Mbuzi ya Alpine - wamba mkaka Pet. Mkaka wa nyama izi umalimbikitsidwa kuti mwana adye. Amayesedwa kuti ndi ochepetsetsa kuposa ng'ombe. Alpine mbuzi ndizodzichepetsa, zimakhala bwino ndi anthu komanso ziweto zina. Chifukwa cha izi, mtundu wa Alpine umabadwira ku Europe, mayiko ambiri aku Asia, amadziwika ndi oweta mbuzi aku North America.
Mbiri ya mtunduwo
Akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu amakhulupirira kuti chinyama choyamba chimene munthu anatha kuchiweta chinali mbuzi. Anthu adazilekanitsa ndi nyama zakutchire ndikuyamba kuziyandikira zaka 12-15 zikwi zapitazo. Mbuzi ya bezoar (Capra hircus aegagrus) idadutsa bwino njira yoweta ziweto, yomwe idakulira ku Alps, Pyrenees, ndi Asia Minor Highlands. Amakhulupirira kuti nyama iyi idakhala kholo la mbuzi zonse zoweta.
M'zaka za zana la 18, mwina koyambirira, Alps adakhala likulu la kuswana mbuzi ku Europe. Izi zidathandizidwa ndi chilengedwe: kuchuluka kwa malo odyetserako ziweto komanso nyengo yomwe mbuzi zasinthidwa kuyambira pomwe mtunduwo unayamba. Kudera laling'ono pomwe malire a France, Switzerland, Germany amakumana, mitundu ingapo ya mkaka idabadwa. Ochita bwino kwambiri ndi mbuzi zaku French Alpine.
Kutumiza kwa nyama izi ku States kunathandizira kwambiri pakufalikira kwa mtundu wa Alpine. Zaka za zana la 20 zinayamba ndi chidwi cha mbuzi. Anthu aku America, akulu ndi ana, amafunikira mkaka kuti athandizire paumoyo wawo. Amakhulupirira kuti mkaka wa mbuzi, wosavuta kudya, ukhoza kukhala chithandizo cha ana odwala chifuwa chachikulu ku Chicago.
Mbuzi za Alpine zimakhala bata
M'zaka za m'ma 1900, nyama zam'mapiri zidasakanikirana ndi mbuzi zaku America, zomwe zakhazikika ku States kuyambira nthawi yoyamba. Zotsatira zake ndi mtundu watsopano wotchedwa American Alpine Goat. Nyama zobala zipatsozi ndizotsogola kwambiri pakuswana mbuzi ku North America.
Ku Alps, Switzerland, Germany, makamaka France, chidwi chofalitsa mbuzi chatsika m'zaka za zana la 21. Mbuzi za Alpine, zomwe mkaka wabwino kwambiri wa mbuzi amapangidwa kuchokera mkaka wake, sizifunikanso. Chifukwa chake ndichosavuta: chidwi ku Banon, Sainte-Maure, Camembert ndi tchizi tina ta mbuzi ku Franceachepa. Tsopano zinthu zakhazikika, koma gulu lonse la mbuzi za French Alpine latsika ndi 20%.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe a mbuzi za Alpine ndi ofanana m'njira zambiri ndi mitundu ina ya mkaka. Mutu wake ndi wapakatikati kukula, mphuno imakutidwa, ndi mzere wolunjika wa mphuno. Maso ndi owala, owoneka ngati amondi, okhala ndi mawonekedwe owonera bwino. Makutu ndi ochepa, owongoka, atcheru. Mizere ina imakhala ndi nyanga zazikulu. Chigawo cha nyanga ndi chofewa chowulungika, mawonekedwe ake ndi opindika, saber.
Mutu umathandizidwa ndi khosi laling'ono. Kutalika kwake kumawonetsa kuti nyamayo imatha kusonkhanitsa msipu (udzu), kudya tchire, ndi kubudula masamba ndi nthambi za mitengo zomwe sizikukula. Khosi limalumikizana bwino m'mapewa ndi chifuwa.
Chifuwa ndi chopepuka. Mtunda waukulu wa intercostal ndi mawonekedwe a mbuzi za mkaka. Kukonzekera kwaulere kwa ziwalo zamkati kumathandizira pantchito yawo yayikulu. Mapapu ndi dongosolo lamtima limapereka mpweya wabwino m'magazi, zomwe zimathandiza thupi la mbuzi kuthana ndi ntchito yopanga mkaka wambiri.
Chifuwacho chimapita kudera lamkati lamkati lamkati. Dera la iliac ladzaza, fossa yanjala imawonetsedwa ndi kukhumudwa koonekera. Palibe kutsetsereka pamzere wa khosi, chifuwa, gawo lanyama, khungu limakhala lolimba mthupi.
Mzere wakumbuyo wa mbuzi ya Alpine ndiyopingasa. Kufota sikutchulidwa kwambiri. Mzere wa thupi m'chigawo cha sacrum umawoneka wopepuka. Mchira ndi waufupi, nthawi zambiri umakwezeka. Miyendo ndi yowongoka, yopyapyala, ikawonedwa kuchokera kutsogolo ndi mbali, imapezeka popanda kupendekera, mozungulira.
Kuphatikiza pofotokozera zakunja, mbuzi za alpine imafanana ndi magawo ena owerengeka.
- Mbuzi zimalemera mpaka 55 kg, mbuzi ndi zolemera - mpaka 65 kg;
- kutalika kwa kufota kwa mbuzi ndi pafupifupi 70 cm, amuna amakula mpaka 80 cm;
- kutalika kwa sacrum ya nyama kumakhala pakati pa 67-75 cm;
- kutalika kwa mkono wamwamuna kumafika masentimita 22, mwa akazi mpaka 18 cm;
- kutalika kwa mbuzi ndi 11 cm, mwa amuna akulu - 16 cm;
- mabere amtundu ukufika 60-62 cm;
- mafuta mkaka ukufika 3.5%;
- mapuloteni a mkaka amafika pa 3.1%;
- mbuzi imapereka mkaka pafupifupi chaka chonse, ndikupuma pang'ono. Chiwerengero cha masiku amkaka chafika 300-310;
- Pakati pa mkaka wa m'mawere amapereka 700-1100 makilogalamu amkaka.
- kujambula zokolola za mkaka tsiku lililonse zimaposa 7 kg;
- Kuchuluka kwa mkaka wambiri kumatha kupezeka kuchokera ku mbuzi yazaka 1 mpaka 5, yolemera pafupifupi 50 kg, masabata 4-6 mutabereka mwana.
Mtundu wa mbuzi za Alpine umasiyana. Khungu lawo silimasinthasintha - m'malo akulu osiyanasiyana amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Opanga mbuzi amagwiritsa ntchito mawu angapo pofotokoza suti ya mbuzi:
- Mtundu wa peacock, khosi loyera (eng. Cou blanc). Mtundu uwu, chinthu chachikulu ndi mtundu woyera wa kotala yoyamba ya thupi la mbuzi. Zina zonse zitha kukhala zakuda, pafupifupi zakuda. Miyendo nthawi zambiri imakhala yopepuka. Pali madontho akuda pamutu.
- Mtundu wa peacock, khosi lofiira (eng. Cou clair). Gawo loyamba la thupi lomwe lili ndi utoto wofiyira ndikuwonjezera kwamtundu wachikasu-lalanje kapena imvi.
- Khosi lakuda (English cou noir). Kuwonetsera kwamagalasi kakhosi loyera komanso kopepuka. Gawo loyamba la thupi ndi lakuda; thupi lonselo lili ndi mawanga owala komanso akuda.
- Sangou (wobadwa Sundgau). Mtundu wonse wa khungu ndi wakuda. Pali kuwala, pafupifupi mawanga oyera pamaso ndi m'mimba.
- Motley (Eng. Pied). Mawanga akulu akuda ndi opepuka amalowerera mthupi lonse.
- Chamois (Chingerezi Camoisee). Mtundu wa Brown, ndikusandulika mzere wakuda kumbuyo. Pakamwa pake pamakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga akuda.
Mawanga amitundu yosiyana, oyikika m'njira zosiyanasiyana, amatha kusiyanitsa mosiyanasiyana. Mbuzi zam'mapiri aku America ndizodziwika chifukwa cha izi. Kuyera kolimba kumawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wokha wosavomerezeka.
Mitundu
Kutumizidwa ku United States, mbuzi zaku France zitadutsa ndi nyama zaku America zidapereka ana okhala ndi mtundu wosakhazikika. Odyetsa ziweto akunja amazizindikira komanso mbuzi za mkaka zaku France za Alpine ngati mitundu yodziyimira pawokha. Olima mbuzi ku Europe amawona bwino nkhaniyi, amakhulupirira kuti pali mitundu 4 yayikulu ya Alpine.
- French Alpine mbuzi ndi chitsanzo cha mtunduwu, maziko obereketsa mitundu yatsopano.
- Mbuzi za English alpine. Kugawidwa ku British Isles. Mtundu wa khungu ndi wakuda ndi loyera, pamutu pake pali mikwingwirima iwiri yodziwika. Kusinthidwa moyo wa kumapiri.
- Alpine chamois mbuzi. Mtundu wa mbuzi zamapiri womwe umatha kukhala m'malo ovuta. Alpine chamois ndi osowa. Chiwerengero chawo chikuchepa mosalekeza.
- Mbuzi za American Alpine zimapezeka kuchokera ku mbuzi zosakanikirana ku Europe komanso ku North America.
M'madera aliwonse, akumenyera kuwonjezera mkaka ndi mkaka wabwino, amapanga ziweto za mtundu wina wa Alpine ndi nyama zakomweko. Zoyesera nthawi zambiri zimapereka zotsatira zabwino, koma pakapita nthawi mkaka wa hybrids umachepa. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mapangidwe amtundu wa mbuzi ya French Alpine isasunthike kuti mitundu yatsopano ingapangidwe kutengera mtundu wowoneka bwino.
Udzu umaonedwa ngati chakudya chabwino kwambiri cha mbuzi zamapiri.
Zakudya zabwino
Chilimwe, msipu kudyetsa mbuzi za alpine 80% imasankha mwachilengedwe. Ngakhale nyengo yobiriwira nthawi yotentha (udzu, masamba, nthambi), mbuzi zimapatsidwa chakudya chamagulu ndi zowonjezera mchere. M'nyengo yozizira, gawo la chakudya chamagulu limakulirakulira, nyama mosangalala zimadya masamba. Roughage ndi gawo lofunikira pa chakudya cha mbuzi.
Mbuzi sizimakonda kudya. Amadya nthambi za tchire ndi mitengo mosangalala ngati udzu. Mbuzi za Alpine zimasankha madzi okha. Samakhudza chinyezi, chinyezi. Amafuna madzi oyera.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Mbuzi ndi mbuzi zimatha kuswana msanga, zikafika miyezi 5-6. Simuyenera kuthamangira kukwatirana. Mbuzi zimakhala zoweta bwino kwambiri pobisala mbuzi chaka chimodzi. Mwana wathanzi kwambiri komanso mkaka wotsatira womwe umatulutsa mkaka udzakhala mbuzi yomwe imaswa koyamba ili ndi zaka 1.5.
Kuti mupeze ana, mitundu iwiri ya umuna imagwiritsidwa ntchito: zachilengedwe komanso zopangira. Zopangira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda yayikulu ya ziweto. M'minda yapakatikati ndi yaying'ono, kutulutsa umuna kumachitika chifukwa cha chilengedwe. Pazochitika zonsezi, ndikofunikira kudziwa momwe mbuzi ilili okonzeka kulandira umuna.
Mkaka wa mbuzi wa Alpine umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu yamtengo wapatali ya tchizi
Kusunga nyama kumakhala kosavuta ngati kuli ndi pakati, mawonekedwe a ana amapezeka pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo mbuzi zambiri. Ma Hormonal agents (mwachitsanzo: yankho la progesterone, mankhwala estrophan) amathandizira kuthetsa vutoli, amakulolani kuti mugwirizanitse kuyambika kwa estrus.
Pambuyo pa umuna wabwino, mbuziyo imabala ana pafupifupi masiku 150. Masabata 4-6 asanabadwe anawo, nyama imasiya kuyamwa. Ikubwera nthawi yopumula asanabadwe ana. Nyama zimapatsidwa chisokonezo chochepa, chakudya chimalimbikitsidwa ndi mchere.
Nthawi zambiri, mbuzi imafunikira thandizo lochepa pobereka. Mlimi amapukuta mwana wakhanda, ndikumanga chingwe cha umbilical. Chodziwika bwino cha mbuzi za Alpine ndikubereka, zimabweretsa mwana woposa mmodzi. Ana obadwa kumene amayi awo akawanyambita ali okonzeka kugwera kubere. Chakudya choyamba ndichofunika kwambiri. Colostrum imakhala ndi zinthu zopatsa thanzi komanso zoteteza matenda.
M'mafamu a mkaka, ana samasiyidwa pafupi ndi amayi awo kwa nthawi yayitali, amachotsedwa kumamuna. Mbuzi yomwe idapulumuka pobereka imayamba kupereka mkaka wambiri, zomwe ndi zomwe oweta ziweto amagwiritsa ntchito. Pakatha pafupifupi milungu inayi, gawo lankhosa la mbuzi limayamba nyengo yake yobala kwambiri.
Mbuzi za Alpine zimakalamba zaka 12-13. Zaka zambiri zisanakwane, magwiridwe awo amachepetsa, mano awo amatha. Mbuzi zimapita kokaphedwa isanafike nthawi yomaliza. Ndikosavuta kupeza nyama zopitilira zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndi zisanu m'minda.
Kusamalira ndi kukonza pafamuyi
Njira yofala kwambiri yosungira mbuzi za Alpine ndi malo odyetserako ziweto. M'nyengo yotentha, mbuzi zimadyetsedwa kapena kutulutsidwa, kenako zimadyetsa ndikupumula. Nyamazo zimatha tsiku lawo lodyera m'khola. M'nyengo yozizira, amathera nthawi yawo yambiri m'khola lomwe analimata.
Kusunga mbuzi za Alpine munjira yamafuta, zimaphatikizapo kukhalabe m khola nthawi zonse. Chipindacho chili ndi zounikira, zotenthetsera komanso mafani. Njira zopezera makina ndimakina komanso makina. Makina oyamwitsa, ogulitsa chakudya, masensa azaumoyo wa ziweto, ndi makompyuta akusintha mayadi a ng'ombe kukhala mafakitale amkaka wa mbuzi.
Khalidwe la mbuzi limathandizira kusungidwa kwa khola chaka chonse - alibeukali. Kumbali ina, nyama zam'mapiri zimakonda kuyenda. Kukhala nthawi zonse m khola kumatsogolera, ndikudya mopitirira muyeso, kunenepa kwambiri ndikusintha kwa psyche - nyama zimakhala ndi nkhawa.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mtunduwo
Mbuzi za Alpine zamitundu yonse (Chifalansa, Chingerezi, America) zili ndi zabwino zingapo, chifukwa cha iwo ndizofala.
- Ubwino wake waukulu ndi kuchuluka kwa mkaka wochuluka wokhala ndi mkaka wabwino kwambiri.
- Chiyambi cha Alpine chimapangitsa nyamazo kugonjetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Amalekerera nyengo yachisanu komanso yozizira kwambiri.
- Kutentha kwakukulu. Mbuzi zimakhala zokoma kwa eni ake komanso nyama zina.
- Posankha pakati pa mbuzi zamkaka zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, obereketsa amakonda mbuzi za Alpine chifukwa chakunja ndi utoto wokongola. Alpine mbuzi pachithunzichi kutsimikizira awo apamwamba akunja.
Zoyipa zake ndizofala. Koma ili ndiye vuto la kuswana mbuzi zonse ku Russia. Mwa zina, zimakhudzana ndi mtengo wamkaka wa mbuzi, womwe ndi wapamwamba kuposa mkaka wa ng'ombe.
Ndemanga za nyama ndi mkaka
Anthu ambiri samadya mkaka ndi nyama ya mbuzi. Izi ndichifukwa chakuchuluka kwa zinthu izi. Pali malingaliro otsutsana, nthawi zambiri otengera zongomva.
Anthu ena, atayesa nyama kapena mkaka wa nyama zotayika, amazisiya kwamuyaya, natchula fungo linalake ndi kulawa. Zomwe zili ndi mbuzi za alpine ndizosiyana. Ogula ambiri samadya nyama yokoma ndi mkaka osati yosangalatsa komanso yathanzi.
Banja lina lochokera m'chigawo cha Sverdlovsk linalemba kuti: “Ankaweta nkhumba ndi nkhosa. Mbuzi za Alpine zidabweretsedwa. Ndinkakonda nyama ya mbuzi kuposa mwanawankhosa. Nyama yokhala ndi ulusi wautali, motero pophika, timadula tating'ono ting'ono. Chokoma kwambiri ndi chiwindi cha mbuzi. "
Muscovite Olga akuti kwa nthawi yoyamba adayesa mkaka wa mbuzi ndi tchizi ku Montenegro, anali osayamikika. Anthu akumaloko adati amasunga nyama za Alpine, chifukwa chake mkakawo ndiwokoma komanso wathanzi.
Wophunzira zamankhwala Marina akuti abale ake ali ndi mwana wazaka zitatu yemwe amamwa chilimwe chonse alpine mkaka wa mbuzi ndipo anachotsa diathesis. Tsiku lililonse amamwa chikho chonse ndikudya phala.
Mkaka wa mbuzi ya Alpine uli ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yazakudya - izi ndi zotsatira za kusankha kwazaka zambiri. Ponena za kapangidwe ka amino acid, ili pafupi ndi mkaka wamunthu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati mankhwala achilengedwe komanso maziko a chakudya cha ana.
Mtengo
Pali malo odyetserako mbuzi ku Russia ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo. Mafamu awa ndi malo abwino kwambiri kugula ana a Alpine kuti aswane. Mukamagula mbuzi ya mkaka ya mkaka, funso pamtengo ndi kusankha koyenera kumabwera koyamba. Mtengo wa mbuzi, mbuzi ndi ana obadwa kwa makolo olemekezeka nthawi zonse ndiwofunika. Chisankho chimafuna luso lina.
Kwa ana aang'ono akadali aang'ono, ndizosatheka kuneneratu zokolola zawo mwa kuwunika kwakunja. Chifukwa chake, pogula, mbiri, gwero la mwana aliyense limakhala lodziwitsa. Makampani omwe ali ndi ziweto omwe ali ndi udindo amasamalira mabuku a ziweto ndipo amapatsa ogula zonse zomwe angafune. Mphamvu zachuma zopezera mbuzi za mkaka zowona bwino zimadza zitakula. Nyama yobadwa nayo imakhala yopindulitsa kawiri kuposa nyama yosadziwika.
Ana a Alpine amagulitsidwa osati minda yokha yokha, komanso alimi, omwe nyama zazing'ono sizomwe zimakhala zazikulu, koma zotsatira zachilengedwe zosunga gulu la mkaka wa mbuzi. Poterepa, muyenera kuwerenga ndemanga za wogulitsa ndi malonda ake. Msika waukulu ndi intaneti, masamba otsatsa. Mitengo ya nyama zazing'ono kuyambira pa 5-6 mpaka ma ruble masauzande angapo.
Nkhani yogulitsa sikuti ndi ana okhaokha, komanso zinthu zomwe mbuzi zimaweta. M'masitolo ogulitsa mutha kupeza mkaka wa mbuzi, ndiokwera mtengo kuposa mkaka wa ng'ombe, umawononga pafupifupi 100 rubles. kwa 0,5 malita. Kukhala wa mtundu wina sikuwonetsedwa pazogulitsazo, chifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kuti wokhala mumzinda azindikire mwayi waukulu wa mbuzi za Alpine.
