Stepnaya wachinyamata, kunja kofananira ndi nthiwatiwa yaying'ono, ndimomwe mumakhala msipu wobiriwira. M'mbuyomu, mbalame zinkakhala m'malo am'chipululu a Eurasia ndi Africa. Kumwera kwa Russia, mbalame zimayesedwa ngati "masewera achifumu". Ikusowa kulikonse lero bustard - mu Red Book.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalame yayikulu mbadwa za cranes. Dzina lachiwiri ndi dudak. Tanthauzo la Proto-Slavic la mawu akuti bustard lili pakuphatikiza kwa "kuthamanga mwachangu" ndi "mbalame". Chodziwika bwino cha bustard kuti athawe, osathawa pangozi, chazika mawu.
Mbalame wamba
Mwa kukula kwake, mbalameyi imafanana ndi Turkey. Chifuwa chokulitsidwa, khosi lakuda. Miyeso ya Bustard zochititsa chidwi. Amuna amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 19, kulemera kwazimayi ndi theka. Kutalika kwa anthu akuluakulu ndi 0.8 - 1 mita. Sizovuta kuzindikira kuti bustard ndi mapiko ake otambalala, mchira wautali wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kumapeto. Zodzikongoletsera zofananira ndi mawonekedwe osindikizira osindikizira thupi, kuwululira mchira woyera. Mbalameyi ikatambasula mapiko ake, chikhathochi ndi 210-260 cm.
Miyendo yolimba ya bustard ilibe nthenga, yokutidwa ndi masikelo otuwa. Miyendo imasinthidwa bwino poyenda pansi, kuthamanga mwachangu. Pa paws, zala zitatu. Bustard amadziwa kuuluka bwino, koma amakonda moyo wapadziko lapansi. Zimayesetsa, koma kenako zimathamanga. AT kufotokozera kwa bustard mutha kuwonjezera kuti pothawa amatambasula khosi, amatenga miyendo. Akatswiri odziwa za mbalame amaiona ngati mbalame yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa achibale omwe ali ndi nthenga.
Nthenga za motley zimaphatikizapo mithunzi ya bulauni, imvi, yoyera, yakuda. Kuchokera patali ndi nthenga zofiira kwambiri zofiira nthenga zakuda zimawoneka bwino. Nthenga zowala pakhosi ndi pamutu. Mimba, bere, chakudya chamkati, pansi pamapiko ndi zoyera. Maso okhala ndi mdima wandiweyani, mlomo wa phulusa.
Bustard akuthawa
M'chaka, ziboliboli za "mabokosi" zimawoneka mumitengo yamphongo, zikopa zolimba za nthenga zimawonekera, zowongoleredwa kumbuyo ndi mbali kuchokera pansi pamlomo. Zokongoletserazo zimakhala mpaka kutha kwa chilimwe, masamba ndi molt yophukira.
Zaka 100 zapitazo, mbalameyi inkadziwika kuti ndi yosaka nyama. M'mabuku olemba, zikumbutso nthawi zambiri zimafotokoza gulu lonse la ma bustard, omwe amakumana nawo pafupipafupi panjira. Mbalame zikwi zambiri zinasefukira m'zigwa asananyamuke. Bustard wakhala wodziwika bwino, akuwonetsedwa pamadoko amzinda wa Lgov, pa mbendera ya chigawochi ku England. Mbalameyi ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi kuthengo. Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa anthu zili pa kusaka kosalamulirika, kusintha malo, komanso kuchuluka kwa zida zaulimi.
Mwa adani achilengedwe, owopsa kwambiri ndi olusa pansi - nkhandwe, mimbulu, agalu osochera. Akazi ang'onoang'ono amaukiridwa ndi ziwombankhanga, ziwombankhanga zagolide, ziwombankhanga zoyera. Agalu, agwape, ndi akhwangwala amachita nawo zisa za bustard. Mbalame zanzeru zimazungulira zida zakumunda, zomwe zimawopseza ana kuchokera ku zisa zawo, kusiya mazira kwa adani.
Tikufika bustard
Kuyimba bustard zomveka bwino pakadali pano. Nthawi zina, amakhala chete. Amuna amatulutsa kulira komwe kumamveka pafupi. Akazi amafuula mokweza akaitana anapiye. Kuchokera ku zisa, mutha kumva zazifupi zazing'ono zazing'ono zomwe zikukula.
Mverani mawu a bustard
Mitundu
Great bustards amakhala m'makontinenti osiyanasiyana, amasiyana kukula, utoto, mawonekedwe odyetsa. Mwambiri, pali mitundu 26 m'mibadwo 11.
Pakati pa oimira mbalame zazikulu:
Bustard Corey
- @alirezatalischioriginal - wokhala m'madambo aku Africa, mchenga wachipululu. Nthenga zofiirira. Amakhala moyo wokhazikika, amasuntha pang'ono. Mbalame yayikulu kwambiri mu Africa. Amuna amalemera mpaka makilogalamu 120. Amakhala m'magulu a anthu 5-7;
- Indian bustard - amakhala m'malo otseguka, minda, madera ouma. Kutalika kwa mbalameyo kumakhala mita imodzi, kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi makilogalamu 18. Amayenda modabwitsa, sitepe iliyonse siyothamanga, osamala. Kupha nyama moperewera pafupifupi kunakhala chifukwa chowonongera mbalame zonse. Ali pansi pa chitetezo cha boma.
Indian bustard
Zovuta zochepa ndizofala ku Africa. Kunena zowona Kodi mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri ya bustard ndi ndani, zovuta. Anthu onse a mitundu 5 yapakatikati amalemera 1-2 kg. Ma bustard ocheperako ndi awa:
Wakuda pakhosi wakuda
- wakuda pakhosi - mbalame yayikulu yokhala ndi nthenga zosagwirizana. Mitundu yofiirira yofiira imasintha kusintha kwa utoto wake. Kutalika kwa mbalame ndi masentimita 50-60. Amakhala m'zipululu zowuma zamiyala zokhala ndi masamba ochepa a shrub;
- senegalese - anthu ofiira ndi ofiira okhala ndi mtundu wa streaky. Amuna amasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wabuluu wa nthenga zapakhosi. Avereji ya kulemera kwa munthu ndi 1.5 kg. Okhala m'malo ovuta aku Africa.
Bustard waku Senegal
M'madera a Russia, malo omwe adatchedwa Soviet Union, pali mitundu itatu ya ma bustards:
Bustard Jack kapena kukongola
- jack (bustard kukongola). Chodziwika bwino cha mbalame zazikuluzikulu ndizoyenda mozungulira. Amakopeka ndi maso akulu okhala ndi utawaleza wowala. Munthawi yamatenda, amuna amatenga mawonekedwe odabwitsa, amakweza pakhungu, kolala yakuda ndi yoyera pakhosi, ndi mchira;
- wachinyamata - kukula kwa mbalame ndi nkhuku kapena grouse yakuda. Mtundu wofiyira wokhala ndi mizere yakuda. Pakhosi, kolala yamizere yakuda ndi yoyera ndiye chokongoletsa chachikulu cha mbalamezo. Dzinalo limawonetsa mamvekedwe opangidwa ndi mapikowo akuthawa. Phokoso lochoka, kukuwuluka m'mlengalenga, kunjenjemera, kuyenda kosafanana;
- wamba wamba - mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, yolemera makilogalamu 16. Amakhala kumadera a steppe. Khosi lolimba, miyendo yolimba, nthenga zofiira ndi zoyera zokhala ndi mizere yakuda.
Wamng'ono bustard wamwamuna amavina mating mating
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Bustards amagwira ntchito masana. M'mawa ndi madzulo ali otanganidwa kusaka chakudya; amakhala maola otentha pansi paudzu utali mumthunzi. M'nyengo yozizira, samapuma, amayenda pang'onopang'ono mosamala, pang'onopang'ono amakodola muudzu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaima. Zikakhala zoopsa, zimabisala m'nkhalango kapena zimauluka nthawi yomweyo.
Mbalame nthawi zonse imathamangira mphepo, imawuluka molunjika. Kuthamanga kwa ma bustard angapo kumasokonekera, sikumapanga mawonekedwe amlengalenga. Minda yoyera yamapiko oyera, nthenga zakuda zouluka zikuwonekera bwino pansipa. Mbalame zimakhazikika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono osagonana, nthawi zina zimapezeka zokha. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala pamodzi m'magulu akuluakulu mpaka anthu zana limodzi.
Anthu odya njuchi aku Arabia komanso odyera njuchi
Mabanja a Bustard nthawi zambiri amakhala moyo wokhazikika; kumadera akumpoto, mbalame zomwe zimangoyenda pang'ono zimakhala, kusiya nyengo yachisanu kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira. Ma bustards akulu amakhala kumadzulo kwa Siberia, kum'mawa kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Caspian mpaka ku Urals. Kugawidwa kwakukulu kwa zigawo ndi chizindikiro cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa mitundu ya zamoyo. Mbalameyi imapezeka m'malo opangidwa ndi anthu. Mbalame zimakonda mapiko ataliatali a udzu, malo otseguka okhala opanda zigwa.
Apo, kumene kumakhala bustard, Palibe madambo okhala ndi madzi ambiri, malo amchere a steppe.Bustard ndi mbalame okhala m'malo oyera a madera akumpoto. Zimatengera malo okhalamo ngati ma bustards achoka m'malo awo obisalira. Kufunika kosamukira kumalumikizidwa osati kwenikweni ndi kutsika kwa kutentha monga kukula kwa chipale chofewa. Kusowa kwa chakudya ndi chifukwa chachikulu chosamukira makilomita mazana kumadera opanda chipale chofewa.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya za bustard zimaphatikizapo chakudya chomera, nyama. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumadalira pazinthu zambiri:
- madera okhalamo;
- jenda;
- zaka;
- chakudya m'munsi.
Zakudya zazomera zimaphatikizapo zitsamba, masamba, maluwa, mbewu zamasamba. Mbalame zimakopeka ndi dandelions, wamba tansy, skerda, mbuzi, dimba kubzala nthula, clover, nandolo, ndi plantain zomera. Nthawi zina, anyezi a rhizomes ndi zokwawa za tirigu zimaphatikizidwa mchakudya. Pokhala ndi kusowa kwa chakudya, ma bustards amadya mphukira zokhala ndi ulusi, mwachitsanzo, masamba a beet, omwe pambuyo pake amapangitsa kuti mbalame zizingolimbikira, nthawi zina mpaka kufa.
Mkazi wachibwibwi akufunafuna chakudya
Pogwiritsa ntchito chakudya cha nyama, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, mphutsi zawo. Wogwidwa ndi bustard ndi crickets, ziwala, dzombe, chimbalangondo, kafadala, kuphatikiza Colorado. Manyongolotsi, nkhono, achule, abuluzi, ndi mbewa zam'madzi zimalowa mchakudya. Nthawi zina nyamayo imakhazikika pansi.
Bustards samakumba nthaka, ngati magalasi, osakhadzula udzu ndi miyendo yawo ndi milomo. Mbalame zimakhomerera chakudya pansi, zimatola ziweto zomwe zimalumpha mwachangu, zimagwira ndi milomo yawo, kuzigwedeza, kugunda pansi zisanameze nyama. Nthawi zina ma bustards amameza miyala yaying'ono kuti chimbudzi chikhale bwino. Amagaya zomwe zili m'mimba ngati mphero. Madzi ndi gawo lofunikira pa chakudya cha mbalame. Bustards amapita kumadzi, m'nyengo yozizira amadya chipale chofewa.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
M'malo mwa kukaikira mbalame mbalame zimasonkhana kumayambiriro kwa masika. Nthaka ikauma, ophulika amasonkhana m'malo otseguka kuti achite zikondwerero zaukwati. Ma bustards akulu samapanga awiriawiri okhazikika, pali akazi ambiri m'magulu, chifukwa chake mu "harems" yamwamuna mumakhala anzawo 2-3, omwe nawonso samasiyana pakusankha kosasintha.
Masewera okondana a Bustard
Kukhathamira kumatenga kumapeto kwa Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni. Amuna amawonetsa miyambo yakukwatira nthawi zambiri m'mawa. Aliyense amakhala mdera lake, akuwonetsa mapiko awo, akufalitsa nthenga zoyera. Mchira wa zimakuponyera kumbuyo. Nthenga za kolala ndi "masharubu" amakwezedwa momwe angathere. Pakhosi pake pathupi pake paphulika ndipo mutu umakokedwa m'mapewa. Mphindi ino bustard pachithunzichi mpira wopanda mawonekedwe pamapazi.
Chifukwa chake imapondaponda, imazungulira masekondi 10-15, imatulutsa mpweya, womwe phokoso lawo limamveka pafupi. Kenako imabwerera pamalo ake oyamba. Kubwereza kangapo pamphindi nthawi zina kumachitika m'malo atsopano. Palibe mpikisano wowopsa usanachitike ndewu. Zithunzi zowoneka bwino zaimuna zimakopa akazi.
Mbalame zimayikira mazira muchisa, chomwe chachikazi chimamanga pansi pomwe. Kupsinjika kozungulira mozungulira kumapangidwa koyamba ndi mawoko, kenako ndikusuntha kwamthupi. Palibe zofunda mkati.
Mbalame yodziwika bwino ya bustard
M'chisa muli mazira 1-2 a mtundu wobiriwira wachikasu, nthawi zina amtundu wabuluu, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, ndi chipolopolo chowala. Makulitsidwe amatha masiku 28. Amuna satenga nawo mbali posamalira ana. Mkaziyo amakhala chete, nthawi zina amadyetsa pafupi. Zikakhala zoopsa, imayesetsa kusokoneza chidwi cha mbalame yovulala. Anapiye omwe amawoneka mwachangu amachoka pachisa, koma poyamba, kufikira atapeza mphamvu, amakhala pafupi ndi mayi.
Amadyetsa mazira a nyerere ndi kudyetsa komwe mayi amabweretsa kwamasabata awiri. Atakwanitsa mwezi umodzi, amayimirira pamapiko, akuwonetsa kudziyimira pawokha. Kuyankhulana ndi mayi kumasungidwa mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo, nthawi zina mpaka masika otsatira. Mwachilengedwe, ma bustards amakhala zaka 20, ngati sangakhale nyama ya adani kapena anthu. Oyang'anira mbalame ndi oteteza zachilengedwe amatengapo mbali pantchito yoteteza mbalame.
