Mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Oyendetsa (Parasitica) ndi banja lalikulu la tizilombo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imaphatikizapo mitundu pafupifupi zikwi zana zosiyanasiyana. Mphutsi zimakhala ndi moyo wa majeremusi, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi akazi m'matupi a tizilombo tina.
Mukamaika mazira, mkazi wamkulu, monga momwe angawonere wokwera chithunzi, ili pamwamba pa wovulalayo, ngati wokwera pakavalo, ndiye tanthauzo lenileni la dzinalo.
Oyendetsa, kutengera mitundu, amatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndizochepa (zosaposa millimeter kukula), komanso zazikulu (mpaka mainchesi angapo kutalika). Ambiri mwa banjali ali ndi mapiko otukuka. Mimba ndi yolumikizika komanso tinyanga totalika.
Okwera pamahatchi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mavu ophera majeremusi, omwe mitundu ina, imafanana kunja. Komabe, okwera alibe chiwalo chonga mbola konse. Kuti akwaniritse ntchito yawo yofunikira, sikofunikira.
M'malo mwake, zazikazi zimakhala ndi chotsekemera chomwe chimatha kukula kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa tizilombo tokha. Mwachitsanzo, mumitundu ina ya Megarhyssa, chiwalo ichi ndi chopyapyala, chouma komanso chachitali, kukula kwake pamimba kawiri, ndipo chimatha kulowerera mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo.
Megarhyssa perlata amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wosowa kwambiri ndipo amatetezedwa ndi boma. Amapezeka makamaka m'nkhalango. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa ndi lalanje, komanso mikwingwirima yoyera ndi yakuda pamimba.
Mitundu ya okwera amapezeka pafupifupi kumayiko onse. Braconids ndi nthumwi zazikulu za mtundu umodzi wamahatchi. Nthawi zina, anthu amatha kutalika kwa masentimita 5. Nthawi zambiri, tizilombo timakhala tofiirira tokhala ndi mawanga akuda ndi achikasu. Ndipo mitundu ya majeremusi oterewa amafotokozedwa pafupifupi 15 zikwi.
Pachithunzicho, wokwerayo ndi braconid
Trichogramma ndi nthumwi yoimira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kwambiri. Ndipo pali mitundu pafupifupi 200. Zilombozi zili ndi thupi lolimba lomwe lili ndi tinyanga, ndi zofiirira komanso zakuda. Nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'minda yazaulimi. Wokwera wachikaso - wokhala m'nkhalango ndi madambo. Kukula kwake kuli pafupi sentimita imodzi ndi theka kapena awiri. Nthawi zambiri imagwira anthu akumadzulo kwa Europe mchilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Oyendetsa ndege nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi pakati pa udzu wamaluwa, womwe umafunikira chinyezi chambiri. Akuluakulu a m'banjali nthawi zambiri amayamba kugwira ntchito usiku, kufunafuna omwe ali ndi mphutsi, zomwe zimawadziwitsa.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zawo zapadera. Mwachitsanzo, zouluka pamtengo kapena kukwera thunthu lake, amatha kumva molondola kudzera pakhungwa la khungwalo: pomwe mphutsi za kachilomboka zimayikidwa, zomwe zimatha kukhala nyama yawo.
Kodi tizilombo tokwera pamahatchiwo ndi owopsa kwa anthu?? Oimira banja lino ndi zolengedwa zothandiza kwa anthu. Ndiwo omwe amateteza nkhalango mosawoneka bwino, opulumutsa zomera ku khungubwe ndi mbozi zosusuka. Mitundu yambiri ya mavu ndi othandiza kwambiri popha tizirombo. Ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi anthu pazinthu zoterezi paulimi.
Okwera pamahatchi amawononga tizirombo tambirimbiri tomwe timawononga mbewu. Kuteteza malo ogulitsa chakudya ndi minda mothandizidwa ndi okwera kumathandiza kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ziphe zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimawononga thanzi ndi chilengedwe.
Okwera pamahatchi sayimira ngozi iliyonse kwa anthu. Komabe, pali mitundu ina ya okwera omwe amatha kuluma. Zitsanzo zoterezi ndizofanana ndi mavu. Amatha kupatsa munthu chisangalalo chosasangalatsa. Koma ambiri okwera amaluma otetezeka kwathunthu.
Chakudya
Akuluakulu a megarhyssa perlata, posankha kudya timadzi tokoma tokha, amalowetsa mphutsi zawo kuzirombo zomwe zimamera mu makungwa a mitengo, ndikuziyika m'mabuku omwe tizilombo timeneti timapanga.
NDI mphutsi za mavupokhala otanganidwa kwambiri kufunafuna chakudya, iwonso amayang'ana nyama yawo, nadziphatika ku thupi la wovulalayo. Otsuka ambiri a ichneumon samadya mnofu wa tizilombo tina, ndipo ena samadya chilichonse. Koma akuyang'ana chinthu choyenera kudyetsa mphutsi zawo.
Mavu, nyerere, kafadala ndi mbozi, nthawi zina, zinkhanira ndi akangaude zitha kukhala ngati zovutikira okwera. Braconids amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe zamoto ndi agulugufe kuti azidyetsa, koma amathanso kuvulaza masheya a anthu, kuwononga zonunkhira, zonunkhira, zipatso zouma, tirigu ndi ufa.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Tizilombo tomwe timakonda kuberekana nthawi zambiri kumakhala mvula yotentha, yomwe imachulukirachulukira. Wokwera tizilombo jakisoni mazira m'matupi a ozunzidwa. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, mavairasi apadera amalowetsedwa m'thupi la onyamula (makamu), akugonjetsa kwathunthu chitetezo cha mthupi.
Ana amatuluka m'mazira, omwe amadya mkatikati mwa omwe amawanyamulira, pomwe amafa posachedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ozunzidwa atha kukhala otheka ngakhale atatsala pang'ono gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi amkati mwawo.
Izi zimachitika nthawi yayitali asanaphunzitsidwe kapena nthawi yozizira. Parasitism ya mphutsi imadziwonetsera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ena amasankha mtundu umodzi wa tizilombo ngati onyamula, ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makamu.
Palinso njira zingapo zochitira izi. Ectoparasites amasankha tizilombo tomwe timapanga mkati mwa nkhuni ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana ngati zonyamulira, kuyika mazira awo pafupi ndi nyama kapena mkati mwake. Superparasites amavulaza tiziromboti tina. Palinso ma superparasites apamwamba.
Pachifukwa ichi, kuyesa kubzala okwera kuti aphe tizirombo sikulephera nthawi zonse. Ndipo zimangolimbikitsa kutuluka ndi kuberekana kwa mitundu ina ya mavu, omwe amawononga abale awo, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwawo. Chifukwa chake, chilengedwe chimayesetsa kusamala. Opha nyama mozembera amaikira mazira pa mbozi, pomwe poizoni wopha ziwalo amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi wovulalayo.
Ndipo pambuyo pa theka la tsiku, mphutsi zimaswa paonyamula, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri. M'masiku ochepa amadutsa magawo onse amakulidwe, kubweretsa wovutikayo kuti afe. Ataphunzira ndikudutsa mkhalidwe wachikulire, iwo samakhala motalika.
Nthawi yeniyeni imadalira jenda. Zazimayi zimatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Amuna samakhalapo masiku opitilira khumi. Mitundu ina ya okwera amakhala nthawi yayitali. Pakakhala nyengo yozizira bwino, nthawi yazoyenda zawo itha kukhala mpaka miyezi 9.
