Mwambi wodziwika bwino "kwa mbalame iliyonse dambo lake" umasonyeza kulumikizana kosagonjetseka kwa mbalame ndi malo osungira. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 75 ya mbalame zambirimbiri zouluka mu Russia mokha.
Chifukwa chakufalikira kwawo mzigawo zonse, mbalame zakhala chikho chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha alenje.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kulikov adasankhidwa motsatira dongosolo la ma Charadriiformes, kuphatikiza mabanja 6. Malingana ndi malo awo, mbalame zimagawidwa m'magulu a nkhalango, chithaphwi, phiri, mchenga. Ngakhale pali kusiyanasiyana, ophulitsa mchenga amalumikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe apadera owonetsedwa ndi akatswiri odziwa za mbalame.
Mbalame zambiri zimalumikizidwa ndi madzi, zimakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, nyanja, madambo, ngakhale pakati pa nkhalango pali oimira chipululu - avdotka, nkhalango zamitengo - nkhalango.
Pachithunzichi pali nkhalango ya nkhalango
Maonekedwe onse a sandpiper amafanana ndi mawonekedwe a njiwa pamapazi ataliatali poyenda m'madzi osaya, nthaka yomata. Koma palinso nthumwi zazifupi (zoperewera, zoseketsa).
Pali zala zitatu pa miyendo, chitukuko chachinayi ndi chofooka. Ngati mbalameyi ndi mbalame zam'madzi, ndiye kuti mabataniwo amalumikizidwa ndi nembanemba. Thupi ndilolimba. Mchira ndi waufupi, osayang'ana mmwamba. Mbalame zina zimawasuntha akamayenda.
Kulik pachithunzichi atha kukhala ovala mosiyanasiyana. Ambiri amakhala ndi utoto wochepa, wochenjera. Mitundu yoyera, yofiira, yakuda, imvi imakhazikika. Pali zosiyana - zowala mosiyanitsa nthenga ndi miyendo yachikaso, yofiira, mwachitsanzo, oystercatchers, turukhtans. Zovala za amuna ndi akazi pafupifupi sizimasiyana. Kulik amasintha nthenga kawiri pachaka.
Sandpiper - mbalame yothamanga... Mlomo wautali ndi mphamvu yabwino yogwira zimathandizira kupeza chakudya kuchokera kumtundako. Kuwona bwino ndi kumva zimathandizira pantchito za mbalame usiku.
Njira yopezera chakudya imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe a milomo yopindika - pansi, mmwamba kapena chammbali. Ma receptors ambiri amathandizira kupeza chakudya. Mbalameyi imatha kusuntha mwala ndi chida chachikulu chofunafuna mtundu wa mollusk, womwe kulemera kwake sikotsika kuposa kwake. Mapikowo nthawi zambiri amakhala aatali komanso osongoka.
Mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa mbalame zam'madzi zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Kutalika kwa mbalame kumasiyana pakati pa 15-62 cm, kulemera kwake kumatha kukhala kuchokera 200 g mpaka 1.3 kg. Ma waders onse ndi othamanga kwambiri, mbalame zambiri zimatha kusambira bwino. Kusintha kwa mbalame m'malo osiyanasiyana anyengo kumathandizira kufalikira m'malo osiyanasiyana, kupatula ku Antarctica.
Adani akulu a mbalame m'chilengedwe ndi mbalame zodya nyama. Njira ya mphamba imabweretsa mantha, yomwe imawonekera pakulira kwamphamvu ndikumira m'madzi. M'madzi osaya mulibe mbalame ya mbalame. Anapiye nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama ya akhwangwala, nkhwangwa, martens, nkhandwe. Skuas amaba mazira m'zisa.
Mu mitundu ina ya nkhalango, akazi amakhala ndi nthenga zosiyana ndi za amuna.
Mitundu
Oyang'anira mbalame amatchula mitundu 214 ya mbalame zam'madzi zochokera m'mabanja 13. Ngakhale pali kusiyanasiyana, mitundu yambiri imalembedwa mu Red Book, curlew ndi gyrfalcon ali mgulu la mitundu yomwe ili pangozi.
Chifukwa chachikulu ndi zochitika zaumunthu: ngalande zamchenga, kukulitsa madera agombe. Kuswana kwaukapolo kumakhala kovuta. Mitundu ina yokha ndiyo yomwe imadziwika ndikukula kwa malo omwe amagawa (stilt ndi ena ena).
Mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame zam'madzi, mitundu yotsatirayi imadziwika bwino:
Swirls. Yaikulu, mbalame zosamalitsa zokongola. Miyendo yayitali, mulomo umathandizira kuti ukhale wolimba mtima pagombe lamatope, madambo akuthwa, m'madambo achinyezi. Zimakhala mwamtendere ndi mbalame zina. Amawuluka, amathamanga, amasambira bwino. Chovalacho chimakhala ndi nthenga zakuda ndi zoyera zokhala ndi zofiira.
Kuphwanya. Mbalame zazikuluzikulu zokhala ndi milomo yooneka ngati chikwakwa. Kufotokozera kwa sandpiper zili ndi izi zomwe mbalame imadziwika nthawi yomweyo. Mlomo umafikira kutalika kwa 140 mm. Mtunduwo ndi wa imvi wapadziko lapansi, mchira umakongoletsedwa ndi mzere woyera.
Ma curlews ndi mitundu yosaka, koma m'malo ena sangaponyedwe. Kukhazikika m'madambo, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Amasambira bwino. Kuuluka kwa mbalame kumakhala kolimba, kwachangu, ndikusinthasintha kwakuthwa. Pakusamuka, mbalame zimauluka mopindika, zomwe sizomwe zimachitika mbalamezi.
Mabokosi amchenga. Mbalame zazing'ono zam'madzi zokongola zimakhala mdera lamapiri. Mbalamezi zili ndi mlomo waung'ono, ndi miyendo yakuda yochepa. Chachikulu kuposa choyimira nyenyezi, chimangacho ndi chachikulu. Maso ang'onoang'ono amawoneka osasangalatsa.
Amakhala m'gulu lankhosa. Kufanana ndi mpheta kumawonedwa mumitundu ina: nkhwangwa zoyera, mpheta ya mpheta. Sandpipers akugwira ntchito usiku.
Snipe. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi milomo yayitali kwambiri. Ndizovuta kusokoneza ndi abale ena a snipe. Amakonda malo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri: magombe, madambo, madambo. Osambira abwino, osiyanasiyana.
Amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi, koma amauluka bwino. Zikakhala zoopsa, amasamutsira anapiye m'manja mwawo kumalo ena.
Zuiki. Mbalame ndi zazikulu msinkhu ndi mutu waung'ono, mlomo waufupi. Amathamanga ndi miyendo yotsika ndimayendedwe olowera. Mchira wa mbalamewo ndi wautali, mapiko ake ndi otalika masentimita 45. Nthengazo ndi zakuda, zoyera, zofiirira zofiirira zimapanga utoto wosiyanasiyana, womwe umasiyanasiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana: nyanja, matembenuzidwe, ma lapwings.
Julitta. Anthu okhala kumtunda kwapakati amajambulidwa ndi imvi, nthawi zina amakhala ndi mizere yakuda ndi yoyera. Izi ndizapadera mbalame zadongosolo la mbalameamene amagwada ndi thupi lake lonse. Mlomo wautali, miyendo yayitali ndi thupi lapakatikati ndizofala ku nkhono zonse. Pali anthu akuluakulu olemera mpaka 400 g.
Zofunafuna. Ochepera pamadzi kuposa mbalame zina zam'madzi. Okhala mu tundra kukula kwa nkhunda. Miyendo yayitali, milomo yaying'ono, utoto wakuda. Amakonda malo akuluakulu, omwe amayenda ndi maulendo ang'onoang'ono komanso maulendo ang'onoang'ono.
Turukhtan. Mbalame yokhudzana ndi sandpiper imaonekera ndi mitundu yowala, yomwe siyomwe imakhalapo pamtunduwu. Amuna m'nyengo yokhwima amakhala ndi zobiriwira, zamtambo, zachikaso, zofiirira.
Kusiyananso kwina ndikulimbana kwa mbalame. Kulimbirana nkhuku kumakhala kofala pakati pa mbalame zoyambazi. Makola a Fluffy, milomo ya rapier, amaponyera adani ndikumawombera ndi mapiko akuwonetsa kulimbana kwa mbalamezo.
Zolimbana sizilepheretsa mpumulo wamtendere pafupi ndi mdani waposachedwa.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
M'madera onse, kupatula ku Antarctica, mbalame zomwe zimapezeka paliponse zimakhala. Izi ndi mbalame zophunzitsa kusonkhanitsa mpaka anthu masauzande angapo. Mitsinje yambiri imasamukasamuka, ngakhale kuti ena amangokhala.
Za, zomwe mbalame zimasamukira kapena ayi, akuti malo awo okhala ndi nyengo yachisanu. Kutsika kwa kutentha ndi kusowa kwa chakudya chodziwika bwino kumakakamiza mbalame zam'madzi kuti zichoke m'malo awo omwe amakonda. Pafupifupi onsewo amasamukira kutali kuchokera kumadera kwawo.
Oyendetsa mchenga amatha kuyenda mtunda wokwana makilomita 11,000 osayima, kuwuluka m'mapiri, m'zipululu, ndi m'madzi. Anthu okhala ku Siberia amapita ku Australia nthawi yachisanu, kuchokera ku Alaska amapita kumwera kwa Argentina.
Nthawi zosamukira, masukulu a mbalame zam'mlengalenga amapanga magulu ambiri m'mbali mwa nyanja. Kumeneku mbalame zimapeza chakudya kuti zithe kulimba pothawa.
Ku Russia, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame zam'madzi zimapezeka kulikonse. Ku Far East, ma plovers ang'onoang'ono, matabwa, matumba amakhala. Ku Primorye, ndi malo obisalirako moni, gombe la mitsinje yamapiri ndi komwe kubadwira ma Ussuri plovers.
Mbalamezi sizimangouluka bwino, komanso zimathamanga pansi, kusambira, kumiza. Ambiri mitundu ya mbalame akhoza kuweta. Amakhala achangu komanso ochezeka, amakhala ndi mizu yabwino mu ukapolo, azolowera chakudya chomwe amadzipangira.
Amazolowera chilengedwe chatsopano, saopa munthu, amamva ndikulabadira chisamaliro. Kuyesera kusunga zoumba mchenga zomwe sizikupezeka mu Red Book ndizovuta chifukwa chovuta kuzipanga.
Zakudya zabwino
Sandpiper - mbalame madamu. Zakudya za mbalame zimakhala ndi zamoyo zam'madzi, zam'mlengalenga - izi ndi nyongolotsi, nkhanu, nkhono, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Zowononga mbalame zimadya mbewa ndi achule, abuluzi; chilimwe, dzombe limasangalatsa mbalame, zomwe zimawononga zochuluka.
Mbalame zam'madzi zouluka m'madzi zimadumphiranso m'madzi pambuyo pa nyama zomwe zafa. Ena mwa mbalame zam'madzi ndi ndiwo zamasamba, zotengera mbewu, mbewu ndi zipatso. Mabulosi abulu ndichithandizo chapadera.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Nyengo yakunyamula kwa mbalame zam'madzi zimayamba mu Epulo. Kusakanikirana kumachitika limodzi komanso m'magulu akulu. Mwambo wokopa wokwatirana ndiwosiyana m'magulu osiyanasiyana a mbalame zam'madzi.
Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zam'madzi zimauluka mlengalenga ndi ma trill, ndipo pansi amafalitsa mchira wawo mu fan ndi kuthamangitsa akazi. Pakudikirira, kukopa chidwi kumawonetsedwa pakusintha kwakuthwa kwaulendo wandege. Ma curlews amauluka mozungulira mozungulira ndikuimba mokweza.
Maubale okwatirana a waders ndiosiyanasiyana, akuwonetsedwa m'njira zotsatirazi:
- monogamy - mapangidwe awiriawiri a nyengoyo, kutulutsa mazira limodzi ndikusamalira ana. Mtundu wofala kwambiri waukwati;
- polygyny - kukwatira kwamwamuna wokhala ndi akazi osiyana nyengoyi, kuchotsedwa pakuchita nawo makulitsidwe ndi chisamaliro cha ana;
- polyandry - kukwatira kwa mkazi wamwamuna wosiyana, akuikira mazira mzisa zingapo. Makulitsidwe ndi chisamaliro zimachitika ndi amuna;
- kupanga mazira awiri - kuyikira mazira m'zisa ziwiri. Poyamba, yaikazi imafungatira anapiye iwowo, ndipo chachiwiri, yaimuna imasamalira. Thandizo kwa mbalame zam'mlengalenga zimaperekedwanso padera.
Akasinja amapha chisa pansi, mazira agona m'mabowo opanda zinyalala. Mitundu ina ya mbalame imagwira zisa za ena mumitengo.
Anapiye amabadwa akuwona, thupi lokhala lolimba pansi. Ngakhale makanda amatha kudzidyetsa okha kuchokera pakubadwa, makolo amadandaula za anawo: amatenthetsa, amateteza, amatsogolera kumalo odyetsera. Pakakhala zoopsa, mbalame zam'mlengalenga zimatetezera chisa, zimaukira adani.
Pofika zaka ziwiri, anyamatawo amakhala okonzeka kukwatirana. Nthawi yokhala ndi moyo imafika zaka 20.
Ngalande za madera ndi chitukuko chachikulu zimasowetsa malo okhala nthenga, zikuwopseza kuchepetsa anthu. Kuyandikana ndi anthu kumawononga mbalame, koma ndi anthu okha omwe amatha kupanga njira zopulumutsira mitundu yosawerengeka ya mbalamezi.
