Ma Geophagus amakopa okonda ma cichlid ambiri. Zimasiyana kwambiri kukula, utoto, machitidwe ndi kubala. Mwachilengedwe, ma geophagus amakhala m'mitundu yonse yamadzi ku South America, amakhala m'mitsinje yokhala ndi mafunde amphamvu komanso m'madzi osasunthika, m'madzi oyera komanso pafupifupi akuda, m'madzi ozizira komanso ofunda. Ena mwa iwo kutentha kumatsikira mpaka 10 ° C usiku!
Popeza zosiyanasiyana m'chilengedwe, pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mawonekedwe ake omwe amasiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina.
Geophagus nthawi zambiri amakhala nsomba zazikulu kwambiri, kukula kwake kumakhala masentimita 30, koma pafupifupi amasiyanasiyana pakati pa masentimita 10 mpaka 12. Banja la geophagus limakhala ndi genera: Acarichthys, Biotodoma, Geophagus, Guianacara, Gymnogeophagus, ndi Satanoperca. M'mbuyomu, mtundu wa Retroculus udaphatikizidwanso.
Liwu lakuti Geophagus limapangidwa ndi muzu wachi Greek Geo Earth ndi phagus, womwe ungamasuliridwe ngati wodya dziko lapansi.
Mawuwa amadziwika bwino ndi nsomba, pamene amatola nthaka mkamwa mwawo, ndiyeno amamasula kudzera m'mitsempha, potero amasankha chilichonse chodya.
Kusunga mu aquarium
Chofunikira kwambiri pakusunga ma geophagus ndi kuyeretsa kwa madzi ndikusankha nthaka molondola. Kusintha kwamadzi nthawi zonse ndi fyuluta yamphamvu imafunika kuti aquarium ikhale yoyera komanso yamchenga kuti geophagus izindikire chibadwa chawo.
Poganizira kuti amafukula mwakhama m'nthaka ino, sichinthu chophweka kuonetsetsa kuti madziwo ndi oyera, ndipo fyuluta yakunja yamagetsi oyenera ndiyofunika.
Komabe, apa mukufunikirabe kuyang'ana mitundu yomwe ikukhala mu aquarium yanu, chifukwa si aliyense amene amakonda nyengo yamphamvu.
Mwachitsanzo, geophagus Biotodoma ndi Satanoperca amakhala m'madzi amtendere ndipo amakonda mphamvu yofooka, pomwe Guianacara, m'malo mwake, m'mitsinje ndi mitsinje ndi mphamvu yamphamvu.
Amakonda madzi ofunda (kupatula Gymnogeophagus), motero chowotcha chimafunikanso.
Kuunikira kumatha kusankhidwa kutengera ndi mbewu, koma ambiri geophagus amakonda mthunzi. Amawoneka bwino kwambiri m'madzi am'madzi omwe amatsanzira ma biotopes aku South America.
Mitengo ya Drift, nthambi, masamba akugwa, miyala yayikulu sikuti imangokongoletsa nyanjayi, komanso kuti ikhale yabwino kwa geophagus. Mwachitsanzo, mitengo yolowerera sikuti imangopezera malo okhala nsomba, komanso imatulutsa ma tannins m'madzi, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yowirira kwambiri komanso yoyandikira magawo achilengedwe.
Zomwezo zitha kunenedwa ndi masamba owuma. Ndipo biotope imangowoneka bwino kwambiri pankhaniyi.
Mitundu ina ya nsomba yomwe imakhala ku South America idzakhala oyandikana nawo ma geophagus. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu yayikulu ya cichlids ndi catfish (ma corridor osiyanasiyana ndi tarakatum).
Ndikofunika kusunga geophagus pagulu la anthu 5 mpaka 15. M'gulu loterolo, amakhala olimba mtima, otanganidwa kwambiri, amakhala ndi olamulira anzawo mgululi, ndipo mwayi wakuberekana bwino umakula kwambiri.
Payokha, ziyenera kunenedwa pankhani yosamalira zomera ndi nsomba za geophagus aquarium. Monga momwe mungaganizire, m'nyanja yamchere momwe dothi limatafunidwa nthawi zonse ndikukhala ndizitsulo, zimakhala zovuta kuti apulumuke.
Mutha kubzala mitundu yolimba ngati Anubias kapena moss wa ku Javanese, kapena tchire lalikulu la Echinodorus ndi Cryptocoryne m'miphika.
Komabe, ngakhale zikuluzikulu zazikulu zimatha kukumbidwa ndikuyandama, chifukwa nsomba zimakonda kukumba tchire komanso pansi pa mizu yazomera.
Kudyetsa
Mwachilengedwe, zakudya zama geophagus zimadalira malo awo. Amadya makamaka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zipatso zomwe zagwera m'madzi, ndi mphutsi zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi.
Mu aquarium, amafunikira ma fiber ambiri ndi chitin kuti kagayidwe kake kagayidwe kamagwira bwino ntchito.
Kuphatikiza pa zakudya zosiyanasiyana zouma ndi kuzizira, muyeneranso kupereka masamba - masamba a letesi, sipinachi, nkhaka, zukini.
Muthanso kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zokhala ndi michere yambiri yazomera, monga mapale a Malawi a cichlid.
Kufotokozera
Geophagus ndi mtundu waukulu, ndipo umaphatikizapo nsomba zambiri zamitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nsomba ndi mawonekedwe amutu, owoneka pang'ono pang'ono, okhala ndi maso okwera.
Thupi limapanikizika pambuyo pake, lamphamvu, lokutidwa ndi mikwingwirima yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe. Pakadali pano, mitundu yoposa 20 yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yafotokozedwa, ndipo chaka chilichonse mndandandawu umasinthidwa ndi mitundu yatsopano.
Mamembala am'banja ali ponseponse m'chigawo cha Amazon (kuphatikiza Orinoco), momwe amakhala m'mitundu yonse yamadzi.
Mitundu yomwe imapezeka pamsika nthawi zambiri imakhala yoposa masentimita 12, ngati Geophagus sp. mutu wofiira Tapajos. Koma, pali nsomba ndi 25-30 cm iliyonse, monga Geophagus altifrons ndi Geophagus proximus.
Amamva bwino kutentha kwa 26-28 ° C, pH 6.5-8, ndi kuuma pakati pa 10 mpaka 20 dGH.
Geophagus amaswa mazira awo pakamwa pawo, m'modzi mwa makolo amatenga mphutsi mkamwa mwawo ndikuzinyamula kwa masiku 10-14. Mwachangu amachoka pakamwa pa makolo pokhapokha yolk sac itapukusidwa kwathunthu.
Pambuyo pake, amabisalirabe pakamwa pawo pakawopsa kapena usiku. Makolowo amasiya kusamalira mwachangu patatha milungu ingapo, nthawi zambiri asanabadwenso.
Geophagus wamutu wofiira
Geophagus yamutu wofiira imapanga gulu lina, mkati mwa mtundu wa Geophagus. Izi zikuphatikiza: Geophagus steindachneri, Geophagus crassilabris, ndi Geophagus pellegrini.
Amakhala ndi dzina lakutupa kwamafuta pamphumi mwa amuna achikulire, okhwima ogonana, omwe amafiira. Komanso, imamera mwa amuna okhaokha, ndipo panthawi yopanga imakula kwambiri.
Amakhala m'madamu okhala ndi kutentha kwa madzi kuyambira 26 ° mpaka 30 ° C, wofewa mpaka wolimba, wokhala ndi pH wa 6 - 7. Kukula kwake kumakhala mpaka 25 cm, koma m'malo am'madzi amakhala ochepa.
Ma geophagus amenewa sangasungidwe awiriawiri, pokhapokha m'magulu aakazi, machitidwe awo amafanana ndi ma cichlids aku Africa ochokera mbuna. Ndiwodzichepetsa kwambiri komanso osavuta kubereka, amanyamula mwachangu pakamwa.
Geophagus waku Brazil
Gulu linanso ndi geophagus waku Brazil, wotchulidwa ndi malo okhala m'chilengedwe. Izi ndi monga: Geophagus iporangensis, Geophagus itapicuruensis, ndi Geophagus obscurus, Geophagus brasiliensis.
Amakhala kum'mawa ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Brazil, m'madamu okhala ndi mafunde amphamvu komanso ofooka, koma makamaka pansi pamchenga.
Thupi lawo silopanikizika pambuyo pake monga ma geophagus ena, maso ndi ochepa, ndipo pakamwa pamakhala patali. Amuna amasiyana ndi akazi mwamphamvu kwambiri, amuna amakhala okulirapo, ndipo mitu yawo yokhala ndi chotupa chamafuta imapendekeka. Amuna amakhalanso ndi zipsepse zazitali ndi chitsulo chachitsulo m'mphepete mwake.
Izi ndi nsomba zazikulu kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, Geophagus brasiliensis amatha kukula mpaka 30 cm.
Ma geophagus aku Brazil amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kutentha kwawo kumayambira 16 ° mpaka 30 ° C, kuuma kwamadzi kuyambira 5 mpaka 15, ndi pH kuyambira 5 mpaka 7.
Nsomba zankhanza, makamaka nthawi yopanga. Kubereketsa sikuli kwa ma geophagus onse. Mkaziyo amapeza malo, nthawi zambiri pamiyala kapena pamizu yamtengo, amatsuka ndikuikira mazira mpaka 1000.
Mphutsi zimaswa pambuyo pa masiku atatu kapena anayi, pambuyo pake mkazi amazisamutsira ku limodzi la mabowo omwe adakumba kale. Chifukwa chake adzawabisa mpaka mwachangu kusambira. Makolowo amasamalira mwachangu milungu itatu.
Pambuyo pa miyezi 6-9, mwachangu amafika pafupifupi masentimita 10 ndipo amatha kubala okha.
Masewera olimbitsa thupi
Gymneophagus (Gymnogeophagus spp.) Khala m'matupi am'mwera kwa Brazil, kum'mawa kwa Paraguay, Uruguay ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina, kuphatikiza basin ya La Plata.
Amakonda matupi amadzi okhala ndi mafunde ofooka ndipo nthawi zambiri amapewa mitsinje ikuluikulu, kuchoka pamsewu waukulu kupita kumitsinje. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mapiri, mitsinje ndi mitsinje.
Mwachilengedwe, kutentha kwa mpweya m'malo okhala ndi hymneophagus kumasinthasintha mwamphamvu chaka chonse, ndipo m'malo ena kumatha kukhala 20 ° C. Kutentha kumatsikirako, mwachitsanzo 8 ° C, adalembedwa!
Pakadali pano, ma subspecies angapo am'mimba omwe amadziwika kuti ndi hymneophagus afotokozedwa, odziwika kwambiri pakati pamadzi ndi geophagus balzanii gymnogeophagus balzanii.
Nsombazi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yawo yowala komanso yaying'ono. Zina mwa izo zimaswa mazira mkamwa, zina zimaswana pa gawo lapansi.
Zamgululi
Geophagus Biotodoma amakhala m'malo abata, otsika pang'onopang'ono mumtsinje wa Amazon. Pali mitundu iwiri yofotokozedwa: Biotodoma wavrini ndi Biotodoma cupido.
Amakhala pafupi ndi magombe okhala ndi mchenga kapena matope, nthawi zambiri amasambira m'malo okhala ndi miyala, masamba kapena mizu. Kutentha kwamadzi kumakhala kolimba ndipo kumakhala pakati pa 27 mpaka 29 ° C.
Biotode imadziwika ndi mzere wakuda wakuda womwe umadutsa pa operculum ndikudutsa m'maso.
Palinso kadontho kakuda kakuda komwe kali pamzere wotsatira. Milomo yake si ya mnofu, ndipo pakamwa palokha pamakhala tating'onoting'ono, monga geophagus.
Awa ndi nsomba zazing'ono, mpaka 10 cm kutalika. Magawo abwino osungira geophagus biotodome ndi awa: pH 5 - 6.5, kutentha 28 ° C (82 ° F), ndi GH pansipa 10.
Amayang'ana kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nitrate m'madzi, chifukwa chake kusintha kwamadzi sabata iliyonse ndikofunikira.
Koma, sakonda mphamvu yamphamvu, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chitoliro ngati fyuluta yakunja yayikidwa. Caviar imayikidwa pamiyala kapena pamagalimoto.
Guianacara
Ma geopacus ambiri a Guianacara amabala m'mapanga ochepa, ndipo amapezeka mumtsinje wamphamvu kumwera kwa Venezuela ndi French Guiana, komanso m'chigawo cha Rio Branco.
Mwachilengedwe, amakhala m'magulu, koma amabereka awiriawiri. Chikhalidwe cha mawonekedwe awo ndi mzere wakuda womwe umafikira kumapeto kwenikweni kwa operculum, ndikupanga ngodya yakuda patsaya la nsomba.
Ali ndi mbiri yabwino, koma wopanda mafuta. Zomwe zafotokozedwa pano: G. geayi, G. oelemariensis, G. owroewefi, G. sphenozona, G. stergiosi, ndi G. cuyunii.
Adamoperk
Mtundu wa Satanoperca umakhala ndi mitundu yotchuka S. jurupari, S. leucosticta, S. daemon, ndipo, yocheperako, S. pappaterra, S. lilith, ndi S. acuticeps.
Kutengera mtunduwo, kukula kwa nsombazi kumayambira masentimita 10 mpaka 30 m'litali. Chodziwika bwino kwa iwo ndi kupezeka kwa malo akuda pansi.
Amakhala m'madzi abata mumtsinje wa Orinoco komanso kumtunda kwa Rio Paraguay, komanso mumitsinje ya Rio Negro ndi Rio Branco. M'mawa amakhala pafupi ndi nsapato, pomwe amakumba matope, dothi, mchenga wabwino ndikusaka chakudya.
Masana amapita pansi penipeni, chifukwa amaopa mbalame zodya nyama zomwe zikutsata nyama zawo kuchokera ku nkhata zamitengo, ndipo usiku zimabwerera kumtunda, popeza nthawi yodziteteza ikadzafika.
Piranhas ndi oyandikana nawo nthawi zonse, choncho geophagus wambiri yemwe amapezeka m'chilengedwe amawononga thupi ndi zipsepse zake.
Mitundu ina, monga Satanoperca jurupari ndi Satanoperca leucosticta, ndi ma cichlids amantha kwambiri ndipo amasungidwa bwino ndi mitundu yodekha.
Amafuna madzi ofewa, mpaka 10 dGH, ndi kutentha kuyambira 28 ° mpaka 29 ° C. Satanoperca daemon, yomwe ndi yovuta kuyisamalira, imafuna madzi ofewa kwambiri komanso acidic. Nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi kutupa m'mimba komanso matenda amtundu.
Mawonekedwe
Mtundu wa Acarichthys umakhala ndi nthumwi imodzi yokha - Acarichthys heckelii. Pafupifupi masentimita 10 okha, nsombayi imakhala ku Rio Negro, Branco, Rupuni, komwe madzi amakhala ndi pH pafupifupi 6, kuuma kosakwana madigiri 10, ndi kutentha kwa 20 ° mpaka 28 ° C.
Mosiyana ndi ma geophagus ena, a hackel amakhala ndi thupi lopapatiza komanso kumapeto kwake. Chikhalidwe chake ndi malo akuda pakati pa thupi ndi mzere wakuda wakuda wodutsa m'maso.
Pamapeto pake, kunyezimira kwayamba kukhala ulusi wawutali, woonda, wonyezimira. Mu nsomba zokhwima mwakugonana, madontho opalescent amawonekera pa operculum nthawi yomweyo.
Zipsepse za kumatako ndi kumaliseche zimakutidwa ndi madontho ambiri owala, ndipo thupi limakhala lobiriwira. M'malo mwake, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogulitsa, koma patali pano ndi imodzi mwamitundu yokongola kwambiri ya geophagus yomwe ikugulitsidwa.
Ngakhale Akarichtis Heckel amakula mpaka kukula bwino, ali ndi kamwa yaying'ono ndi milomo yopyapyala. Iyi ndi nsomba yayikulu komanso yolusa, iyenera kusungidwa mumtambo waukulu kwambiri, kwa anthu 5-6, kutalika kwa masentimita 160, kutalika kwa masentimita 60 komanso m'lifupi mwake masentimita 70. Ikhoza kusungidwa ndi ma cichlids ena akuluakulu kapena geophagus.
Mwachilengedwe, ma Heckels amabzala m'misewu mpaka mita imodzi, yomwe amakumba pansi. Tsoka ilo, ma geophagus awa ndi ovuta kuberekera mumtsinje wamadzi, kuphatikiza iwo amafika pakukhwima mochedwa, akazi azaka ziwiri, ndipo amuna azaka zitatu.
Omwe ali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi zopangidwa zokonzeka atha kulangizidwa kuyika pulasitiki kapena ceramic chitoliro, mphika kapena chinthu china mumtsinje wa aquarium chomwe chingapange ngalandeyo.
Mkazi amaikira mazira mpaka 2000, ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri. Malek ndi ochepa, ndipo madzi obiriwira ndi ma ciliates, ndiye kuti ma microworm ndi Artemia naupilias atha kukhala chakudya choyambira.
Nthawi zambiri pakatha milungu iwiri, makolowo amasiya mwachangu ndipo amafunika kuchotsedwa.
Mapeto
Geophagus ndiosiyana kwambiri kukula, mawonekedwe amthupi, utoto, machitidwe. Amakhala zaka, mwinanso osakhalitsa.
Pakati pawo pali onse modzichepetsa ndi ang'onoang'ono zimphona capricious.
Koma, zonsezi ndi nsomba zosangalatsa, zachilendo komanso zowala, zomwe kamodzi pa moyo wawo, koma ndikofunikira kuyesa kupeza aliyense wokonda ma cichlids mu aquarium.
