Mbalame sizidziwa kutulutsa poizoni ngati njoka. Mbalame zimapeza poizoni kuchokera pachakudya. Tizilombo ndi mbewu zina zimakhala ndi poizoni. Mwa kuzidya, mitundu isanu ya mbalame padziko lapansi yakhala yowopsa. Ngoziyi siyikhala chabe. Mbalamezi sizimenya nkhondo. Mphamvu ya poyizoni imangomveka ndi olakwa omwe amalanda kapena kuyesa kudya mbalame. Tiyeni tiwadziwe bwino mayina awo.
Spur tsekwe
Pakati pa atsekwe, ndiye wamkulu kwambiri, wolemera pafupifupi 8 kilos. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalame ndi mita imodzi. Ndi kukula kwake, mbalameyo imanyamuka movutikira. Kukwera mlengalenga kumatsogoleredwa ndi nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, tsekwe zotsekemera zimakhazikika m'malo athyathyathya. Kumene kuli kumwaza.
Spur tsekwe zikuuluka
Mbalameyi imasankha zigwa za ku Africa, makamaka, kumwera kwa Sahara ndi kumpoto chakumpoto kwa Mtsinje wa Zambezi. Pali ma subspecies aku America a atsekwe omata. Mbalame zimakhala kumtunda kwakumwera, zimakumana, mwachitsanzo, pamapamp ku Bolivia.
Mitundu ya nthenga imadziwika ndi mchira wawo wakuda ndi wobiriwira, mimba yoyera, mapiko olumikizana ndi malasha, ndi mbali yowala ya nkhope. Mutu wonse, khosi ndi kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kofiirira. Mlomo wa mbalameyi ndi wofiira, wofewa kuchokera mbali.
Mwa atsekwe wamba, kugwedeza kumafotokozedwa pamwamba pa mlomo, chifukwa chake omata amakhala ngati nkhuku. Khungu lopanda kanthu pamutu pa ngwazi ya nkhaniyi kumatikumbutsa za izi. Alinso ndi miyendo yayitali komanso yolimba yomwe siyofanana ndi tsekwe.
Poizoni mbalame zapoizoni Zovala mu spurs. Chifukwa chake dzina la mitunduyo. Ma spurs mu atsekwe aku Africa amapezeka pamapiko amiyendo yamapiko. Ma spike amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza motsutsana ndi omwe akuukira monga mbalame zolusa, agalu amtchire ndi amphaka.
Zakudya zamasamba a tsekwe zowonjezeredwa zimaphatikizidwa ndi mbozi, nsomba zazing'ono, agulugufe ndi blister kafadala. Zomalizazi zili ndi poizoni. M'zaka zapitazi, anthu osamukasamuka adakondwerera kufa kwa ziweto msipu, komwe masamba anali ochuluka. Amafanana ndi madona, koma otalikirana.
Spur tsekwe - wamkazi ndi kukula nkhuku
Poizoni wopangidwa ndi labu wopangidwa ndi labu amatha kupha munthu. Mu kachilomboka kapena tsekwe, mlingo wa poizoni sukwanira zotsatira zowopsa. Komabe, poizoniyo amatha kuyaka, kupweteka komanso kuyabwa.
Pali mitundu isanu ya atsekwe omata padziko lapansi. Kawopsedwe kawo kamasiyanasiyana kutengera kuchuluka kwa kachilomboka kakang'ono pachakudya komanso kupezeka kwawo m'derali. Mwanjira ina, tsekwe akhoza kukhala otetezeka, pomwe winayo ndi wakupha wakupha.
Pitohu
Wina mwa 6 mbalame zapoizoni. Mitundu mbalame zimakulitsa mndandanda, chifukwa palinso mitundu 6 ya pitohuis, ndipo pali mitundu ing'onoing'ono 20. Onse amakhala ku New Guinea. Apo mbalame yakupha pitohu amaonedwa ngati owuma.
Chifukwa cha kawopsedwe, kuwawa kwa nyama pophika komanso fungo losasangalatsa la khungu la nthenga nthawi yachakudya, nyama sigwidwa kuti idye. Palibe osaka nyama za pito komanso kunkhalango komwe kumakhala mbalameyi. Ngati kwa munthu poizoni wake ndiwowopsa, koma osati wakupha, ndiye kuti kwa odyetsa adani ndiwowopsa.
Pito wakupha
Pito wosafikirika, pito amapezeka ku New Guinea, koma sapezeka kunja kwake. Mwanjira ina, mbalame yakupha imapezeka m'derali.
Dzina lapakati la pitohu ndi mbalame yakuda. Mbalame yapoizoni amapezanso poizoni wochokera ku kachilomboka. Dzina lawo ndi nanisani. Kafadala amenewa nawonso amapezeka ku Guinea. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, tili ndi thupi lophatikizana, lofiirira. Mapikowo ndi afupikitsa komanso ofiirira. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mtundu wofala kwambiri wa pitohu - mitundu iwiri ili ndi mtundu wofanana.
Wogwira mbalame zakuda amatulutsa batrachotoxin kuchokera ku kachilomboka. Poizoni yemweyo amapha ozunzidwa ndi achule okwera masamba, omwe amakhala ku South America. Wamphibian wakomweko amalandira poizoni kuchokera ku nyerere zomwe zidadyedwa, mwa njira, zimapezekanso m'derali.
Ziwalo, khungu, ndi nthenga za pito zimapakidwa ndi batrachotoxin. choncho mbalame yoopsa kwambiri... Kutenga nthenga popanda manja kumatha kuyatsa. Komabe, kawopsedwe ka pitokh, monga ka tsekwe kotsekedwa, zimatengera malo okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa nanisani pamenepo.
Poizoni wa Pitahu ndikupezeka kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 ndi John Dumbaker waku University of Chicago. Katswiri wa zamoyoyu adathawa ndikumva dzanzi pakamwa pake, kunyambita chala chake chomwe adakhudza wogwira mbalame zakuda. Wasayansiyo adamutulutsa mumsampha. Nthawi yomweyo, Dambaker sanagwiritse ntchito magolovesi, osadziwa kuwopsa kwa mbalameyo. Zitachitika izi, azungu adamva kuti kuli mbalame zapoizoni.
Kuphatikiza pa mitundu iwiri, zimachitika crested pitokha. Mbalame yapoizoni imakhalanso ndi mitundu yakuda, yosinthika, yokhota. Zonsezi sizidutsa masentimita 34 m'litali, zolemera magalamu mazana angapo.
Ziphuphu zimatchedwa mbalame zakuda chifukwa ndizofanana kukula ndi kapangidwe kake, malamulo oyendetsera bulu. Mlomo wosongoka wa mbalame zapoizoni umapangidwa kuti ugwire tizilombo, kuphatikizapo ntchentche.
Mutu wabuluu ifrit kovaldi
Kovaldi wamutu wabuluu - mbalame zakupha zapadziko lapansianapeza kumapeto kwa zaka zana. M'nkhalango za kumadera otentha, mbalame zinapezeka paulendo wopita kukaphunzira pito. Mitundu yatsopanoyi ndi yaying'ono. Kutalika kwa efreet wamutu wabuluu sikupitilira masentimita 20. Mbalameyi imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 60.
Mutu wabuluu ifrit kovaldi
Mitundu yamutu wabuluu imadziwika ndi mtundu wa "kapu" yamphongo. Mwa akazi, imakhala yofiira ndipo mikwingwirima kuyambira m'maso mpaka m'khosi imakhala yachikasu. Amuna ali ndi mizere yoyera. Palinso chakuda pamutu pa amuna ndi akazi. Nthenga zina zimapanga chibwibwi. Iye wakwezedwa mmwamba.
Thupi la kovaldi ndi lofiirira. The poison is concentrated in the chest and miyendo. Zomalizazi zilinso zofiirira, zomwe zimawoneka pachithunzichi. Mbalame zapoizoni ndi nthenga, poizoniyo amanyamulidwa, komabe, pang'ono pang'ono. Komabe, mutha kutentha ndi kumugwira Kovaldi ndi manja anu. Mbalameyi ndi imodzi mwa nyama 50 zoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Ngakhale amawoneka okongola, ifrit wamutu wabuluu amawoneka wokhumudwitsa. Mawu osakhutiritsa kwa mbalameyi amaperekedwa ndi mlomo wopindika pang'ono. Chotumphuka chake chapamwamba ndi chachifupi kuposa chapansi. Pansi pake papindika. Covaldi amapeza poizoni pakudya tizilomboti tofanana ndi pito. Mbalamezi zasinthidwa ndi poizoni wa nanisani, sizowopsa. Mbali inayi, batrachotoxin imachita nthawi yomweyo.
Nyama zoluma zikaluma mutu wa buluu, poyizoni amatentha pakamwa ndikulowa m'mimba ndi malovu, kuchokera pamenepo ndikupita m'magazi, kuwononga ziwalozo. Akambuku amafa pakadutsa mphindi 10. Ziweto zazing'ono zimamwalira mphindi 2-4.
A Efreet amayimba mwachisangalalo ndipo amalemekezedwa ndi aborigine aku New Guinea ngati olamulira a milungu. Mwachilengedwe, ptah samadyedwa. Monga pitohui, nyama ya kovaldi ndi yowawa ndipo imakhala ndi zotsatira zosasangalatsa.
Shrike ntchentche
Wina wokhala ku New Guinea. Komabe, nsombazi zimapezekanso kumtunda kwa Australia, ku Indonesia. Mbalame yotchedwa shrike flycatcher ndi ya odutsa, banja la oimba malipenga aku Australia. Anthu amatcha mbalame osapitilira masentimita 24 ngati woimba pop, kuyimba kwake ndikosangalatsa.
Shrike ntchentche
Kunja, chowombelera chowoneka ngati tit. Mitunduyi imasiyanasiyana pang'ono popeza pali mitundu 7 ya mbalame. Wina ali ndi msana wobiriwira, winayo ali ndi bere la imvi, ndipo wachitatu ali ndi thewera yofiirira. Chifukwa chake, mitunduyo imatchedwa mabere a bulauni, obiriwira kumbuyo. Zonse zatsegulidwa mpaka gawo loyamba lachitatu la zaka zapitazo.
Nsomba yotchedwa shrike flycher imatenga poizoni kuchokera ku tizilombo. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi owopsa. Mwachitsanzo, poizoni amapangidwa ndi centipede wamba. Nthawi zambiri amadyetsa ntchentche, ndikulowetsa poyizoni kuti ziwalole. Chifukwa chake, kachilomboka kamatchedwanso kuti wopha ntchentche. Komabe, pakadalinso nyongolotsi zambiri pazosaka mbalamezi.
Zinziri
Zaka mazana atatu zapitazo, Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan analemba mu Kufotokozera kwake kwa Ukraine kuchokera ku Malire a Muscovy kupita ku Transylvania: “Pali zinziri zapadera kuno. Ali ndi miyendo yakuda buluu. Zinziri zotere zimaphetsa amene wazidya. "
Bukulo linamasuliridwa kuchokera mu kope lachifalansa mu 1660. Pambuyo pake, asayansi adatsutsa malingaliro a Boplan, kutsimikizira kuti zinziri zilizonse zitha kupha moyo. Palibe mitundu yapadera ya poyizoni.
Ku California kwadzaza zinziri zazimuna ndi zazimuna
Momwe mungamvetsetse mbalame zomwe ndi zapoizoni? Choyamba, muyenera kutsogozedwa ndi nthawi yomwe mwasankha posaka. Zinziri zokoma ndi zokoma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakupha pofika Okutobala. Ino ndi nthawi yoti mbalame ziziuluka m'malo otentha.
Zomera monga chimanga, zomwe zimakonda kudya zinziri, zimatha. Posapeza chakudya wamba, mbalame zimadya chilichonse chomwe akuyenera kuchita panjira. Nthawi zambiri, amagwiritsa ntchito mbewu za poizoni. Ndiye kuti, poizoni wa zinziri, monga mbalame zina pamndandanda, zimalandiridwa ndi chakudya. Kusiyana kwake kuli pamtundu wa chakudya. Pankhani ya zinziri, tizilombo sitingagwirizane nazo.
Milandu yoopsa yakupha ndi nyama zakutchire imalembedwa chaka chilichonse m'dzinja. Nthawi zambiri ana ndi okalamba amamwalira. Masewera achizolowezi malinga ndi ziwerengero amakhala owopsa kuposa pitohuis wachilendo kapena kovaldi wamutu wabuluu. Amadziwa za kuwopsa kwa masana, kupewa mbalame zapoizoni. Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amayembekeza kuti agwira zinziri. Ambiri mwa omwe sadziwa sakudziwa za kuthekera kwa poizoni.
Popeza kuti mbalame zonse zapoizoni zimalandira poizoni wa tizilombo, kapena zakudya zamasamba, mbalame zimakhala zopanda vuto pachakudya chopatula chakudya chowopsa. Lamuloli limagwiranso ntchito mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, nkhuku wamba zimakhala ndi poizoni.
Zinziri zofala
Madokotala amalangiza motsutsana ndi kugula mitembo yawo m'masitolo. M'mafamu a nkhuku, mbalame zimadzaza ndi mahomoni ndi maantibayotiki. Zimathandizira kukula, kuthandizira kunenepa, komanso kuteteza nkhuku ku matenda.
Komabe, mankhwala a mahomoni komanso maantibayotiki amadziphatika m'matumba. Kuchokera munyama ya nkhuku, mtundu wina wa poyizoni umalowa mthupi la wogula. Chifukwa chake ndi mbalame iti yomwe ili ndi poyizoni ndipo palibe, ndiyotheka kukayikira.
