2, mchere (Ca, K, P, Fe, Na), mapuloteni ndi mafuta. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito zophikira, nyama ya achinyamata, mpaka zaka zitatu, yaks imadziwika kuti ndiyabwino. Ndiwotsekemera, osati wolimba, wopanda mafuta. Nyama ya nyama zakale ndizolimba, zonenepa komanso zonenepa kwambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama yosungunuka. Ndiopambana kuposa ng'ombe mwa kulawa komanso mikhalidwe yathanzi. Mtengo wa nyama yak ndi wotsika kasanu kuposa mtengo wa ng'ombe. Zokolola zanyama (kupha) - 53%. Kwa nyama, ndikofunikira kugulitsa anthu olemera 300 kg.
• Mkaka. Mafuta a mkaka wakutchi ndi owirikiza kawiri kuposa mkaka wa ng'ombe. Mafuta - 5.3 ... 8.5%, mapuloteni - 5.1 ... 5.3%. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tchizi ndi mafuta onunkhira okhala ndi carotene yokwanira, yomwe imakhala ndi nthawi yayitali. Zokolola za mkaka zimawerengedwa pafupifupi - 858 ... 1070 kg / chaka. Zokolola za mkaka mwa akazi zimakula mpaka zaka 9, kenako zimachepa pang'onopang'ono.
• Mafutawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani opanga zodzoladzola.
• Ubweya. M'madera oberekera Yak, ubweya wawo umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma rug, zofunda, zovala zotentha ndi zinthu zina. Zimadzipereka kuti ugwire ntchito. Ubweyawo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsalu zoyipa. Ubweya ndi wofewa, umasungabe kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali, osakwinyika, siwowopsa. Zokolola zaubweya - 0.3 ... 0.9 makilogalamu pa wamkulu.
• Khungu. Zikopa zosaphika zomwe zimapezeka pachikopa zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zikopa za ng'ombe. Kupititsa patsogolo njira zamakono zopangira zikopa za yak kumakulitsa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito popanga nsapato ndi zinthu zina zachikopa.
• Nyanga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokumbutsa.

Yaks amasungidwanso kumalo osungira nyama. Mtengo yak zakutchire 47,000-120,000 ruble.

Yak kusamalira ndi kuswana

Maiko omwe akutsogolera kuswana mitundu ndi China, Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan. Ku Russian Federation, minda ya yak ili ku Dagestan, Yakutia, Buryatia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tuva.

Yak ndi nyama zosadzichepetsa zomwe sizikusowa ndende zina. M'malo osungira nyama ndi m'minda yapayokha, amasungidwa m'makola okhala ndi mipanda yokwanira 2.5 mita. Nyumba zazitali zamatabwa kapena nyumba zimakhazikitsidwa.

Dongosolo la kuswana kwa mafakitale kwa nyama izi kumakhala kodyetsa ziweto chaka chonse. M'madera okwera kwambiri, malo odyetserako ziweto okhala ndi zitsamba zabwino amapangidwira kubereketsa yak. Yaks imasinthasintha nyengo ndi msipu wa madera omwe adakulira m'mibadwo yambiri.

M'mafamu, yaks amalumikizana m'magulu kapena ziweto msinkhu ndi kugonana:

• 60 ... mitu 100 - yoyendetsa mkaka;
• 8… 15 mitu - kuswana yaks;
• Mitu 80 - ng'ombe mpaka miyezi 12;
• Mitu 100 - nyama zazing'ono zopitilira miyezi 12;
• Mitu 100 - ma yatchi achikazi ali ndi zaka zoswana.

Yaks amatenga matenda:

• brucellosis;
• chifuwa chachikulu;
• matenda a phazi ndi pakamwa;
• matenda a anthrax;
• Matenda a magazi (poyendetsa nyengo yotentha kumapazi);
• tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokha;
• matenda a helminthic.

Kuswana kwa Yak ndi msika wovuta. Chiwerengero cha ma yaks chikucheperachepera m'minda yaboma komanso payokha. Chiwerengero cha yak yakutchire chikuchepa kwambiri. Ma yak yakuthengo adatchulidwa mu Red Book.

Onerani kanemayo: NDI 4 Tools u0026 Applications (December 2024).