Mphungu ali ndi mawonekedwe achikale a wankhanza. Dzinalo la mbalameyo limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki ngati mphungu yam'nyanja. Inde, amafanana kwambiri ndi chiwombankhanga. Koma alibe nthenga. Mlomo wolimba. Pali mawonekedwe a mapiko ndi mchira, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa njira zosakira.
Panalibe mayina osiyana a ziwombankhanga ndi ziwombankhanga mu Chingerezi. Onsewa amatchedwa mphungu, ndiye kuti mphungu.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ziwombankhanga ndi imodzi mwazilombo zazikulu kwambiri komanso zokongola kwambiri. Kulemera kumafika makilogalamu 7, ndipo chiwombankhanga cha Steller chimatha kufika makilogalamu 9. Miyeso yoyenera: kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 120, kutalika kwa mapiko mpaka 75 sentimita, mapiko mpaka 250 masentimita.
Pamutu wawung'ono, waudongo, wosunthika pamakhala mlomo wabwino wa mbalame yodya nyama. Ili ndi chikoka chodziwika bwino komanso chenjezo lachikaso. Kukula kwa mlomo (masentimita 8 kuchokera pansi mpaka kumapeto) kukuwonetsa kuti mbalameyi imakonda nyama yayikulu. Kuti zigwirizane ndi milomo, mtundu wa maso akuya kwambiri, ndiyonso yachikasu. Khosi limalola mutu kuzungulira pafupifupi madigiri 180.
Mapikowo ndi otakasuka. Paulendo, nthenga zouluka zimafalikira mbali, dera lamapiko limakulanso. Izi zimathandizira kuti ndalama zizigwira ntchito bwino ndikukwera m'mlengalenga.
Mchira woboola pakati umathandizira kuchita zovuta, pafupifupi zovuta. Chikhalidwe cha mphungu: miyendo yake yachikaso siyakutidwa ndi nthenga mpaka kumapazi. Zala zakuphazi ndizofanana ndi mapazi, mpaka masentimita 15 m'litali, zomaliza ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu zolumikizidwa.
Mtundu wonsewo wa nthengawo ndi bulauni ndi mizere. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi zigamba zoyera kwambiri mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi. Mtundu wa nthenga umasiyanasiyana kwambiri ndi zaka. Mtundu umakhazikika pokhapokha zaka 8-10. Nthenga zoyamba zimakhala zofiirira.
Molt wachiwiri umabweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyera. Molt wachitatu ndi gawo lapakatikati lolowera mumthunzi womaliza. Wamkulu, mtundu womaliza umatheka pokhapokha molt wachisanu.
Mbalameyi imawoneka yosangalatsa kwambiri, koma kulira kwake sikowopsa. Imabereka kukuwa ndi mluzu. Phokoso lalitali limasinthidwa ndikumveka kofanana ndi kuzizira kozizira. Kulira kwa mbalame zazing'ono kumamveka mwadzidzidzi kwambiri.
Mbalame sizimakonda kulumikizana ndi mawu. Izi zimachitika makamaka pakusintha abwenzi pachisa.
Maganizo azakugonana ndiwofooka. Amakhala makamaka pakusiyana kukula kwa akazi ndi amuna. Koma ziwombankhanga zachoka pamalamulo achilengedwe. Akazi awo ndi akulu kuposa amuna (mwa 15-20%).
Izi zimangochitika m'mitundu ingapo ya mbalame zodya nyama. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti ufulu wosiyira ana sulandiridwa ndi amuna akulu, koma ndi omwe amatha kusaka nyama zazing'ono panthawi yodyetsa anapiye.
Mitundu
Malinga ndi zomwe adasankha, chiwombankhanga (Haliaeetus) ndi cha banja lofananalo, ziwombankhanga (Haliaeetinae), za banja la nkhandwe, zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimayenderana ndi mbewa. Asayansi agawana mtundu uwu m'magulu asanu ndi atatu.
- Chofala kwambiri komanso chimodzi mwazikulu kwambiri ndi mphungu yoyera... Akatswiri a zoologist amatcha Haliaeetus albicilla. Dzinali likuwonetsa mawonekedwe apadera - zoyera za mchira. Amapanga zisa ku Europe, ku Asia kumpoto kwa Himalaya, kuphatikiza Japan. Amapezeka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Greenland.
- Amakhala ndikubereka ana ku North America mphungu yamphongo. Dzina lake lachilatini ndi Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Kunja, kusiyana kwakukulu kumawonekera m'dzina lake. Mphungu iyi ili ndi nthenga zoyera pamutu pake. Maziko a zakudya zake ndi nsomba. Kwa nthawi yayitali, idakhala m'gulu lazinthu zomwe zatha. Koma chitetezo chokhwima chimapangitsa kuti chimveke.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, m'malo mwa udindo, omwe adasowa adalandira chiwopsezo. Palinso mtundu wina wapadera - palibe mbalame ku America yomwe imamanga zisa zazikulu zoterezi. Pansi, amatha kufika mamita 4.
- Mphungu yam'madzi ya Steller - mitundu yayikulu kwambiri. Mu classifier amatchedwa Haliaeetus pelagicus. Amakhala ku Far East, kuphatikiza Koryak Highlands, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, kumpoto kwa China, ndi Korea Peninsula. Nthenga zakuda ndi mawanga oyera pamapewa ndizofunikira kwambiri pamitundu yake. Ku Far East ku Russia kuli anthu pafupifupi 4,000, omwe amawerengedwa kuti ndi abwino kwa ziwombankhanga.
- Chiwombankhanga choyera chimagawidwa pagombe ladziko lonse ndi zisumbu za Southeast Asia, kuchokera kugombe la India mpaka Philippines, ndipo amapezeka kumpoto kwa Australia. Kuphatikizidwa ndi chikhazikitso chotchedwa Haliaeetus leucogaster. Mbalameyi ili ndi menyu osiyanasiyana ndipo imakonda kudya nyama yonyansa kuposa mitundu ina yofanana nayo. Anthu aku Australia nthawi zina amamutcha chiwombankhanga chofiira chifukwa cha nthenga zofiirira za mbalame zazing'ono.
- Mphungu yamtali wautali ili ndi mutu woyera wokutidwa ndi hood yowala. Sayansi imadziwika kuti Haliaeetus leucoryphus. Amakhala ku Central Asia, kum'mawa kumafikira Mongolia ndi China, kumwera - kupita ku India, Pakistan, Burma.
- Screamer Eagle ndi waku Africa. Kutha kwake kubangula kukuwa kwachilendo kumawonekeranso ngakhale mu dzina lachilatini: Haliaeetus vocifer. Zimaswana ku Africa konse kupatula Sahara. Gawo loyamba la dzina la mbalameyi, monga ziwombankhanga zonse, limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek lakutanthauza chiwombankhanga cham'nyanja. Gawo lachiwiri la dzina la mbalameyi linayikidwa m'zaka za zana la 18 ndi woyenda waku France Francois Levalyan.
- Madagascar Screamer Eagle ndi wokhala pachilumba mu Indian Ocean. Mu Chilatini amatchedwa Haliaeetus vociferoides. Ndi mitundu yokhazikika. Amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri ku Madagascar. Sizikudziwika ngati mitundu iyi ilipo tsopano. Mu 1980, asayansi anali ndi magulu 25 okha.
- Mphungu ya Sanford (Haliaeetus sanfordi) imaswana anapiye ku Solomon Islands. Mwaulemu wake nthawi zina amatchedwa. Ndizofala. Zongotchulidwa mu 1935 zokha. Munthawi imeneyi, a Leonard Sanford anali trastii wa American Society for Natural History. Pofuna kumanga mazira, imakonda kugombe la nyanja, lomwe limakwera kwambiri pamwamba pamadzi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Malo omwe ziwombankhanga zambiri zimachokera ku North America kupita ku Australia, kuphatikiza Greenland, Africa, ambiri ku Eurasia, Far East, Japan ndi zilumba za Malay Archipelago.
Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimakhala pansi, koma zikapanikizika ndi zochitika zimatha kuyendayenda. Izi zitha kukhala: nyengo yozizira yayikulu, kuchepa kwamasewera, zochitika zachuma za anthu. Kenako mbalame zimayamba kuyendayenda chakudya, ndikusintha malo awo okhala.
Mitundu yonse ya mbalameyi imakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi madzi. Pofuna kusaka bwino, ziwombankhanga ziwiri zimafunikira malo okhala ndi kutalika kwa nyanja kwamakilomita 10 ndi gawo lokwana mahekitala 8.
Kuphatikiza apo, payenera kukhala okwanira okwanira omwe angatengeredwe. Chikhalidwe china chosankha malo okhala ndikutali kuchokera komwe anthu amakhala ndi malo azachuma.
Bare steppe, madera amchipululu sagwirizana ndi mbalame ngakhale pali mafunde ambiri pafupi. Nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zosakanikirana, mpumulo wosagwirizana umasandulika miyala - malo otere amakopa mbalame kuti zizikonza chisa.
Zakudya zabwino
Pali zinthu zazikulu zisanu pamndandanda wa ziwombankhanga. Choyamba, awa ndi nsomba zapakatikati. Mbalame zam'madzi kapena mbalame zapafupi zimalandiridwanso. Masewera apansi azithunzi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyambira makoswe mpaka ankhandwe ndiwo chandamale cha alenjewa. Samanyoza amphibiya ndi zokwawa kuchokera ku achule kupita ku njoka. Ngakhale kuti ziwombankhanga zimadziwika kuti zimadya nyama zolusa zambiri, zimakonda kudya nyama zakufa.
Nsomba zochititsa chidwi mphungu, kujambulidwa ndipo kanemayo mutha kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane. Nsomba zikuluzikulu zimasaka zikamauluka kapena pamtengo waukulu kwambiri.
Hover imalowa mgawo lantchito yogwira. Chilombocho chimathamanga pa liwiro la makilomita oposa 40-50 pa ola limodzi ndipo chimanyamula nsomba ndi zikhadabo. Kuukira mwachangu komanso molondola kumachitika mphungu, mbalame amalephera kusisititsa nthenga zake. Kupha nyama ndi kudya nsomba zomwe zagwidwa kumatha kuyamba kuthawa.
Pamene ikusaka abakha, chiwombankhanga chimatsika kangapo. Amakakamiza mbalame zam'madzi kuti zibwerere kangapo. Zotsatira zake, wovutitsidwayo watopa ndipo sangathe kukana. Chilombocho chimagwirira mbalame zina mlengalenga.
Iuluka kuchokera pansi, ikutembenuka ndikumenyetsa zikhomo zake m'chifuwa cha nyama. Pakusaka, mbalame imakumbukira - omwe akupikisana nawo sanagone. Kuba ndi kusamba chakudya ndi kofala. Chifukwa chake, ntchito sikungogwira mbalame kapena nsomba, komanso kuperekera mwachangu kumalo obisika kuti mudye.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Kusagwirizana pachibwenzi ndi mnzake ndiye lamulo la mbalame zambiri zodya nyama. Osati zosiyana mphungu ndi mbalame kupanga banja moyo wonse. Kugwirizana koteroko kwa akazi ndi amuna nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa nthano yoti mbalame imodzi ikafa, yachiwiri imafa. Sizikudziwika bwinobwino, koma zikuwoneka kuti mbalame yotsalayo ikukhala ndi mnzake.
Pazaka 4 zakubadwa, mbalamezo zimakhala zokonzeka kukulitsa mtunduwo. (Ziwombankhanga za Steller zimayamba kuberekana pambuyo pake, zili ndi zaka 7). Njira yosankhira bwenzi ndiyosamveka bwino. Koma pofika Marichi-Epulo, maanja amakhala atapangidwa ndipo masewera amakwatirana amayamba. Amakhala ndi maulendo olowa.
Mbalame zimathamangitsana wina ndi mnzake, zimapanga mphepo zam'mlengalenga ndi zina zosunthika. Zimakhala pafupifupi pakati pa chiwonetsero chomenyera mpweya ndikuvina. Chibwenzi chimakhala osati ndi mabanja omwe angopangidwa kumene, komanso ndi omwe alipo kale.
Pambuyo pa masewera amlengalenga, ndi nthawi yosamalira chisa. Mabanja achichepere amasankha malo ndikukhazikitsa pobisalira. Mbalame zomwe zimakumana ndi banja zimakonza ndikumanga pachisa chakale. Imakhala pamtengo waukulu kapena mwala.
Zida zomangira nyumbayi ndi nthambi, mkati mwake muli udzu wouma. Pansi, malo okhala ana amafikira mita 2.5. Kutalika kumatha kukhala kofunika (1-2 mita) ndipo zimatengera kuchuluka kwa kukonza (superstructures) kopangidwa.
Akamaliza kukonza ndi kumanga, mbalamezi zimakwatirana. Nthawi zambiri, mkazi amayikira mazira awiri. Kukumana kwa dzira limodzi kapena atatu kumachitika. Mkaziyu amakhala akusakaniza nthawi zonse. Nthawi zina amalowedwa m'malo ndi wamwamuna.
Anapiye opanda thandizo amawoneka patatha masiku 35-45. Mkazi amakhala m chisa kwa masiku ena 15-20, kuteteza ndi kutenthetsa mbewuyo. Wamwamuna amapereka chakudya ku chisa - ichi ndiye ntchito yake yayikulu. Ngati anapiye atatu aswa, aang'ono amamwalira, chifukwa cha mpikisano woopsa wa chakudya.
Pakatha miyezi pafupifupi 2.5, nyama zazing'ono zimauluka koyamba kuchokera pachisa. Kuuluka nthawi zina kumafanana ndi kugwa. Pachifukwa ichi, kamwana kakang'ono kamayenda pansi, mapiko asanakwaniritse.
Ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimakhala mbalame zenizeni m'miyezi 3-3.5 kuyambira pomwe zidabadwa. Pansi pa nyengo yabwino, okwatirana amatha kuwuluka mibadwo iwiri mu nyengo imodzi.
Kutalika kwa moyo m'chilengedwe ndi zaka 23-27. Tiyenera kukumbukiranso kuti mitundu ya ziwombankhanga imakhala m'malo ambiri, m'malo osiyana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwakanthawi pazochitika m'moyo wa mbalame kumatha kusiyanasiyana.
Ngakhale masauzande a anthu mphungu yoyera m'buku lofiira kutchulidwa ngati nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Ziwombankhanga zina zatsala pang'ono kutha; zina zitha kuzimiririka m'zaka za zana la 21. Chifukwa chake, amatetezedwa ndi mayiko ndi mgwirizano wapakati.
