Pali zambiri mwapadera komanso zosaiwalika m'chilengedwe. Mwa okhala munyanja, nsomba imodzi yosangalatsa ndi chitsanzo, yomwe ndi nsomba zouluka. Zachidziwikire, ana nthawi yomweyo amaganiza za nsomba zouluka pamwamba pa mzindawo, asayansi amaganiza za kapangidwe kake ndi komwe amachokera, ndipo winawake angakumbukire nyama yaying'ono ya tobiko, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga sushi ndi ma roll. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, nsomba zouluka zidakopa chidwi cha akatswiri m'mafakitale owonera bwino zinthu, ngati mitundu ing'onozing'ono ya ndege.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kuuluka nsomba
Nsomba zowuluka zimasiyana ndi abale awo osakhazikika makamaka momwe amapangira zipsepse zawo. Banja la nsomba zouluka lili ndi mitundu yoposa 50. Sagwedeza "mapiko" awo, amangodalira mlengalenga, koma panthawi yomwe ikuuluka zipsepsezo zimatha kunjenjemera ndikuwuluka, zomwe zimapanga chinyengo chantchito yawo. Chifukwa cha zipsepse zawo, nsomba zoterezi zimatha kuuluka mtunda kuchokera pa makumi angapo mpaka mazana a mlengalenga.
Ochirikiza nthanthi ya chisinthiko amakhulupirira kuti tsiku lina, nsomba wamba zinali ndi anthu okhala ndi zipsepse zazitali pang’ono poyerekeza ndi zachizolowezi. Izi zinawathandiza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ngati mapiko, kulumpha m'madzi kwa masekondi angapo ndikuthawa zolusa. Chifukwa chake, anthu okhala ndi zipsepse zazitali amakhala opindulitsa ndikupitiliza kukula.
Video: Nsomba Zouluka
Komabe, zomwe akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale apeza ndi zomwe apeza zikuwonetsa zakale za nsomba zouluka zakale za Cretaceous and Triassic. Kapangidwe ka zipsepse mu zitsanzo sikugwirizana ndi amoyo, komanso kulibe kanthu kochita ndi zingwe zapakatikati zosintha. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe zakale zomwe zidali ndi zipsepse pang'ono sizinapezeke konse.
Posachedwa, zolemba za nsomba zakale zouluka zidapezeka mdera la China chamakono. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mafupa, zidawululidwa kuti nsomba Potanichthys Xingyiensis ndi gulu lomwe latsala pang'ono kufa la thoracopterids. Zaka zake ndi zaka 230-240 miliyoni. Amakhulupirira kuti ndi nsomba zakale kwambiri zouluka.
Anthu amakono ndi am'banja la Exocoetidae ndipo adangoyambira zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo. Asayansi akuti anthu am'mabanja awiriwa alibe ubale mwanjira iliyonse. Oyimira nsomba zouluka za Diptera ndi Exocoetus Volitans. Nsomba zouluka zamapiko anayi ndizochulukirapo, zogwirizana pamibadwo 4 komanso m'mitundu yoposa 50.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nsomba yowuluka imawonekera
Anthu mwa nsomba zouluka, ngakhale atakhala amtundu wanji, amakhala ndi thupi laling'ono kwambiri, pafupifupi 15-30 cm m'litali komanso mpaka magalamu 200. Munthu wamkulu kwambiri amapezeka 50 cm ndikulemera pang'ono 1 kg. Zimakhala zazitali komanso zosanjikizana m'mbali, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kuyenda bwino akamauluka.
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa nsomba zam'banjamo ndizazipsepse zawo, makamaka kuchuluka kwake:
- Nsomba zouluka za Diptera zili ndi zipsepse ziwiri zokha.
- Kuphatikiza pa zipsepse za pectoral, tetraptera imakhalanso ndi zipsepse zazing'ono zazing'ono. Ndi nsomba zamapiko anayi zomwe zimatha kuthamanga kwambiri komanso maulendo ataliatali.
- Palinso nsomba zouluka "zachikale" zokhala ndi zipsepse zazifupi zam'mimba.
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa banja la nsomba zouluka ndi ena ndiko kapangidwe ka zipsepse. Amakhala pafupifupi kutalika konse kwa thupi la nsomba, amakhala ndi kuwala kochulukirapo ndipo amakhala otakata akatalikitsidwa. Zipsepse za nsombazi zimalumikizidwa pafupi ndi gawo lakumtunda, pafupi ndi mphamvu yokoka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizitha kuyenda bwino mukauluka.
Mapiko a caudal amakhalanso ndi mawonekedwe ake. Choyamba, msana wa nsombayo ndi wokhotakhota kulunjika kumchira, motero mbali yotsika ya chinsinsicho ndi yocheperako poyerekeza ndi mabanja ena a nsomba. Kachiwiri, imatha kuyenda ndikuyenda ngati mota, pomwe nsomba yomwe ili mlengalenga. Chifukwa cha ichi, imatha kuuluka, kutsamira "mapiko" ake.
Chikhodzodzo chimapatsidwanso ndi kapangidwe kabwino. Ndi yopyapyala ndipo imafikira msana wonse. Mwinanso dongosolo lachiwaloli limabwera chifukwa chofunikira kuti nsomba zizikhala zowonda komanso zowongoka kuti ziwuluke ngati mkondo.
Chilengedwe chimasamaliranso mtundu wa nsombayo. Gawo lakumtunda la nsomba limodzi ndi zipsepse ndizowala. Kawirikawiri buluu kapena wobiriwira. Ndi mitundu yotere yochokera kumwamba, ndizovuta kuti mbalame zodya nyama zizizindikire. Mimba, m'malo mwake, ndi yopepuka, imvi komanso yosawonekera. Kuyang'ana kumbuyo kwa thambo, imapindulanso mopindulitsa, ndipo ndizovuta kuti nyama zolusa m'madzi zizizindikire.
Kodi nsomba zouluka zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kuuluka nsomba
Nsomba zouluka zimakhala pafupi ndi nyanja zam'nyanja zotentha komanso zam'madera otentha. Malire okhala malo amtundu umodzi amadalira nyengo, makamaka m'malo amphepo yamalire. M'chilimwe, nsomba zimatha kusamukira kumtunda wautali kupita kumalo otentha, chifukwa chake zimapezeka ngakhale ku Russia.
Nsomba zouluka sizimakhala m'madzi ozizira pomwe kutentha kumatsika pansi pamadigiri 16. Kutentha kumakonda kutengera mitundu inayake, koma nthawi zambiri imazungulira madigiri 20. Kuphatikiza apo, kufalitsa mitundu ina kumakhudzidwa ndi mchere wamadzi akumtunda, womwe mtengo wake ndi 35 ‰.
Nsomba zowuluka nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Koma mitundu ina ya nyama imakhalanso m'madzi otseguka, ndipo imangofika m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi pokhapokha ikangobereka. Zonsezi ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi njira yoberekera. Mitundu yambiri imafunikira gawo lomwe imatha kulumikiza mazira, ndi mitundu yochepa chabe ya Diptera ya mtundu wa Exocoetus spawn, womwe umasambira m'madzi otseguka. Mitundu yotereyi ndi yomwe imapezeka m'nyanja.
Kodi nsomba zouluka zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Momwe nsomba yowuluka imawonekera
Nsomba zowuluka si nsomba zolusa. Amadyetsa plankton kumtunda kwamadzi. Plankton ili ndi ma biorhythms awo, imadzuka ndikugwa masana m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, nsomba zouluka zimasankha malo omwe plankton imayenda ndi mafunde, ndipo amasonkhana kumeneko m'masukulu akuluakulu.
Gwero lalikulu la michere ndi zooplankton. Koma iwonso amadya:
- ndere zazing'onozing'ono;
- mphutsi za nsomba zina;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono monga krill ndi euphausiid crayfish;
- Molluscs wamapiko.
Nsomba zimadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono posefa madzi ndi mphuno zawo. Nsomba zowuluka zikuyenera kugawana chakudya ndi omwe akupikisana nawo. Izi zikuphatikizapo gulu la anchovies, nsapato za saury ndi mackerel. Whale shark amatha kudya plankton pafupi, ndipo nthawi zina nsomba zokha zimakhala chakudya chogwidwa panjira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kuuluka nsomba
Chifukwa cha zipsepse zapadera, nsomba zam'mbali ndi zam'madzi, nsomba zouluka zimasinthidwa kuti zizikhala moyandikana ndi nyanja. Mbali yawo yofunikira kwambiri ndikutha kuphimba pang'ono mtunda kudzera mlengalenga. Mukamayenda kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina, nthawi ndi nthawi amalumpha m'madzi ndikuwuluka pamwamba pamadzi, ngakhale zilombo zomwe zingawopseze miyoyo yawo. Momwemonso, amatha kudumpha pakagwa ngozi kuchokera ku nsomba zanjala zodya anzawo.
Nthawi zina nsomba zimawonjezera kuuluka kwawo mothandizidwa ndi mbali yakumunsi ya chimbalangondo, ngati kuti ikungoyenda nayo, ikukoka kangapo. Nthawi zambiri ndege zimachitika pamwamba pomwe pamadzi, koma nthawi zina zimakwera kwambiri ndikudzipeza pamtunda wa 10-20 mita. Nthawi zambiri amalinyero amapeza nsomba pazombo zawo. Amachita ndi kuwala ndipo amathamangira kumdima ngati njenjete. Zina mwa izo zimagwera m'mbali, wina amawuluka, koma nsomba zina sizikhala ndi mwayi, ndipo zimafa, kugwera pa sitimayo.
M'madzi, zipsepse za nsomba zouluka zimakanikizika mwamphamvu mthupi. Mothandizidwa ndi kuyenda mwamphamvu komanso mwachangu kwa mchira, amakula liwiro m'madzi mpaka 30 km / h ndikudumpha kuchokera pamwamba pamadzi, kenako ndikutambasula "mapiko" awo. Asanadumphe m'malo ochepera, amatha kuwonjezera liwiro lawo mpaka 60 km / h. Nthawi zambiri kuwuluka kwa nsomba zouluka sikumatenga nthawi yayitali, pafupifupi masekondi pang'ono, ndipo zimauluka pafupifupi 50-100 mita. Ndege yotalikilidwa kwambiri inali masekondi 45, ndipo kutalika kwake komwe kudalembedwa kuthawa kunali mamita 400.
Monga nsomba zambiri, nsomba zouluka zimakhala m'madzi m'masukulu ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zambiri kumakhala anthu angapo. Pasukulu imodzi muli nsomba zamtundu womwewo, zokulirapo pafupi wina ndi mnzake. Amasunthiranso limodzi, kuphatikiza kupanga maulendo apandege. Chimawoneka kuchokera mbali ngati gulu la agulugufe akulu akuuluka pamwamba pamadzi mu parabola lathyathyathya. Kumalo omwe nsomba zouluka ndizambiri, masukulu athunthu amapangidwa. Ndipo madera olemera kwambiri okhalamo amakhala ndi ma shoals ambiri. Kumeneko nsomba zimakhazikika modekha ndikukhala m'madzi bola akuwona kuti sizowopsa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsomba ndi mapiko
Njira imodzi yopititsira patsogolo kupulumuka ndikugawana m'magulu a anthu 10-20. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zouluka zimakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, koma nthawi zina zimatha kupanga zinthu zokulirapo mpaka mazana angapo. Pangozi, gulu lonselo limathawa msanga kwa chilombocho, chifukwa chake, mwa nsomba zonse, ndi zina zokha zomwe zimadyedwa, ndipo zina zonse zimaphatikizana. Palibe kusiyanitsa pakati pa nsomba. Palibe nsomba yomwe imagwira ntchito yotsogola kapena yaying'ono. Mitundu yambiri imaswana chaka chonse. Koma ena nthawi ina, nthawi zambiri kuyambira Meyi mpaka Julayi. Pakadali pano, mukamabzala nsomba zouluka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mutha kuwona madzi amtundu wobiriwira.
Malingana ndi mitundu, nsomba zouluka zimaswana m'malo osiyanasiyana m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja. Chifukwa chakusiyanaku ndikuti mazira awo amasinthidwa mosiyanasiyana kuti aswane. Mitundu yambiri imabala, yokhala ndi ulusi wautali wokulirapo, ndipo gawo loterolo limafunikira kuti liphatikize mazira, ndipo pali zinthu zambiri zoyenera m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Koma pali mitundu yomwe imabala zinthu zoyandama, pa algae, mwachitsanzo, algae, zinyalala zamitengo, kokonati zoyandama komanso zamoyo zina.
Palinso mitundu itatu ya Diptera ya banja la Exocoetus yomwe imakhala m'nyanja yotseguka ndipo siyimasuntha ngakhale ikamabereka. Amakhala ndi mazira oyandama motero safunika kuyandikira kumtunda kuti apitirize kuthamanga kwawo.
Amuna, monga lamulo, khalani limodzi ndi akazi. Pakubala ana, nawonso amachita ntchito yawo, nthawi zambiri amuna amathamangitsa akazi. Zomwe zimathamanga kwambiri zimatsanulira mazirawo ndimadzimadzi. Pamene mwachangu amaswa, amakhala okonzeka kukhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Mpaka atakula, ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, koma chilengedwe chawapatsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono pafupi ndi pakamwa, zomwe zimawathandiza kudzisintha ngati mbewu. Pakapita nthawi, amatha kukhala ngati nsomba yabwinobwino, ndikufikira kukula kwa mabala pafupifupi masentimita 15-25. Nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi nsomba zouluka ndi pafupifupi zaka 5.
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba zouluka
Chithunzi: Nsomba zamapiko
Kumbali imodzi, kuthekera kokhala mumlengalenga mwa nsomba kumathandiza kupeŵa omwe amawadya. Koma, zimapezeka kuti nsombazi zili pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe mbalame zimaziyembekezera, zomwe zimadyanso nsomba. Izi zikuphatikizapo seagulls, albatrosses, frig, chiwombankhanga, ndi mphamba. Zowononga izi zakumwamba sizikhala ndi madziwo ngakhale kutalika kwake, zimasaka masukulu ndi magulu. Pa nthawi yoyenera, amagwera mwamphamvu nyama. Nsomba zomwe zimathamanga kwambiri zimawuluka pamwamba ndikugwera m'manja. Munthu adziwitsanso njirayi. M'mayiko ambiri, nsomba zimagwidwa pa ntchentcheyo, ikulendewera maukonde ndi maukonde pamwamba.
Komabe, nsomba zouluka zimakhala ndi adani ambiri m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, nsomba yodziwika bwino m'madzi ofunda imakhala moyandikana ndi nsomba zouluka ndipo imadyetsa. Imakhalanso chakudya cha nsomba monga bonito, bluefish, cod ndi ena ena. Nsomba zowuluka zimaukiridwa ndi dolphins ndi squid. Nthawi zina zimasandulika nsombazi ndi anamgumi, omwe samasaka tinsomba ting'onoting'ono ngati tomwe, koma mosangalala amayamwa pamodzi ndi plankton ngati mwangozi agundidwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kuuluka nsomba
Nsomba zonse za nsomba zouluka mu World Ocean ndi matani 50-60 miliyoni. Nsomba ndizokhazikika komanso ndizochuluka, chifukwa chake, m'maiko ambiri, mwachitsanzo, ku Japan, mitundu yake imakhala ngati nsomba. M'nyanja yotentha ya Pacific, nsomba zouluka zomwe zimakhala pakati pa 20 mpaka 40 kilogalamu pa kilomita imodzi. Pafupifupi matani 70 zikwi za nsomba zimagwidwa chaka chilichonse, zomwe sizimapangitsa kuti muchepetse, chifukwa popanda kuchepa kwa chiwerengero chapachaka, kuthekera kochotsa anthu okhwima ogonana kumatha kufikira 50-60%. Zomwe sizikuchitika pakadali pano.
Pali magulu atatu azinsomba zouluka zomwe zimakhala m'malo a Indo-West Pacific, East Pacific ndi Atlantic. Nyanja ya Indian ndi kumadzulo kwa Pacific kumakhala mitundu yoposa makumi anayi ya nsomba zouluka. Awa ndi madzi omwe kumakhala nsomba zouluka kwambiri. Mu Atlantic, komanso kum'mawa kwa Pacific Ocean, pali zochepa - pafupifupi makumi awiri mitundu.
Masiku ano mitundu 52 imadziwika. Onani nsomba zouluka imagawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi atatu ndi mabanja asanu. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imagawidwa mwakachetechete, ndiye kuti, malo omwe amakhala samalumikizana, ndipo izi zimawathandiza kupewa mpikisano wokhazikika.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 27.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/18/2019 pa 22:02
