Chotupa cha infusoria - lingaliro lodziwika bwino. Pali mitundu 7,000 yobisika kumbuyo kwa dzinalo. Aliyense ali ndi mawonekedwe anthawi zonse a thupi. Imafanana ndi nsapato yokha. Chifukwa chake dzina losavuta. Komabe, ma ciliili onse amakhala ndi osmoregulation, ndiye kuti, amayendetsa zovuta zamkati mwamthupi. Izi zimachitika ndi ma vacuoles awiri ogwira ntchito. Amachita mgwirizano ndikumangoyenda, kukankhira madzi ochulukirapo pa nsapatoyo.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a chamoyo
Infusoria choterera - chosavuta kwambiri nyama. Chifukwa chake, ndizofanana. Komabe, khungu ili lili ndi zonse zopuma, kubereka, kudyetsa ndikuchotsa zinyalala panja, kusuntha. Ili ndi mndandanda wazantchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amaphatikizanso nsapato.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tosavuta timayitanitsidwa ndi chida choyambirira poyerekeza ndi nyama zina. Mwa zamoyo zamtundu umodzi, palinso mitundu yomwe asayansi amati ndi nyama komanso zomera. Chitsanzo ndi green euglena. Thupi lake limakhala ndi ma chloroplast ndi chlorophyll, mtundu wa chomera. Euglena amachita photosynthesis ndipo samangoyenda masana. Komabe, usiku, ma unicellular amapitilizabe kudya zinthu zakuthupi, ma particles olimba.
Infusoria woterera komanso wobiriwira wa euglena imani pamiyala yotsutsana ndi chitukuko cha protozoan. Heroine wa nkhaniyi amadziwika kuti ndi thupi lovuta kwambiri pakati pawo. Mwa njira, nsapato ndi thupi, popeza ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana a ziwalo. Izi ndi zinthu zomwe selo limayang'anira ntchito zina. Ma ciliates kulibe ma protozoa ena. Izi zimapangitsa nsapato kukhala mtsogoleri pakati pazamoyo zamtundu umodzi.
Ma organelles apamwamba a ciliates ndi awa:
- Contractile vacuoles okhala ndi ma tubules owongolera. Yotsirizira ntchito ngati mtundu wa zombo. Kudzera mwa iwo, zinthu zovulaza zimalowa mosungira, zomwe ndi vacuole yomwe. Amachoka ku protoplasm - zomwe zili mkati mwa selo, kuphatikizapo cytoplasm ndi phata.
Slippers thupi lili awiri vacuoles contractile. Pochulukitsa poizoni, amawaponyera kunja pamodzi ndi madzi owonjezera, nthawi yomweyo kuti azikhala ndi mphamvu yama cell.
- Kugaya chakudya vacuoles. Iwo, monga m'mimba, amasakaniza chakudya. Nthawi yomweyo, vutolo limayenda. Pakadali pano organelle imayandikira kumapeto kwa selo, michere idapangidwa kale.
- Ufa. Uku ndikutsegulira kumapeto kwa ciliate, kofanana ndi kumatako. Ntchito ya ufa ndi yomweyo. Zinyalala zam'mimba zimachotsedwa mchipinda kudzera potseguka.
- Pakamwa. Kupsinjika uku komwe kumapezeka pakhungu kumatenga mabakiteriya ndi zakudya zina, ndikupatsira cytopharynx, chubu chochepa chomwe chimalowetsa pharynx. Pokhala ndi iye pakamwa, nsapato imagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wamaliseche wa zakudya, ndiye kuti, kutola kwa tinthu tamoyo mkati mwa thupi.
Ciliate ina yosavuta yosavuta imapangidwa ndi maso awiri. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi chachikulu, chotchedwa macronucleus. Mutu wachiwiri ndi wocheperako - micronucleus. Zomwe zimasungidwa m'magulu onse awiriwa ndizofanana. Komabe, mu micronucleus, sichimakhudzidwa. Zambiri za Macronucleus zikugwira ntchito, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, zina zitha kuwonongeka, ngati mabuku omwe ali mchipinda chowerengera cha laibulale. Pakakhala zolephera zotere, micronucleus imakhala ngati malo osungira.
Chotupa cha infusoria pansi pa microscope
Msana waukulu wa ciliate uli mu mawonekedwe a nyemba. Kagulu kakang'ono kakang'ono ndi kozungulira. Organoids infusoria slippers zowoneka bwino pansi pakukula. Kutalika konse kosavuta sikupitilira mamilimita 0,5. Kwa ophweka, uku ndiko kusilira. Mamembala ambiri mkalasi samapitilira 0.1 millimeter kutalika.
Kapangidwe ka nsapato za ciliate
Kapangidwe ka nsapato za ciliate zimadalira kalasi yake. Pali awiri a iwo. Yoyamba amatchedwa ciliary chifukwa oyimira ake ali ndi cilia. Izi ndizofanana ndi tsitsi, zomwe zimatchedwa cilia. Makulidwe awo samapitilira micrometer ya 0.1. Cilia yomwe ili pathupi la ciliate imatha kugawidwa mofanana kapena kusonkhanitsidwa ngati mitolo - cirrus. Cilium iliyonse ndi mtolo wa ma fibrils. Awa ndi mapuloteni owoneka bwino. Ulusi awiri ali pachimake pa cilium, 9 zina zili m'mbali mwa mzere ndi.
Ciliated ikakambidwa kalasi, ciliates nsapato atha kukhala ndi cilia masauzande angapo. Ma ciliates oyamwa amayima mosiyana. Amayimira gulu losiyana, lopanda cilia. Nsapato zoyamwa zilibe pakamwa, pakhosi, kapena zotupa m'mimba zomwe zimakhala ndi anthu "aubweya". Koma ma ciliili oyamwa amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Pali mitundu ingapo yamitundu yotere motsutsana ndi ma ciliates masauzande ambiri.
Kapangidwe ka nsapato za ciliate
Zoyeserera za nsapato zoyamwa ndizopanda plasma zopanda pake. Amanyamula zakudya m'kati mwa khungu. Ma protozoa ena amakhala chakudya. Mwanjira ina, nsapato zoyamwa ndizodya. Cilia woyamwa amasowa cilia, chifukwa sasuntha. Oimira mkalasi ali ndi mwendo wapadera woyamwa. Ndi thandizo lake, tizilombo timene timagulu tating'onoting'ono timayikidwa pa wina, mwachitsanzo, nkhanu kapena nsomba, kapena mkati mwawo ndi ma protozoa ena. Ciliates ciliili amayenda mwachangu. Kwenikweni, izi ndi zomwe cilia amapangira.
Malo okhala osavuta
Heroine wa nkhaniyi amakhala m'madzi atsopano, osaya ndi madzi osasunthika komanso zinthu zambiri zowola. Zosangalatsa zimagwirizana ciliate nsapato, amoeba... Amafuna madzi osunthika kuti asagonjetse apano, omwe amangonyamula. Madzi osaya amatitsimikizira kutentha komwe kumafunika pamagulu azinthu zazing'ono. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovunda zachilengedwe ndiye chakudya.
Mwa kukhutitsa madzi ndi ma ciliates, mutha kuweruza kuchuluka kwa kuipitsa kwa dziwe, chithaphwi, utawaleza. Nsapato zochulukirapo, ndizopatsa thanzi kwambiri - zinthu zowola zowola. Kudziwa zokonda za nsapato, amatha kuthamangitsidwa mu aquarium wamba, banki. Ndikokwanira kuyika udzu pamenepo ndikudzaza madzi amadziwe. Udzu wodulidwayo uzikhala ngati chida chowonongera chopatsa thanzi.
Chizolowezi chimatseketsa oterera
Kusakondedwa kwa ma ciliili amadzi amchere kumawonekera mukayikidwa m'magulu wamba amchere. Pakukula, wina amatha kuwona momwe ma unicellulars amasambira kutali ndi iye. Ngati protozoa ikazindikira kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya, m'malo mwake, imatumizidwa kwa iwo. Izi zimatchedwa kukwiya. Katunduyu amathandiza nyama kupeŵa zovuta, kupeza chakudya ndi anthu ena amtundu wawo.
Chakudya cha infusorian
Zakudya za ciliate zimadalira kalasi yake. Ziphuphu zoyambilira zimakhala ndi zovuta. Kwa iwo amamatira, ndodo, akuyandama mopitilira umodzi. Zakudya zotsekemera za infusoria ikuchitika pothetsa khungu la cell la wovulalayo. Kanemayo amadyera m'malo olumikizirana ndi mahema. Poyamba, wozunzidwayo, monga lamulo, amatengedwa ndi njira imodzi. Mahema ena "amabwera patebulopo."
Ciliated ciliate mawonekedwe nsapato imadyetsa ulusi wofanana ndi umodzi, kuwagwira pakamwa. Kuchokera pamenepo, chakudya chimalowa mum'mero kenako ndikulowa m'mimba vacuole. Amakhazikika pa kavalo wa "pakhosi", osasunthanso kwa mphindi zingapo. Pambuyo pake, vacuole imadutsa mobwerera kumbuyo kwa ciliate. Paulendo, cytoplasm imathandizira zakudya zofunikira. Zinyalala zimaponyedwa mu ufa. Ili ndi dzenje longa anal.
Ma ciliili amakhalanso ndi cilia mkamwa mwawo. Akuyendetsa, amapanga makono. Imanyamula tinthu tating'onoting'ono m'kamwa. Pomwe chimbudzi chimagaya chakudya, kapisozi watsopano amapangidwa. Imaphatikizanso pharynx ndikulandila chakudya. Njirayi ndi yozungulira. Pakutentha bwino kwa ma ciliates, omwe amakhala pafupifupi 15 degrees Celsius, vacuole yam'mimba imapangidwa mphindi ziwiri zilizonse. Izi zikuwonetsa kukula kwa nsapato.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Infusoria nsapato pachithunzichi itha kukhala kawiri kuposa muyezo. Izi sizongopeka chabe. Mfundoyi ndi yazodziwika bwino za kubadwa kwa selo imodzi. Pali mitundu iwiri ya njira:
- Kugonana. Poterepa, ma ciliili awiri amaphatikizana ndi mawonekedwe awo ofananira. Chipolopolocho chimasungunuka apa. Likukhalira mlatho wolumikiza. Kudzera mwa iye, maselo amasintha mtima. Zikuluzikulu zimasungunuka zonse, ndipo zazing'ono zimagawika kawiri. Mitundu itatu mwanjira yomweyi imatha. Zina zonse zagawidwanso. Maganizo awiriwo amasamukira ku chipinda choyandikana. Ma organelles awiri nawonso amatuluka. Pamalo okhazikika, imodzi mwasinthidwa kukhala gawo lalikulu.
- Zogonana. Amatchedwanso magawano. Ma cilies amagawika awiri, chilichonse. Selo likugaŵikana. Likukhalira awiri. Iliyonse - yokhala ndi gulu lathunthu lamagulu ena. Sagawikana, amagawidwa pakati pa maselo omwe angopangidwa kumene. Ma organelles omwe akusowa amapangidwa maselo atadzichokerana.
Monga mukuwonera, pakubereka, kuchuluka kwa ma cili kumakhalabe kofanana. Izi zimatchedwa kulumikizana. Ndi kusinthana kwa chidziwitso chokha komwe kumachitika. Chiwerengero cha maselo chimakhalabe chofanana, koma ma protozoa eni akewo ndi atsopano. Kusinthana kwamtundu kumapangitsa ma ciliili kukhala olimba mtima. Chifukwa chake, nsapato zimatengera kubereka mosagwirizana.
Zinthu zikayamba kukhala zovuta, ma cysts a unicellular amapanga. Kuchokera ku Chi Greek lingaliro ili limamasuliridwa kuti "kuwira". Ciliate imachepa, imakhala yolimba ndikuphimbidwa ndi chipolopolo chachikulu. Zimateteza thupi ku zisonkhezero zoipa zachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri, nsapato zimadwala chifukwa chouma m'madamu.
Kuberekana kwa nsapato za ciliates
Zinthu zikayamba kuwoneka bwino, zotupazo zimakula. Ma ciliili amatenga mawonekedwe awo wamba. Mu chotupa, ma ciliates amatha kufika miyezi ingapo. Thupi liri mu mtundu wa kubisala. Kukhalapo kwanthawi zonse kwa nsapato kumatenga milungu ingapo. Komanso, selo limagawanika kapena kumawonjezera chibadwa chake.
