Driller kapena ndowe kachikumbu - Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe anthu amapanga mawonekedwe osamvetsetseka. Ena amamuwona ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ena - wothandizira komanso wopindulitsa paulimi. Kodi ichi ndi cholengedwa chotani, ndipo chimathandizadi kapena kuvulaza?
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Nkhunda zonyansa ndizoyimira dongosolo la Coleoptera, ndi am'banja la lamellar ndipo ali m'gulu lalikulu la mabanja. Ndiye momwe kachilomboka kamaonekera, zimadalira pazinthu zingapo, makamaka mitundu yomwe ikukhala komanso malo okhala. Chifukwa chake, kukula kwa imago kumatha kukhala 1 mpaka 7 cm, kulemera - kuchokera ku 0,75 mpaka 1.5 g Mtunduwo ukhoza kukhala wakuda, bulauni, buluu, wobiriwira, wachikasu.
Kuphatikiza apo, tizilombo tonse tachikulire timakhala ndi:
- mawonekedwe owulungika kapena ozungulira;
- mutu walunjika kutsogolo;
- tinyanga, tokhala ndi magawo 11 ndipo timathera mumapangidwe ooneka ngati fan;
- miyendo itatu ya miyendo yokhala ndi tibial yolumikizidwa m'mphepete mwakunja ndi ma 2 spurs pachimake;
- mimba, yopangidwa ndi ma sternites 6, pomwe pali mizere 7;
- Zipangizo zam'kamwa zamtundu wakudya.
Komanso, nyongolotsi zonse zimakhala ndi matumba olimba kwambiri, omwe pansi pake pali mapiko achikopa. Koma si ma driller onse omwe amatha kuwuluka nthawi imodzi - ena ataya kwathunthu kutha kuyenda mlengalenga.
Zosangalatsa! Pouluka, elytra ya ndowe kafadala pafupifupi samatsegula. Izi zimatsutsana ndi malamulo onse opatsirana mlengalenga, koma sizimasokoneza tizilombo tokha. Kuuluka kwawo ndi virtuoso ndipo kumawonekeratu kuti amatha kugwira ntchentche yosunthira (chinyengo chotere sichingathe ngakhale mbalame zambiri!)
Mitundu
Mpaka pano, asayansi amatumiza mitundu 750 ya kachilomboka ku ndowe, yogawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu: Coprophaga ndi Arenicolae. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa nthumwi za magulu onse awiri ndikuti kafadala a ku Coprophaga ali ndi chovala chofunda komanso chamkamwa chapakhungu. Ku Arenicolae, malowa ndi ovuta komanso opanda kanthu.
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi iyi:
- Chikumbu (Geotrupes stercorarius L.). Woimira wamba. Kutalika 16-27 mm. Pamwambapa, thupi limakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wowala kwambiri, nthawi zina kumasefukira buluu kapena wobiriwira, kapena malire amatha kuwonedwa. Gawo lakumunsi la thupi ndi lofiirira kapena labuluu (zitsanzo zomwe zili ndimimba yabuluu yabuluu sizodziwika kwenikweni). Mapiko okutira ali ndi mapiko asanu ndi awiri osiyana.
Nkumba zazikulu zimapezeka kulikonse kuyambira Epulo mpaka Novembala.
- Ndowe za nkhalango (Anoplotrupes stercorosus). Kuwona zambiri. Kukula kwa wamkulu ndi 12-20 mm. Ma elytra ndi akuda -buluu wakuda ndi mizere isanu ndi iwiri yamadontho, pamimba pamakhala yabuluu yonyezimira. Pansi pa chitinous elytra pali mapiko omwe amatha kukhala obiriwira, ofiira kapena abulauni. Antenna ali ndi utoto wofiirira komanso "pini" yayikulu pamalangizo.
Nthawi yochita kachilomboka ndi chilimwe, kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka zaka khumi zoyambirira za Seputembara. Nthawi imeneyi, amatha kukonza maenje okhala ndi zipinda ndikuikira mazira mmenemo.
- Chikumbu chamasika (Trypocopris vernalis). Mitundu yosawerengeka, yolembedwa mu Red Book yamagawo angapo a Russian Federation ndi Belarus.
Kutalika kwa thupi la tizilombo ndi 18-20 mm, mawonekedwe ake ndi ozungulira komanso otukuka. Pamwamba pa elytra akuwoneka kuti ndiwophwatalala kwambiri, popeza kulibe ma grooves pa iwo. Lonse pronotum lokhala ndi mapangidwe angapo ang'onoang'ono. Pali mitundu yakuda ya buluu, yakuda buluu ndi yobiriwira (yotsirizayi ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi ma bronzes, koma amasiyana nawo m'njira yawo yamoyo). Nthawi yogwirira ntchito ndi chilimwe.
- Ng'ombe yamphongo (Onthophagus taurus). Kutalika kwa thupi lofewa la tizilombo ndi 15 mm. Ili ndi dzina lakumera kotuluka kofanana ndi nyanga. Amatha kupezeka kumbuyo, kutsogolo, kapena pakati pamutu ndipo amapezeka mwa amuna okhaokha.
Nthawi zina, nyanga za kafadala sizimakula, koma pakadali pano, "umuna" wawo umatsimikiziridwa ndi ziwalo zoberekera zokulitsa. Komanso pakati pa mitundu yofala kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino ya kachilomboka ndi zipembere za chipembere komanso zopatulika.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Kawirikawiri, ndowe kachilomboka - tizilombo, osalolera chilala ndi kutentha. Chifukwa chake, amakhala makamaka kumadera otentha komanso ozizira. Komabe, mu "banja" lambiri la ndowe pali ena omwe asintha moyo wawo m'chipululu (monga, scarabs).
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kachilomboka yafalikira ku Ulaya, ku America, ndi ku South Asia. Ena mwa iwo asankha madera a Far North of Russia. Nkhunda za ndowe nazonso zakhazikika posachedwapa ku Australia. Coloni ya kontinentiyo ndi kafadala poyambirira inkachitika moyenera, koma mikhalidwe yabwino idalola kuti tizilombo tichuluke msanga ndikukhazikika m'malo akulu aku Australia.
Poyamba, kafadala amakhala akugwira masana. Komabe, pamene kutentha kozungulira kumakwera, m'pamene amapezeka kunja panja masana. Pambuyo pake, nyongolotsi zimayenda usiku, zimangowonekera m'malo owunikirako pokhapokha pakavuta.
Amakhala pafupifupi nthawi yawo yonse m'maenje awo, omwe kuya kwake kumatha kukhala masentimita 15 mpaka 2 mita. Kafadala amakumba malo awo okhala ndi masamba osiyidwa kapena mulu wa ndowe. Amakwawa pamwamba pokhapokha gawo lotsatira la manyowa. Amagubuduza nyama yomwe amapeza mu mpira. Ndi mpira wotere womwe kachilomboka pachithunzi ndi zithunzi za zinthu zooneka.
Tizilombo timagwira mpira wa ndowe ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Nthawi yomweyo, akutembenuka ndi miyendo yakutsogolo, amasunthira komwe amafunikira, atanyamula katundu wake kumbuyo kwake. Nyongolotsi zambiri zimakhala zokhazokha, zimakhalira nthawi yokhwima yokha, koma pali mitundu yomwe imakonda kukhala m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi yomweyo, amuna amakonda "kusanja". Nthawi zina kumenyanirana pakati pa akazi, koma nthawi zambiri kafadala amagawana chakudya chokoma.
Ndipo pakati pa nyongolotsi pali anthu omwe amabera mipira ya anthu ena mothandizidwa ndi "wochenjera". Choyamba, amathandiza tizilombo tina kugudubuza katunduyo pamalo oyenera, ndiyeno, pamene mwiniwake wakonda kukumba mink, "amachotsa" mpirawo. Mafumbu amenewa amatchedwa achifwamba.
Zakudya zabwino
Kuchokera pa dzina la kachilombozi zikuwonekeratu chomwe chimadyedwa ndi ndowe, chakudya chake chachikulu ndi chiyani. Komabe, monga asayansi apezera, manyowa sindiwo chakudya chokha cha kachilomboka. Akuluakulu, mwachitsanzo, amatha kudya bowa, ndipo mphutsi za ndowe zimadyetsedwa ndi tizilombo.
Kuphatikiza apo, kafadala amakhala ndi zokonda zawo. Ngakhale zili choncho, ngati kuli kotheka, amatha kudya zinyalala zambiri (makamaka ng'ombe), akapatsidwa chisankho, nthawi zonse amakonda makoko a akavalo. Mwa njira, ndi ndowe ya akavalo ndi nkhosa yomwe tizilombo timayesetsa kusungira ana awo.
Zosangalatsa! Ndowe zimakonda kwambiri chakudya. Asanapitirize kukonza manyowa, amawapopera kwa nthawi yayitali, amawaphunzira mothandizidwa ndi tinyanga tawo. Ndipo ngati pakufufuza kachilomboka sakhutira ndi fungo la zinyalala, sangadye.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi tizilombo tambiri, njira yoyendetsa ma driller imakhala ndimayendedwe anayi otsatizana: mazira, mphutsi, ziphuphu, ndi akulu. Nyengo ya mating imayamba ndi kuyamba kwa chirimwe. Kuti apitirize mtunduwu, tizilombo timapanga awiriawiri kwakanthawi kochepa.
Ikakwerana, yaikazi imaikira mazira 3-6 pafupifupi 3 mm kukula. Za zomangamanga, zomwezo Ndowe kachilombokazokutidwa mosamala ndi makolo pasadakhale. Nthawi yomweyo, dzira lirilonse liri ndi mpira wake wa ndowe ndi "chipinda" chosiyana - nthambi mu bowo la mobisa.
Pambuyo masiku 28-30, mbozi imaswa kuchokera dzira. Ili ndi thupi lolimba, lopindika. Mtundu wapansi ukhoza kukhala wonyezimira, wobiriwira kapena wachikasu. Mutu ndi bulauni. Monga kachilombo kakang'ono, chilengedwe chimapatsa mphutsi nsagwada zotukuka bwino. Amakhalanso ndi miyendo yayifupi yaying'ono yam'mimba (ziwalo zam'mimba sizimakula). Pamutu pake pali tinyanga, tokhala ndi zigawo zitatu. Koma alibe maso.
Gawo lokulira limatha mpaka miyezi 9, pomwe Mphutsi za ndowe amadyetsa manyowa omwe wamukonzera. Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyi, mphutsi, zomwe zapeza mphamvu ndikuchulukitsa zakudya, ana.
Zosangalatsa! Nthawi yonse yomwe mphutsi imakhala mu "chipinda" chake, zinyalala zake sizimachotsedwa panja, koma zimasonkhanitsidwa m'thumba lapadera. Popita nthawi, kudzaza, kumapanga mtundu wa hump kumbuyo kwa mphutsi. Tanthauzo la izi ndikuteteza ana a ndowe kuti asawonongeke ndi zinyalala zawo.
Pakakhala kalulu, kachilomboka kamatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri, pambuyo pake chipolopolocho chimaphulika ndipo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timabadwa. Nthawi yonse yakukula kwa ndowe kachikulire ndi chaka chimodzi, pomwe akulu amakhala osapitirira miyezi 2-3 - nthawi yokwanira kusiya ana.
Ubwino ndi kuvulaza anthu
Olima dimba ena amawona tizilombo tomwe timakhala tovulaza ndipo amatenga njira zosiyanasiyana kuti awawononge paminda yawo. Komabe, lingaliro ili ndilolakwika, ndipo ma driller samavulaza. Mosiyana ndi izi, zolengedwazi ndizothandiza kwambiri panthaka komanso m'munda wam'munda kapena masamba.
Phindu lalikulu ndiloti Chimbalangondo - chochepa, imalimbikitsa kusakanikirana kwa mankhwala ovuta kuwagwiritsa ntchito kukhala osavuta omwe amapezeka kuti zomera zifanane. Ndiye kuti, chifukwa cha tizilomboti, manyowa amakhala "othandiza" ndipo amayamba "kugwira ntchito" kuonjezera zokolola.
Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha maubwino a kachilomboka ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Australia. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pakuchuluka kwa alendo obwera kudziko lakumwera, ziweto zawonjezerekanso kuno. Kuphatikiza apo, kulima kotsirizira kunathandizidwa ndi msipu wambiri wokhala ndi udzu wobiriwira wobiriwira.
Komabe, chisangalalo chaomwe amakhala (makamaka omwe adayamba kupeza ndalama potumiza nyama ndi ubweya) sichidakhalitse. Pambuyo pazaka zochepa, zomerazo zidasiya kuyambiranso, malo ambiri odyetserako ziweto adasandulika madera azipululu. Kusintha chakudyacho kuchokera ku udzu wokoma kupita kuzitsamba zolimba kudasokoneza ziweto zonse komanso mtundu wazinthu zomwe zimapezeka.
Asayansi (akatswiri a zachilengedwe, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo, akatswiri a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ena) atenga nawo mbali kuthetsa vutoli, zinaonekeratu kuti kusowa kwa zomera kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa manyowa m'madlelo akale. Zouma ndi kupondereza, zinyalala zanyama sizimangolola udzu "kudutsa" mpaka kuwalako.
Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, asayansi omwewo adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito "ntchito" ya ndowe. Popeza kuti ku Australia kunalibe tizirombo tabwino, adabweretsedwa kuno kuchokera kumayiko ena. Oimira ma burrowers omwe adabweretsa pamalopo adazindikira msanga ntchito yawo ndipo mzaka zochepa chabe adatha kukonza vutoli - malo odyetserako ziweto aku Australia adadzazidwanso ndi mapesi obiriwira obiriwira.
Poganizira zonsezi, sizokayikitsa kuti wolima dimba wina ku Australia angatchule ndowe kafadala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mwa njira, kukonza manyowa sindiwo phindu lokhalo lomwe kafadala kamabweretsa. Akamakonza malo awo okhala, amakumba ngalande, ndikumasula nthaka, yomwe imathandizanso kuti mpweya uzikhala wokwanira.
Kuphatikiza apo, potulutsa mipira ya ndowe, kafadala amathandizira kufalitsa mbewu zosiyanasiyana (zimadziwika kuti mu ndowe za ng'ombe ndi zowetchera zazing'ono pamakhala zotsalira zosadyedwa, kuphatikiza mbewu zawo).
Zosangalatsa
Chikumbu sichimangothandiza kwambiri, komanso tizilombo tosangalatsa kwambiri. Nazi zochepa chabe zachilendo komanso zodabwitsa za iye:
- Atapanga mpira wake, kachilomboka kamagudubuza mbali yoyenera, motsogoleredwa ndi nyenyezi!
- Kutatsala nthawi yayitali kuti pakhale ntchito zapadera, kafadala kachilomboka adathandizira kulosera nyengo yamawa. Anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi adazindikira kuti ngati tizilombo timagwira ntchito masana, ndiye kuti tsiku lotsatira lidzakhala lofunda, dzuwa ndi bata.
- Malinga ndi asayansi, pamulu umodzi wa ndowe za njovu zolemera ma kilogalamu 1.5 okha, nyongolotsi 16,000 zitha kukhala nthawi imodzi.
- Chikumbu chimadziwa momwe chingayendere pangozi. Nthawi yomweyo, amayamba kutulutsa mawu ofanana ndi zomwe amakonda.
- Ndowe zazing'ono zimatha kutulutsa chinyezi mlengalenga (mwa njira, ndi momwe ambiri amapulumukira mchipululu cha Africa). Kuti achite izi, amatembenukira kumphepo ndikutambasula mapiko awo. Pakapita kanthawi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timayamba kukhazikika m'malo am'mutu mwa tizilombo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, matundawo amasonkhanitsidwa pakadontho, kamene kamayenderera m'kamwa mwa kachilomboka.
- Ma driller amakhala ndi mbiri ya mphamvu pakati pa tizilombo. Kupatula apo, amatha kugubuduza mpira, womwe ndi wokulirapo kuposa iwowo, komanso amakoka katundu wolemera maulendo 90 kulemera kwawo. Ponena za mphamvu zaumunthu, kafadala kachilomboka nthawi imodzi amasuntha misa yofanana ndi matani 60-80 (uku ndiko kulemera pafupifupi kwa mabasi 6 apawiri nthawi imodzi).
Ndipo kafadala ndi akalulu komanso anzeru. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kuyesa kwa katswiri wodziwika bwino wazamankhwala Jean-Henri Fabre wokhala ndi zibalabala. Poona kachilomboka, wasayansiyo "adakhomera" ndoweyo pansi ndi singano ya zikondamoyo. Atalephera kusuntha katundu pambuyo pake, tizilombo tinapanga ngalande pansi pake.
Pozindikira chifukwa chomwe mpira sunayende, kachilomboka kanayesa kuchotsa pa singanoyo. Anagwiritsa ntchito msana wake ngati lever. Kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi, adasowa pang'ono. Pambuyo pake, a Fabre atayika mwala pafupi ndi mtanda wa ndowe, kachilomboka kanakwerapo ndipo komabe kanamasula "chuma" chake.
