Mleme Kwa nthawi yayitali walimbikitsa munthu kuchita mantha. Nthano zambiri ndi nkhani zapangidwa potengera moyo wawo wachilendo komanso mawonekedwe awo. Mano awo akuthwa komanso maulendo apandege opita limodzi akupanga chinyengo cha ngozi zomwe zingachitike akakumana nawo. Komabe, zenizeni, zonse sizili choncho, ndipo mitundu ina yosawerengeka yomwe imakhala m'malo ena imadyetsa magazi a nyama zazikulu zazikulu. Ena onse ndi okhutira ndi tizilombo ndipo alibe chochita ndi vampirism.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mleme
Mileme imachita chidwi kwambiri chifukwa imadutsa mlengalenga, ikuthyola mapiko awo ngati mbalame. Komabe, amachita izi usiku, osagwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu - masomphenya. Zachidziwikire, si mbalame, chifukwa iwonso ndi ma viviparous ndipo amadyetsa anawo mkaka. Ndipo alibe chilichonse chofanana ndi mbalame, kupatula kuthekera kwawo kuuluka, ngakhale nthenga.
Kanema: Mleme
Mileme ndi gulu la nyama, dongosolo la mileme. Pali mitundu yambiri ya mitundu. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, mitundu 600 mpaka 1000 ya mileme imadzipatula. Zachidziwikire, ndizosatheka kulingalira mtundu uliwonse pakokha popanda kukhala katswiri wazinyama izi.
Mitundu yayikulu, yofala kwambiri komanso yosiyana, imatha kuwerengedwa ndi dzanja limodzi, monga:
- zikopa ziwiri;
- usiku waukulu;
- wobala masamba oyera;
- mileme ya mphuno ya nkhumba;
- harel wamkulu;
- mleme wamadzi;
- mleme wofiirira wautali;
- mileme;
- wamba vampire;
- woyera-mapiko vampire;
- vampire waubweya.
Amakhulupirira kuti mileme yoyamba idawonekera pafupifupi zaka 70 miliyoni zapitazo, pomwe nembanemba m'mbalizo zidayamba kuwonekera muzinyama zazing'ono, zomwe pambuyo pake zidasanduka mapiko. Ndizotheka kuti chifukwa cha nembanemba chinali kusintha kwa majini. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka thupi la nyama kunachitika mwachangu kwambiri, popeza lero palibe munthu m'modzi yemwe wamtundu wakanthawi wapezeka. Ndiye kuti, zomwe zimatchedwa kusinthika kwachangu kwambiri zidachitika.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Big Bat
Mileme ndi ochepa. Kulemera kwake kwa mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri, mileme yamphongo ya nkhumba, ili pafupifupi magalamu awiri, pomwe kutalika kwa thupi la munthuyo ndi mamilimita 33 okha. Uyu ndi m'modzi mwa oimira ang'onoang'ono wamba pakati pa nyama. Mleme waukulu kwambiri ndi mzukwa wonama wonama, yemwe mapiko ake ndi 75 cm, ndipo kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu kumakhala pakati pa 150 mpaka 200 magalamu.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mileme imasiyana mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a chigaza. Koma onse ali ndi mawonekedwe akunja wamba. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nyama zambiri ndi mapiko. Ndi zingwe zopyapyala zotambasulidwa pakati pamiyendo yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo. Mapiko a mileme ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mapiko a mbalame. Alibe nthenga, koma ali ndi zala zazitali, zomwe zimalumikizidwa.
Zosangalatsa: mapiko samangogwiritsidwa ntchito pouluka, komanso ngati bulangeti mukugona. Mileme imakulunga mozungulira kuti izitha kutentha.
Miyendo yawo yakumbuyo imasiyananso. Amatumizidwa mbali, kumbuyo ndi mawondo. Miyendo yakumbuyo yakula kwambiri. Ndi chithandizo chawo, mileme imatha kupachikika mozondoka kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuphatikiza apo, ali pamalo amenewa pomwe amagona.
Pafupifupi mileme yonse ili ndi makutu akulu. Zomwe sizosadabwitsa nyama yopanda kuwona bwino. Makutu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mileme yophunzitsira komanso kuyang'ana mlengalenga. Nyamayo imatulutsa mawu osabisika pafupipafupi, omwe amawonetsedwa pazinthu zonse kenako ndikuzindikiridwa ndi nyama yomwe. Makutuwo amakhala ndi mitsempha yambiri yomwe imawadyetsa. Mosiyana ndi izi, maso a mileme ndi ochepa kwambiri. Masomphenya ndi a monochrome osati owongoka. Ngakhale pali zosiyana, mwachitsanzo, wonyamula masamba ku California amadalira kwambiri kuwona kwake kuposa kumva pakasaka.
Mitundu yambiri ya mileme ndi yotuwa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ofiira kapena otuwa, nthawi zina imvi yakuda. Izi ndichifukwa chakusowa kosazindikira pamene akusaka usiku. Palinso zosiyana, mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ili ndi mitundu yoyera kapena yofiira. Tsitsi la nyama ndilolimba, limodzi. Nthawi yomweyo, khungu la khungu limakutidwa ndi tsitsi lowonda kwambiri.
Kodi mleme umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Black Bat
Mileme imapezeka paliponse, kupatula polar latitudes, kuyambira pamtunda. Kumeneko, mbewa sizikhala ndi pobisalira nyengo yoipa, komanso zimasowa chakudya. Pakati pa chipale chofewa, koposa komwe mileme ilipo sikabwino, ngakhale titawona kuti imatha kubisala.
Chifukwa chake, titha kuganiza kuti nyama zodabwitsa izi zimakhala kumayiko onse kupatula ku Antarctica. Inde, amasiyana mitundu, mwachitsanzo, ena amakhala ku Europe, ndipo ndi osiyana kwambiri ku South America.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakukhalapo kwawo ndi kukhalapo kwa malo ogona omwe angawalole kubisala masana ndi kugona tsiku lililonse. Izi zitha kukhala, monga zimadziwika, mapanga. Mileme imamangiriridwa mokhazikika kudenga la phangalo ndikugwirana mwendo mozondoka ndikukhala pamenepo masana. Madzulo, amayamba kuuluka kuti akasake. Ndizosangalatsa kuti pamene akuuluka kuchokera kuphanga, mileme nthawi zonse imawulukira kumanzere.
Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewa zomwe zimakhala m'mapanga, zimalonjeza za kuchuluka kwa zitosi zawo kumunsi kwa mwalawo. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala pafupifupi mita.
Ngati mulibe mapanga pafupi, ndiye malo ena ogwirira ntchito, mwachilengedwe awa ndi mitengo: mbewa zimapeza malo obisika pakati pa nthambi, zipatso kapena masamba obiriwira. Chofunika kwambiri kwa iwo ndikuti kuwala kwa dzuwa sikuwagwere. Ndikosavuta kwa mileme kupeza pobisalira m'mizinda ndi m'midzi - chipinda chilichonse chanyumba chimawayenerera. Saopa anthu ndipo amakhala mwamtendere m'nyumba zawo.
Kodi mleme umadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Forest Bat
Ngakhale pali nkhani za vampirism komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mileme m'mafilimu owopsa monga Kuyambira Dusk Till Dawn kapena Dracula, zolengedwa izi zilibe vuto lililonse. Sangathe kuluma munthu. Komabe, musakhudze mileme - azitha kunyamula matenda oopsa kwa anthu kapena chiweto, monga chiwewe.
Mitundu yambiri ya mileme imadya tizilombo: imatha kudya udzudzu wofika 200 pa ola limodzi posaka. Tikaganizira kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa nyama ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chadyedwa, ndiye kuti zambiri zimatuluka, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a kulemera kwake.
Mitundu ina ya mileme ndi yayikulu, sikokwanira kuti idye tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kuti tidye, ndipo imadya nyama - imadya achule, achule, abuluzi, mbalame zazing'ono ndi makoswe. Pali mitundu ingapo ya mileme yomwe imadya nsomba.
Mileme yoyamwa magazi, yotchedwa mzukwa, imadya magazi ofunda a nyama, nthawi zambiri amaluma ziweto. Kuluma kulibe zopweteka kwa nyama, chifukwa pamodzi ndi malovu zimatulutsa chinthu chomwe chimakhala ndi mankhwala oletsa kupweteka. Komabe, akhoza kukhala owopsa, chifukwa amanyamula matenda osiyanasiyana omwe chiweto chitha kufa nawo.
Palinso mitundu yambiri ya mileme yomwe imadya chakudya chomera:
- mungu wamaluwa;
- zipatso za mitengo (nthawi zambiri zipatso, nthochi, mango);
- maluwa.
Mileme yotere. Amakhala kumayiko otentha kumene zomera zimachuluka chaka chonse. Tsopano anthu akuyesera kusunga nyama zosowa kunyumba. Mleme umakhalanso wosiyana ndi womwe ukufunikira kumsika wa ziweto. Koma popanda kukhala katswiri, simuyenera kuchita izi.
Popeza ziwetozi ndizodziwika bwino. Amafuna kudzipereka kwakukulu komanso momwe zinthu ziliri. Kuchokera pachakudya, nyama zodya nyama zimatha kudya nyama kapena zinthu zina za mbalame kapena nyama zodulidwa zidutswa, zinyama zimadyetsedwa zipatso, ndikupatsidwa madzi ndi mkaka. Komanso, monga chakudya chokoma, eni ake ankadyetsa mkaka wofupikitsawo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mleme wosavuta
Mileme imakhala usiku. Masana amagona, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amabisala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mobisa. Amakonda mapanga, mabowo amitengo, mabowo adothi, komanso miyala ndi migodi, amatha kubisala pansi pa nthambi zamitengo komanso pansi pa zisa za mbalame.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magawo ang'onoang'ono a anthu angapo. Ngakhale kuli madera okhala anthu ambiri, kuphatikiza omwe amakhala ndi tizilomboto. Colony ya milomo yopindidwa yaku Brazil, yopangidwa ndi anthu 20 miliyoni, akuwerengedwa kuti ndiye nambala lero.
M'nyengo yozizira, mileme yambiri imagona. Koma zina zimatha kusamuka ngati mbalame kupita kumadera otentha, ndikuyenda mtunda wopita ku 1000 km. Hibernation, kutengera dera, imatha kufikira miyezi 8.
Hibernation imachitika mozondoka, popachika miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Izi zimakhala zabwino kuti mutha kuyendetsa ndege nthawi yomweyo, osagwiritsa ntchito nthawi komanso nthawi. Palibe mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popachika chifukwa chamiyendo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: pachilumba cha Borneo pali chomera chodabwitsa chomwe chimakopa mileme yokha ndi mawu apadera. Koma siziwadya, koma m'malo mwake zimapereka ma inflorescence ake kwa mileme ngati pothawirapo. Nyama zimasiya zimbudzi zawo kuzomera, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ngati feteleza. Syciosis iyi ndiyapadera mwachilengedwe.
Pazoyang'ana mlengalenga komanso posaka, kugwiritsa ntchito echolocation kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe kumawathandiza kuyendetsa, kuwongolera kutalika kwa ndege ndi mtunda wamakoma akumapanga. Amakhulupirira kuti akamasaka, mileme imangophunzira osati kokha kutalika kwa chandamale chomwe ikutsata, komanso momwe imayendetsedwera, komanso mtundu wa nyama yomwe ikulanda.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kuthawa kwa mleme
Kukhala limodzi pagulu sikumapangitsa mileme kukhala yocheza. Nyama sizimapanga mgwirizano ndipo zimasakanso zokha. Komanso samayambitsa mabanja. Anthu awiri amalumikizana nthawi yokwatirana, kenako nkuyiwalirana.
Mileme yambiri yomwe imakhala m'malo otentha imayamba kuswana nthawi yachilimwe. Nthawi zambiri mumakhala ana anyani awiri kapena asanu, koma kuchuluka kwake kumadalira kwambiri chilengedwe. Mkazi amabereka kamodzi pachaka. Amadyetsa anawo mpaka mapiko awo atakula. Kukula m'masamba osiyanasiyana kumatenga nthawi zosiyanasiyana.
Kwa ma subspecies ang'onoang'ono a mileme, nyengo yamasabata 6 mpaka 8 ndiyodziwika mpaka atakhala odziyimira pawokha. Kwa mitundu yayikulu yazinyama, nthawi iyi imatha kufikira miyezi inayi. Sabata yoyamba, yaikazi nthawi zambiri imatenga mwana wamphongoyo kukamusaka usiku. Komabe, amagwiritsitsa mwamphamvu amayi ake paulendo wapaulendo. M'masabata otsatirawa, amalemera, motero amusiya kumalo osungira nyama nthawi yakusaka.
Chosangalatsa: mileme yachikazi imatha kuwongolera nthawi yawo yobereka komanso kuchedwetsa kubadwa kwa ana. Amafunikira izi kuti ana azibadwa panthawi yomwe chakudya chimakhala chochuluka. Nthawi zambiri kukhathamira kumachitika kugwa, koma umuna umachitika mchaka chokha.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa mileme kumatengera mtundu wa subspecies. Kwenikweni, mileme imakhala zaka 20, koma pali ma subspecies, omwe amakhala ndi moyo wosaposa zaka 5.
Adani achilengedwe a mileme
Chithunzi: nkhope ya mleme
Mileme imakhala ndi adani angapo. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kukula kwake kochepa komanso moyo wamadzulo, pomwe nyama zolusa zazikulu zimapita kukasaka. Kwa iwo, mileme ndi nyama yabwino kwambiri.
Zina mwa ziwombankhanga zomwe zimakhala zowopsa kwa mileme, ndizotheka kunena izi:
- kadzidzi;
- makandulo;
- mphamba, chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama;
- marten;
- mbalambanda
- makoswe;
- njoka;
- kufufuta;
- nkhalango;
- amphaka;
- nsomba zolusa;
- ziphuphu.
Kuphatikiza pa zolusa wamba, mbewa zomwe zimakhala ngati chakudya, zimakhala ndi adani amtundu wina. Mileme imavutika kwambiri ndi tiziromboti monga nkhupakupa, utitiri kapena nsikidzi. Nthawi zambiri kuyamwa magazi kumatha kupha nyama izi.
Umunthu umalimbana kwambiri kulimbana ndi makoswe ndi tiziromboti tina, amatcha olamulira tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kupopera malo ndi ziphe. Mileme nthawi zambiri imathera m'zipinda za nyumbazo ndipo imafa ndi poizoni. Izi zakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwawo pakadali pano.
Sikuti amangopeza poizoni chifukwa cha njirazi m'nyumba zawo, komanso amataya chakudya. Tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'derali timafanso ndi ziphezi, ndipo mbewa sizikhala ndi chakudya chokwanira. Chifukwa chake, akukhulupirira kuti moyo suli wopepuka kwa mileme, ndipo amafunikira chitetezo chowonjezera kwa anthu. Komabe, moyo wina suloleza izi, chifukwa nyamazi ndizosankha, ndipo ndizovuta kuzitsata.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njoka Yoyenda Mwana
Mitundu yambiri ya mileme ili pangozi. Masamba ena amakhala osatetezeka, omwe amafunika kuwunika nthawi zonse.
Kwenikweni, anthu m'zaka za zana la 20 adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha ulimi, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, komanso kusowa kwa malo okhala. Koma nthawi yomweyo, panali zowonongera dala, kuwononga zisa komanso kusamalira madenga ndi madenga a nyumba zothamangitsira. Ku United States, kafukufuku adachitikanso omwe awonetsa kuti minda yamphepo imakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa mileme. Mileme imaphedwa chifukwa cha kugundana ndi makina amphepo am'mapapo komanso kuwonongeka kwamapapu chifukwa chakutsika kwakanthawi pafupi ndi masamba.
Koma popeza mileme ili pakatikati pa zachilengedwe, pali njira zomwe zikutetezedwa. Ku Europe, ndiwo okhawo owongolera zachilengedwe kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tomwe timagwira ntchito usiku. Chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kuteteza mileme, kuchuluka kwa anthu ena kwakhazikika, ndipo ena akuchulukirachulukira.
European Environmental Protection Agency, itafufuza za malo okwanira pafupifupi 6,000, inanena kuti mileme yawonjezeka ndi 43% pakati pa 1993 ndi 2011. Koma awa ndi manambala apakati, ndipo, mwatsoka, kuchuluka kwa ma subspecies akupitilira kuchepa.
Mileme kulondera
Chithunzi: Bat Red Book
M'mayiko a European Union, mileme yonse imatetezedwa molingana ndi malangizo a EU komanso misonkhano yapadziko lonse lapansi. Russia yasainanso mapangano onse apadziko lonse lapansi oteteza mileme. Ambiri aiwo aphatikizidwa mu Red Book. Malinga ndi malamulo aku Russia, si mileme yokha yomwe imatha kutetezedwa, komanso malo awo komanso pobisalira. Makamaka, ngakhale oyang'anira ukhondo komanso oyang'anira owona za ziweto sangathe kuchitapo kanthu pokhudzana ndi mileme mumzinda.
Monga njira zotetezera mileme, kupezeka kwa malo okhala nyama ndi njira zawo zosamukira zimaganiziridwa pomanga mapaki amphepo. Kuyang'anira kumachitika m'malo otetezedwa ndipo alendo obwera kumadera otetezedwa amauzidwa za malamulo omwe akhazikitsidwa kuti ateteze mileme. Kuchepetsa kuyatsa kopangira m'malo awo.
Kudziwitsa nzika zakufunika koteteza nyama ndikuwonetsa chidwi cha anthu zavuto lawo, holide yoteteza zachilengedwe "Night Night of the Bats" imakondwerera chaka chilichonse pa Seputembara 21. Ku Europe, usiku wa mileme wakondwerera kwa zaka pafupifupi 20. Zakhala zikuchitika mdziko lathu kuyambira 2003.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.03.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/15/2019 pa 18:48
