Mimbulu ndi dzina lotchuka lomwe limagwirizanitsa mitundu itatu kapena inayi ya nthumwi za banja la canine (Canidae) ndikukhala ku Africa ndi Asia, komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe.
Kufotokozera kwa nkhandwe
Nyama zakutchire zochokera kubanja la canine (canine) ndi mtundu wa nkhandwe (lat. Canis) zakhala zikutchula kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu. Ngakhale izi, kupezeka kwa nyama zamtundu woboola pakati komanso zosakhala zazikulu pamutu wakuthwa ndizofala kuzinthu zonse.... Kutalika kwa chigaza, monga lamulo, sikuposa masentimita 17-19. Ma canines ndi akuthwa, akulu komanso olimba, owonda pang'ono, koma osinthidwa bwino. Iris wamaso ndi ofiira kapena ofiira. Makutu ndi owongoka, osanjikiza, osasunthika pang'ono.
Maonekedwe
Mimbulu imakhala pafupifupi oimira banja la canine (canine), ndipo ndimatupi awo nyamayo imafanana ndi galu wachikulire:
- Nkhandwe yamizeremizere - amafanana ndi mimbulu yakuda yakuda m'maonekedwe, ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu ndikamphindi kofupikitsa komanso kotakata. Mikwingwirima yoyera imayenda mmbali mwake, zomwe zidapatsa dzinalo dzina la nyamayo. Mtundu wakuthupi lakumtunda ndimtundu wa imvi, ndipo mchira wake ndi wakuda ndi nsonga yoyera. Mimbulu yamitunduyi ndi yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yotukuka bwino kuposa mimbulu yonse. M'dera la kumatako ndi pamphuno muli zotsekemera zapadera;
- Nkhandwe yakuda - imasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wofiirira wokhala ndi tsitsi lakuda kumbuyo, lomwe limapanga mtundu wa "nsalu yachikuda yakuda" yotambalala kumchira. Chovala chachisalu ichi ndi chosiyana ndi mitunduyo. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 75-81, mchira kutalika kwa masentimita 30 ndipo kutalika kwake kumafota masentimita 50. Kulemera kwake kumafika makilogalamu 12-13;
- Nkhandwe yamba - ndi kanyama kakang'ono, kofanana mofanana ndi nkhandwe yochepetsedwa. Kutalika kwa thupi lopanda mchira kuli pafupifupi masentimita 75-80, ndipo kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu pamapewa, monga lamulo, sikudutsa theka la mita. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa nkhandwe nthawi zambiri kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa 8-10 kg. Mtundu wonse wa ubweyawo ndi wotuwa, ndikupezeka kwa mthunzi wofiira, wachikaso kapena fawn. M'dera lakumbuyo ndi m'mbali, utoto wonsewo umasandulika kukhala malankhulidwe akuda, ndipo mdera ndi mmero, utoto wonyezimira umapambana;
- Nkhandwe yaku Ethiopia - Nyama yayitali-yamiyendo yayitali, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ocheperako m'banjamo. Mtundu wa ubweyawo ndi wofiira kwambiri, wokhala ndi pakhosi loyera kapena loyera, chifuwa choyera ndi mkati mwamiyendo. Anthu ena amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mabala owala pamagawo ena amthupi. Mbali yakumtunda kwa mchira ndi kumbuyo kwamakutu ndikuda. Kulemera kwapakati kwamwamuna wamkulu ndi 15-16 kg, ndipo ya mkazi siyidutsa 12-13 kg. Kutalika kwa nyama pamapewa kumakhala mkati mwa 60 cm.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mtundu wa nkhandwe umasiyanasiyana kwambiri kutengera mawonekedwe am'malo okhala, koma ubweya wachilimwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wofupikirapo komanso wamfupi kuposa tsitsi lanyengo, komanso umakhala ndi utoto wofiyira kwambiri.
Nkhandwe molt kawiri pachaka: mchaka ndi nthawi yophukira, ndipo malaya amtundu wathanzi amasintha pafupifupi milungu ingapo.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Chimodzi mwazosiyana kwambiri pakati pa nkhandwe yamizeremizere ndi moyo wake wakusiku, ndipo malo osakira akulu amapatsidwa gawo lililonse la nyama. Komabe, chikhalidwe cha nyama izi pano sichinaphunzitsidwe bwino, chifukwa chobisalira komanso kusakhulupirira anthu.
Nkhandwe zambiri zimakhala m'gulu la nyama zongokhala zomwe sizimayenda kwakanthawi. Nthawi zina oyimira mitunduyi amatha kupita kutali ndi malo awo osatha kukafunafuna chakudya chosavuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo omwe ziweto zawo zimafera kwambiri kapena nyama zazikulu zakutchire zomwe zimawalola kudya nyama yakufa.
Mimbulu ya ku Aitiopiya ndi odyetsa nthawi zina. Anthu achi Oromo, omwe amakhala kumwera chakumwera kwa Ethiopia, adatcha chilombo chotere "nkhandwe yamphongo", zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zizolowezi za nyama yodya nyama komanso kuthekera kwawo kutsagana ndi ng'ombe zapakati ndi zazimazi kuti zizidya zikanda zotayika atangobadwa kumene. Mwa zina, mtundu uwu ndiwokhazikika komanso wokhala ndi amuna okhaokha.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ankhandwe akuda kumbuyo amadalira kwambiri, amalumikizana ndi anthu mosavuta ndipo amakonda kuzolowera anthu, chifukwa chake nthawi zina amakhala nyama zoweta.
Zinyama zazing'ono, monga lamulo, zimakhalabe pamalo obadwira, pomwe anthu 2-8 amagwirizana m'magulu. Amayi amachoka m'dera lawo lobadwira mwachangu, zomwe zimatsagana ndi kuchuluka kwa amuna m'malo ena.
Ndi mimbulu ingati yomwe imakhala
Kutalika kwa moyo m'malo achilengedwe a mimbulu yamizeremizere sikudutsa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, ndipo nkhandwe wamba m'malo achilengedwe imatha kukhala zaka khumi ndi zinayi. Mitundu ina ya nkhandwe imakhala zaka khumi mpaka khumi ndi ziwiri.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Kukula kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu nthawi zambiri kumawoneka ngati zizindikilo zakugonana kwa nkhandwe. Mwachitsanzo, mimbulu yamphongo yamphongo imakhala yayikulu kwambiri kuposa akazi okhwima ogona amtunduwu.
Mitundu ya nkhandwe
Ngakhale kufanana kwakunja kukuwoneka, mimbulu ya mitundu yonse ilibe ubale wina ndi mnzake:
- Mbulu yamizeremizere (Canis adustus), yoyimiriridwa ndi subspecies C.a. bweha, C.a. pakati, C.a. kaffensis ndi C.a. lateralis;
- Nkhandwe yakuda yakuda (Canis mesomelas), yoyimiriridwa ndi subspecies C.m. mesomelas ndi C.m. chisokonezo;
- Mphanga wa Asiatic kapena wamba (Canis aureus), woyimiridwa ndi subspecies C. maeoticus ndi C.a. aureus;
- Nkhandwe yaku Ethiopia (Canis simensis) - pakadali pano ndi mitundu yovuta kwambiri kubanja la Canis.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa cha kafukufuku waposachedwa wamaselo, asayansi atha kutsimikizira kuti nkhandwe zonse zaku Ethiopia zachokera mbulu wamba.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ankhandwe amizeremizere ndi akuda, oyandikana kwambiri, amatha kusiyanitsa mimbulu ndi agalu ena aku Europe ndi aku Africa pafupifupi zaka sikisi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Mimbulu yamizeremizere ikufalikira ku South ndi Central Africa, komwe nthumwi za mitunduyo zimakonda kukhala m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango kapena nkhalango pafupi ndi pomwe anthu amakhala. M'malo otere, nkhandwe yamizeremizere nthawi zambiri imakhala moyandikana ndi mitundu ina yamtunduwu, koma imafala kwambiri kuposa mbalame zake. Nkhandwe zakuda zakuda zimapezeka ku South Africa, ndipo zimapezekanso pagombe lakummawa kwa mainland, kuchokera ku Cape of Good Hope kupita ku Namibia.
Nkhandwe zambiri zimakhala m’madera ambiri. Kutalika konsekonse, chinyama chotere chimakonda malo okhala ndi zitsamba, mabedi amiyala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, makina osiyiratu omwe ali ndi ngalande zambiri ndi apolisi amtsinje. M'mapiri, nthumwi zamtunduwu zimakwera mpaka kutalika kwa mita zopitilira 2,500, ndipo m'mapazi a nyama sizodziwika kwenikweni. Komabe, kupezeka kwa matupi amadzi m malo okhala nkhandwe wamba ndikofunikira kuposa chinthu chofunikira.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ankhandwe amatha kulekerera maulamuliro otentha mpaka kutsika 35 ° C, koma amalephera kuyenda pachikuto chakuya kwambiri cha chipale chofewa, chifukwa chake, m'nyengo yachisanu, chilombocho chimangoyenda panjira zoponderezedwa ndi anthu kapena nyama zazikulu.
Mitundu ndi malo okhala nkhandwe ya ku Ethiopia agawika m'magulu asanu ndi awiri osiyana, asanu mwa iwo akupezeka kumpoto kwa Ethiopia, ndipo awiri akulu kwambiri ali kumwera, kuphatikiza gawo lonse la Ethiopia. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nkhandwe za ku Ethiopia ndizodziwika bwino mwachilengedwe. Nyama zoterezi zimangokhala m'malo opanda mitengo omwe ali pamtunda wa mamita zikwi zitatu komanso kupitilira pang'ono, okhala m'malo am'mapiri.
Zakudya za nkhandwe
Zakudya zam'mimbazi zomwe amakonda kudya zimakhala ndi zipatso ndi nyama zazing'ono, kuphatikizapo makoswe, komanso tizilombo tina. Masewera akuluakulu omwe nkhandwe imatha kugwira ndi kalulu. Komabe, gawo lenileni la nkhandwe yamizeremizere ndikosowa kwakufa kwambiri m'zakudya - nyamayo imakonda tizilombo ndikudya nyama.
Nkhandwe wamba ndi nyama pafupifupi yamphongo yomwe imakonda kudyetsa makamaka usiku.... Zakufa ndizofunikira kwambiri pachakudya cha nyama iyi. Akuluakulu mofunitsitsa amagwira mbalame zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana ndi nyama, amadya abuluzi, njoka ndi achule, nkhono, amadya tizilombo tambiri, kuphatikizapo ziwala ndi mphutsi zosiyanasiyana. Ankhandwe amafunafuna nsomba zakufa pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, ndipo nthawi yotentha kwambiri amasaka mbalame zam'madzi. Nyama zodya nyama zakufa pamodzi ndi mimbulu.
Ankhandwe nthawi zambiri amapita kokasaka okha kapena awiriawiri. Zikatere, nyama imodzi imayendetsa nyama, ndipo yachiwiri imapha. Chifukwa cha kulumpha kwakukulu, nyamayi imatha kugwira mbalame zomwe zapita kale mlengalenga. Nthawi zambiri, pheasants ndi warblers amavutika ndi ziwombankhanga. Akuluakulu amadya zipatso ndi zipatso zambiri, ndikukhala pafupi ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala, nyama ili ndi mwayi wodya zinyalala pamulu wa zinyalala ndi malo otayira zinyalala zapanyumba.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ankhandwe ndi aphokoso kwambiri ndipo amatulutsa mawu, ndipo isanapite kukasaka, nyama yotere imalira mofuula, kukumbukira kulira kwakukulu, komwe kumatengedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi anthu ena onse omwe ali pafupi.
Pafupifupi 95% yazakudya zonse za nkhandwe yaku Ethiopia zikuyimiridwa ndi makoswe. Olusa zamtunduwu amadyera ntchentche zazikuluzikulu zaku Africa ndi zina, zazikulu kukula, oimira banja la Bathyergidae. Makoswe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewa nthawi zambiri samadyedwa ndi nkhandwe yaku Ethiopia. Nthawi zina nyama yoyamwitsa imagwira ana ndi ana. Nyamazo zimatsatidwa m'malo otseguka, ndipo milandu ya nyama zolusa nyama tsopano ndizochepa kwambiri.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nthawi yoberekera mimbulu yamizeremizere imadalira momwe magawidwe amakhalira, ndipo nthawi yolera imakhala pafupifupi masiku 57-70, pambuyo pake ana atatu kapena anayi amabadwa munthawi yamvula. Mimbulu yamizeremizere imapanga mphanga wawo mu milu ya chiswe kapena amagwiritsa ntchito maenje akale aardvark pachifukwa ichi. Nthawi zina nkhandwe yazikazi imakumba bowo payokha.
M'masiku oyamba atabereka ana, chachimuna chimapatsa chakudyacho chakudya. Nthawi yodyetsa mkaka imakhala pafupifupi sabata imodzi ndi theka, pambuyo pake wamkazi amapita kukasaka limodzi ndi yamphongo ndipo amadyetsa ana awo omwe akukula limodzi. Ankhandwe amizeremizere ndi nyama zokhala ndi akazi okhaokha zomwe zimakhala ziwiri ziwiri.
Pawiri ya mimbulu imapangidwa kamodzi kwanthawi zonse, ndipo amuna amatenga nawo gawo pokonzekera dzenje ndikulera ana awo. Kutentha kwachikazi kumachitika kuyambira zaka khumi zapitazi za Januware mpaka February kapena Marichi. Nthawi yonseyi, mimbulu imalira mofuula komanso mosisita. Mimba imakhala pafupifupi masiku 60-63, ndipo ana agalu amabadwa kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena chilimwe chisanafike. Agalu aakazi ali mu dzenje lokonzedwa pamalo osadutsa.
Ana amamwetsedwa mkaka mpaka miyezi iwiri kapena itatu, koma atakwanitsa milungu itatu wazimayi amayamba kudyetsa ana ake, ndikubwezeretsanso chakudya chomwe chimeza. Pofika nthawi yophukira, achinyamata amakhala odziyimira pawokha, chifukwa chake amapita kukasaka okha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.... Akazi amakhala okhwima mwa kugonana mchaka chimodzi, ndipo amuna azaka ziwiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nkhandwe imakula msinkhu wa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka isanu ndi itatu, koma achinyamata amasiya banja chaka chimodzi chokha.
Kukwatirana moyimira mitundu yosawerengeka ya nkhandwe ku Ethiopia kumachitika munthawi yake, mu Ogasiti-Seputembala, ndipo anawo amabadwa miyezi ingapo. Mu zinyalala, monga lamulo, pali ana agalu 2-6 omwe amadyetsedwa ndi mamembala onse a paketi.
Mkati mwa paketiyo, ma alpha awiri okha ndi omwe amaberekera, omwe amaimiridwa ndi mtsogoleriyo ndi mkazi wake wokhwima kugonana. Zinyama zazing'ono zimayamba kuyenda ndi mamembala amthumba kuyambira azaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha, ndipo nyamazo zimakula msinkhu wazaka ziwiri.
Adani achilengedwe
Mtundu uliwonse wa nkhandwe uli ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe. Kwa nyama yakutchire yaing'ono komanso yofooka, pafupifupi nyama zilizonse zazikulu zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo. Mwachitsanzo, msonkhano ndi mimbulu, komwe malo awo amalumikizana ndi malo okhala mimbulu, sizikhala zabwino kwa otsalirawo. Pafupi ndi midzi, mimbulu imatha kulumidwa ndi agalu wamba wamba.
Kusaka nyama iyi kumathandiza kuti nkhandwe zichepetseko. Ubweya wamtunduwu ndi wofewa komanso wonenepa, chifukwa chake, ku South Africa, zikopa (psovina) za nkhandwe zakuda zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma carpets aubweya (wotchedwa kaross). Kukula kwa mafupa, komwe nthawi zina kumapezeka pachikanda cha nkhandwe wamba ndipo kumakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali, kumawerengedwa kuti m'malo ambiri ku India ndiye chithumwa chabwino kwambiri, chotchedwa "nyanga za nkhandwe".
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mwa anthu asanu ndi awiri a nkhandwe yaku Aitiopiya, m'modzi yekha, wokhala m'mapiri a Bale, ali ndi anthu opitilira zana, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi pakadali pano kuli nyama zazikulu mazana asanu ndi limodzi. Zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zikuwopseza kukhalapo kwa nyama ndizochepera kwambiri. Zosafunikira kwenikweni pakuchepetsa chiwerengero chonse cha nkhandwe ya ku Ethiopia, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo, imakhalanso matenda amtundu uliwonse omwe olusa amatenga nawo agalu akudwala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nyamayo imangokhala m'mapiri a mapiri okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, ndipo madera amtunduwu tsopano akuchepa chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo.
Nthawi ndi nthawi, mimbulu ya ku Aitiopiya imasakidwa ndi anthu amtunduwu, chifukwa kuchiritsa kodabwitsa kumachitika chifukwa cha chiwindi cha nyama zoyambazi. Nkhandwe yaku Ethiopia ili pano pamndandanda wamabuku a Red Book ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Kugawidwa bwino kwa nkhandwe wamba kumafotokozedwa ndi zochitika zosunthira kwambiri za nyama, komanso kuthekera kwake kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a anthropogenic.
Komabe, nthawi ina m'mbuyomu, mitundu ina ya nkhandwe zinali zosowa kwenikweni.... Mwachitsanzo, ku Serbia ndi Albania, komanso kuyambira 1962 komanso ku Bulgaria, kusaka nkhandwe wamba sikuletsedwa. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa nyama yoyamwitsa yapatsidwa udindo "Wopanda ngozi", zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chokhazikika komanso kusinthasintha kwanyama kumalo osiyanasiyana okhalamo.
