Ma Kites (Milvinae) ndi mbalame za mtundu wofanana ndi Hawk komanso banja la Hawk. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana, oimira banjali amatchedwa korshaks ndi shuliks, komanso korkuns.
Kufotokozera za kaiti
Ma Kites ndi mbalame zodya nyama, zokongola komanso zosatopa powuluka, zimatha kuuluka m'mlengalenga popanda kupukusa mapiko awo kwa kotala la ola limodzi... Mbalame zotere zimadzikweza kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuzisiyanitsa ndi maso. Mwachilengedwe, chilombochi chimakhala chaulesi komanso chochedwa.
Maonekedwe
Mbalame yayikulu yodya nyama imafika kutalika kwa theka la mita, ndikulemera pafupifupi munthu wamkulu mkati mwa kilogalamu imodzi. Mapikowo ndi aatali komanso opapatiza, otalikirana mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka. Kaiti imadziwika ndi mlomo wooneka ngati mbedza ndi miyendo yayifupi. Nthenga za kaiti zimatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, koma malankhulidwe ofiira ndi amdima ndi omwe amapezeka kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Liwu la kite limafanana ndi ma trill osangalatsa, koma nthawi zina mbalame yodya nyama imalira mwamphamvu komanso modabwitsa, zomwe zimakumbukira kuyandikira kwa kanyama kakang'ono.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ma Kites ndi mbalame zosamuka, koma magulu ena amakhala ndi moyo wongokhala. Maulendowa amapangidwa ndi gulu lonselo, lomwe limakhala ndi anthu angapo, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi chinthu chosowa kwambiri pakati pa odyetsa nthenga. Kwa nyengo yozizira, madera akumayiko otentha a ku Africa ndi Asia amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amadziwika ndi nyengo yotentha.
Ma Kites ndi mbalame zosasamala komanso zaulesi mokwanira, ndipo mwachilengedwe sizimasiyanitsidwa ndi ulemu waukulu kapena kulimba mtima kwambiri. Madera okhalamo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbalame posaka ndi kumanga zisa, koma nyama zolusa zamapiko zoterezi zimazolowera kulimbana mwamphamvu kuti zikhaleko. Akuluakulu ambiri amakakamizika kufunafuna chakudya cha iwo eni ndi ana awo kumadera akutali, akunja, komanso kuteteza madera omwe amakhala.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalameyo ikakhala yamphamvu ndi yokulirapo, m'pamenenso chisa chimakongoletsedwa bwino, ndipo nyama zolusa zopanda nthenga sizimakongoletsa zisa zawo konse.
Nthawi zambiri, kaiti wamkulu amakongoletsa chisa chake ndi nsanza zowala komanso zowoneka bwino kapena matumba apulasitiki, komanso zinyalala zonyezimira komanso zamphamvu, zomwe zimalola kuti mbalame isangokhala gawo lake lokha, komanso kuopseza oyandikana nawo bwino, kuteteza kuukira kwawo.
Ndi ma kite angati omwe amakhala
Nthawi yayitali yamoyo wa mbalame yodya nyama, ngakhale itakhala yoyenera, nthawi zambiri siyidutsa kotala la zana.
Mitundu ya kite
Banja lalikulu kwambiri la Kite likuyimiridwa ndi mibadwo isanu ndi iwiri ndi mitundu pafupifupi khumi ndi inayi:
- Kite ya Brahmin (Chidziwitso cha indus) Ndi mbalame yapakatikati yodya nyama. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi nthenga zazikulu zofiirira komanso mutu ndi chifuwa choyera;
- Kite ya Whistler (Chidziwitso cha khungu) Ndi nyama yakutchire yotalikirapo. Mbalame yayikuluyo ili ndi mutu wotumbululuka, wakuda wachikaso, chifuwa ndi mchira, komanso mapiko abulauni ndi nthenga zazikulu zakuda;
- Kaiti yakuda (Osamukira ku Milvus) Ndi mbalame yolusa yamphongo ya banja la mphamba. Mtundu wa mbalame zazikulu umadziwika ndi nsana wakuda bii, korona wonyezimira wokhala ndi zikwangwani zakuda, nthenga zoyambirira zofiirira, komanso mbali yakuda yamkati yokhala ndi utoto wofiyira. Mitunduyi imaphatikizanso zazing'onozing'ono: European kite (Milvus migrans migrans), mphamba wakudaMilvus migrans mzere), Kaiti yaying'ono yaku India (Milvus migrans govinda) ndi Taiwanite (Milvus migrans formosanus);
- Kiti yofiira (Milvus milvus) Ndi mbalame yapakatikati yodya nyama. Malo amutu ndi khosi ndi otuwa. Nthenga zomwe zili pathupi, mchira wakumtunda komanso pazotchingira zonse ndizofiirira pabira, ndizizindikiro zakuda kumtunda pachifuwa;
- Slug kite kapena pagulu slug kite (Rostrhamus sosiabilis) Ndi nyama yamphongo yolusa, yokhala m'gulu lina lodziwika bwino lomwe lodziwika bwino. Amuna ali ndi nthenga zakuda za malasha, mchira wabuluu wokhala ndi mzere wakuda wakuda. Mawondo ndi maso ndi ofiira. Akazi ndi abulauni ndi mizere ya bulauni. Chikhalidwe cha mitunduyo chimakhala mwa mulomo wapadera wa mlomo wochepa thupi, womwe uli ndi mlomo wopota komanso wopindika.
Komanso, ku ma Kites apabanja pali mitundu yoyimiriridwa ndi Chernogrudym kanyukovym kite (Namirostra melanosternon), kite iwiri (Narragus bidentatus) Ryzhebokim bidentate kite (Narragus diodon), kite ya Mississippi (Istinia mississirriensis), kite wa buluu (Istinia Lorhoictinia isura).
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ma Kites a Brahmin amapezeka ku Indian subcontinent, komanso ku Southeast Asia ndi Australia. Whistler Kite ndi mbalame yamapiri yomwe imakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi madzi. Ma kite omwe amadya mtedza amakhala makamaka m'madambo, momwe amakhala m'magulu awiriawiri mpaka khumi. Nthawi zina kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali m'dera lawo kumafikira mazana awiriawiri.
Kite wakuda ndi wamba ku Africa, kupatula Sahara, komanso Madagascar, madera otentha komanso akumwera kwa Asia. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimapezeka ngakhale pazilumba zina, ku Russia ndi ku Ukraine. Ku Palaearctic, ma mphamba akuda ndi mbalame zosamuka, ndipo m'malo ena azisamba amakhala mgulu la mbalame zomwe sizikhala.
Ma kite aku Europe amaberekera pakati, kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Europe, ndipo nthawi yozizira ku Africa kokha... Ma kite amtundu wakuda amapezeka makamaka ku Siberia, ndipo malo a Little Indian Kite amaimiridwa ndi kum'mawa kwa Pakistan, India otentha komanso Sri Lanka kupita ku Malay Peninsula.
Zakudya zamakiti
Mbalame zodya nyama, zomwe zimakhala makamaka m'malo am'madambo komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nthawi zambiri zimadya nyama, koma zimakonda nsomba ndi nkhanu. Nthawi ndi nthawi, nthumwi zotere za banjali zimatha kugwira mileme ndi hares, komanso kutenga nyama kuchokera ku mbalame zina zapakatikati. Nthawi zina amadya uchi ndikuwononga ming'oma ya njuchi zazing'ono.
Ma kites a Whistler amadya pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe angagwire, kuphatikiza nyama zazing'ono, nsomba ndi mbalame, amphibiya ndi zokwawa, komanso mitundu yonse ya tizilombo ndi nyama zakutchire, koma osanyoza zakufa. Chakudya chokha cha kite wamkulu wodya slug ndi mollusks, m'mimba mwake ndi 30-40 mm.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalame yodya slug imagwira nyama yake m'mawa kwambiri kapena madzulo. Mbalameyi imatenga nkhono m’gobolomo pogwiritsa ntchito mlomo wautali komanso wopindika.
Ngakhale ndi yayikulu kwambiri, mphamba wofiyira samachita zankhanza kwambiri, komanso amakhala wolimba komanso wolimba poyerekeza ndi nyama zina zambiri zodya nthenga, kuphatikizapo akhungubwe. Pakusaka, mbalameyi imalumphira kumtunda ndipo imayang'ana masewera apakatikati. Pozindikira nyama yake, nyamayo imagwa pansi ngati mwala, kenako imagwira nyamayo ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Kusaka chinthu nthawi zambiri nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame, amphibians ndi zokwawa, komanso mavenda. Nthawi zina nyama yonyama imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, makamaka zotsalira za nkhosa.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma Brahmin kites chisa pamitengo yosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zina amatha kumanga zisa zawo pansi pazomera, pansi. Khola lililonse limayimiriridwa ndi mazira awiri oyera kapena oyera oyera, omwe anapiyewo amatuluka pakatha milungu inayi. Makolo amadyetsa ana limodzi.
Zisa za a Whistler zimafanana ndi nsanja zazikulu zopangidwa ndi nthambi komanso zokutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira. Chisa chotere chimamalizidwa, pambuyo pake chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbalame ziwiri chaka ndi chaka, ndipo chachikazi nthawi zambiri chimayikira mazira awiri kapena atatu oyera oyera okhala ndi mawanga ofiira. Makulitsidwe amatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Ana oyamba a mphamba yofiira m'modzi amakhala ndi zaka ziwiri kapena zinayi zokha. Zisa zimamangidwa pa mphanda mumitengo monga thundu, linden kapena paini, pamwamba pamtunda. M'chaka, pamabadwa mwana m'modzi yekha, yemwe amakwiriridwa ndi wamkazi yekha.
Slug imadya zisa pamakanda amiyala, tchire ndi mitengo yokhazikika, komanso pazilumba zapamadzi. Chisa cha mtundu uwu ndi chosalimba, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri chimawonongedwa ndi mphepo kapena mvula. Clutch imodzi imakhala ndi mazira atatu kapena anayi amtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira wokhala ndi mawanga abulauni. Makulitsidwe a makolo awiri amakhala pafupifupi milungu inayi. Anapiye nawonso amadyetsedwa pamodzi ndi wamkazi ndi wamwamuna.
Adani achilengedwe
Ngakhale kuti mphamba za Brahmin zimatha kuukira pagulu ngakhale nyama zowononga zazikulu, kuphatikiza ziwombankhanga, mbalame zotere nthawi zambiri zimavutika kwambiri ndi nsabwe zotere za mtundu wa Kurodaya, Colroserhalum ndi Degeriela. Komanso, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikuwononga chilengedwe komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya.
M'chilengedwe, ma kite amakhala ndi adani ambiri, omwe ambiri mwa iwo amaimiridwa ndi zilombo zazikuluzikulu. Mwachiwonekere, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa anthu onse amphaka, omwe amakhala m'malo opezeka ndi malowa, amayamba chifukwa cha akhwangwala otayika, akuwononga zisa ndi mazira koyambirira kokhazikitsidwa. Milandu ya marten predation kapena weasel imaphunzilidwanso bwino.
Komabe, chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza nambala yonse ya mbalame zolusa monga maiti ndi anthu. Mbalame zochepa za banjali zimafera pamawaya amphamvu kwambiri. Mwa zina, mbalame zina zazikulu zimavutika kwambiri ndi poizoni wokhala ndi mankhwala enaake a chlorine okhala ndi mankhwala oopsa a organophosphorus.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mndandanda wa IUCN umayika Bite ya Brahmin ngati mitundu yazovuta kwambiri. Komabe, m'malo ena a Java, mitundu yonse ya mitunduyi ikuchepa pang'onopang'ono.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chiwerengero cha a Whistler Kite sichikudetsa nkhaŵa kwenikweni, ndipo chiwerengero cha Red Kite chatsika kwambiri.
Chifukwa chachikulu chakuchepa kwa mbalame ndikuthamangitsa kwa mbalame zotere ndi anthu, kuchepa kwamtundu ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kazachuma kwa malo omwe ali oyenera kukaikira mazira. Komabe, pazaka zingapo zapitazi, anthu akumpoto chakumadzulo ndi pakati pa Europe awonetsa zizindikiritso.
