Chimbalangondo cha kuphanga ndiye kholo la zimbalangondo zamakono. Lili ndi dzina chifukwa zotsalira za nyama zamphamvuzi zimapezeka makamaka m'mapanga. Mwachitsanzo, ku Romania, anapeza phanga la zimbalangondo lokhala ndi mafupa a zimbalangondo zoposa 140. Amakhulupirira kuti m'mapanga akuya, nyama zimadzafa pomwe zidayamba kumva kutha kwa moyo wawo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Cave Bear
Phanga chimbalangondo ndi gawo lakale la zimbalangondo zofiirira zomwe zidapezeka kudera la Eurasia zaka zopitilira 300 zapitazo, ndipo zidazimiririka ku Middle and Late Pleistocene - zaka 15,000 zapitazo. Amakhulupirira kuti idachokera ku chimbalangondo cha Etruscan, chomwe chidatha kalekale ndipo sichiphunziridwa kwenikweni masiku ano. Zikungodziwika kuti amakhala m'dera lamakono la Siberia pafupifupi zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo. Zotsalira za chimbalangondo cha phanga zimapezeka makamaka m'chigawo cha karst chaphiri.
Kanema: Cave Bear
Zimbalangondo zingapo za Pleistocene zomwe zatha zimaonedwa ngati zimbalangondo zamapanga:
- chimbalangondo cha Deninger, chomwe chidachokera ku Pleistocene woyambirira waku Germany;
- phanga laling'ono laphanga - amakhala m'mapiri a Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Caucasus ndipo samalumikizidwa ndi mapanga;
- Zimbalangondo za Kodiak zochokera ku Alaska zili pafupi kwambiri ndi zimbalangondo zam'mapanga momwe zilili.
Chosangalatsa: Amakhulupirira kuti nzika zam'mbuyomu ku Europe sizinangosaka chimbalangondo, komanso zimapembedza kwa nthawi yayitali ngati totem yopatulika.
Kusanthula kwaposachedwa kwa zotsalira za nyamazi kwawonetsa kuti chimbalangondo cha phanga ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira chiyenera kuonedwa ngati abale ake okha achiwiri.
Pafupifupi miliyoni ndi theka zapitazo, nthambi zingapo zidagawanika pamtengo wamba wachiberekero:
- yoyamba idayimiridwa ndi zimbalangondo zamapanga;
- yachiwiri, pafupifupi zaka 500 zapitazo, inagawidwa m'magulu a polar ndi bulauni.
- Nyama yofiirira, ngakhale imafanana kwambiri ndi nyama yolanda mphanga, ndiyachibale chapafupi ndi chimbalangondo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo chiphanga chikuwoneka bwanji
Zimbalangondo zamakono ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa zimbalangondo zolemera ndi kukula. Mitundu yayikulu yamtundu wamakono monga grizzly kapena kodiak ndi yocheperako kamodzi ndi theka kuposa chimbalangondo choyambirira. Amakhulupirira kuti inali nyama yamphamvu kwambiri yokhala ndi minofu yolimba komanso yayitali, tsitsi lalitali kwambiri. M'miyendo yakale yamiyendo yam'mbali, mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi inali yotukuka kwambiri kuposa kumbuyo, ndipo miyendo inali yamphamvu komanso yayifupi.
Chigoba cha chimbalangondo chinali chachikulu, chipumi chake chinali chokwera kwambiri, maso ake anali ochepa, ndipo nsagwada zake zinali zamphamvu. Kutalika kwa thupi kunali pafupifupi 3-3.5 mita, ndipo kulemera kwake kunafika makilogalamu 700-800. Amuna anali ochuluka kwambiri kuposa zimbalangondo zazimayi zolemera. Zimbalangondo zamapanga sizinakhale ndi mano akuthwa kutsogolo, omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi abale amakono.
Chosangalatsa: Phanga laphanga ndi imodzi mwazimbalangondo zolemera kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zakhala padziko lapansi nthawi yonse yomwe idakhalako. Ndi iye amene anali ndi chigaza chachikulu kwambiri, chomwe mwa amuna akuluakulu okhwima ogonana chimatha kutalika kwa 56-58 cm.
Ali m'miyendo yonse inayi, mwamphamvu, mwamphamvu anali pamapewa a phanga, koma, komabe, anthu adaphunzira kumusaka. Tsopano mukudziwa momwe chimbalangondo chinkawonekera. Tiye tiwone uko wakakhalanga.
Kodi chimbalangondo chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Cave Bear ku Eurasia
Zimbalangondo zamphanga zimakhala ku Eurasia, kuphatikiza Ireland, England. Mitundu ingapo yapaderadera idapangidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana. M'mapanga ambiri am'mapiri a Alpine, omwe anali pamalo okwera mpaka mamita zikwi zitatu pamwamba pa nyanja, komanso m'mapiri aku Germany, mitundu yambiri ya mitunduyi idapezeka. Kudera la Russia, zimbalangondo zamapanga zinapezeka ku Urals, m'chigwa cha Russia, ku Zhigulevskaya Upland, ku Siberia.
Nyama zakutchirezi zinali kukhala m'mapiri komanso kumapiri. Amakonda kukhazikika m'mapanga, komwe amakhala nthawi yachisanu. Nthawi zambiri zimbalangondo zinkamira m'mapanga obisika, ndipo zinkangoyendayenda mumdima wandiweyani. Mpaka pano, m'malo ambiri akufa, malekezero opapatiza, pali umboni wakupezeka kwa zolengedwa zakale izi. Kuphatikiza pa zikhadabo, zigaza za zimbalangondo zowola theka zidapezeka pazipinda zamapanga, zomwe zidasochera m'mayendedwe atali ndikufa osapeza njira yobwerera padzuwa.
Pali malingaliro ambiri pazomwe zidawakopa paulendo wowopsawu mumdima weniweni. Mwinamwake awa anali anthu odwala omwe anali kufunafuna malo awo obisalako kumeneko, kapena zimbalangondo zinali kuyesera kupeza malo obisalapo kuti azikhalamo. Zomalizazi zimathandizidwa ndikuti zotsalira za achinyamata zidapezekanso m'mapanga akutali omwe amathera kumapeto.
Kodi chimbalangondo chinadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Cave Bear
Ngakhale kukula kwa mphanga komanso mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino, zakudya zake nthawi zambiri zimadyedwa, monga zimatsimikiziridwa ndi ma molars ovuta kwambiri. Nyamayi inali yaying'ono kwambiri komanso yosachedwa kupsa mtima, yomwe imadya zipatso, mizu, uchi komanso nthawi zina tizilombo, ndipo imagwira nsomba m'mitsinje. Njala ikayamba kupiririka, amatha kumenya munthu kapena chilombo, koma anali wochedwa kwambiri kwakuti wovutikayo nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mwayi wothawa.
Phanga laphanga limasowa madzi ochulukirapo, chifukwa chakukhala kwawo adasankha mapanga ndi mwayi wofikira kunyanja yapansi panthaka kapena rivulet. Zimbalangondo zinali zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa sizikanatha kupezeka kwa ana awo kwa nthawi yayitali.
Amadziwika kuti zimbalangondo zazikulu zinali zosaka anthu akale. Mafuta ndi nyama za nyama izi zinali zopatsa thanzi makamaka, zikopa zawo zimatumikira anthu monga zovala kapena kama. Pafupifupi malo omwe munthu waku Neanderthal amakhala.
Chosangalatsa: Anthu akale nthawi zambiri ankathamangitsa phazi lawo m'mapanga omwe amakhala ndipo kenako amakhala nawo, kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati pogona, pobisalira. Zimbalangondo zinalibe mphamvu polimbana ndi nthungo ndi moto wa anthu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kutha Cave Bear
Masana, zimbalangondo zamapanga zimayenda pang'onopang'ono m'nkhalango kufunafuna chakudya, kenako zimabwereranso m'mapanga. Asayansi akuganiza kuti nyama zakale izi sizinakhalepo zaka 20. Anthu odwala ndi ofooka adagwidwa ndi mimbulu, mikango yamphanga, adakhala nyama yosavuta ya afisi akale. M'nyengo yozizira, zimphona za m'mapanga nthawi zonse zimabisala. Anthu omwe sanapeze malo abwino m'mapiri adalowa m'nkhalango ndikukhazikitsa phanga pamenepo.
Kafukufuku wa mafupa a nyama zakale adawonetsa kuti pafupifupi munthu aliyense amadwala "mapanga". Pamafupa a zimbalangondo, panali zizindikiro za rheumatism ndi ma rickets, omwe anali anzawo azipinda zanyontho pafupipafupi. Akatswiri nthawi zambiri amapeza ma vertebrae okhazikika, kukula kwa mafupa, mafupa opindika ndi zotupa zopunduka kwambiri ndi matenda a nsagwada. Nyama zofooka zinali osaka zoipa akamasiya malo awo okhala kuthengo. Nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi njala. Zinali zosatheka kupeza chakudya m'mapanga momwemo.
Monga nthumwi zina za banja la zimbalangondo, amuna amayenda mozemba modzipatula, ndipo akazi ali ndi ana a zimbalangondo. Ngakhale kuti zimbalangondo zambiri zimawerengedwa kuti ndi amuna okhaokha, sizinapange mitundu iwiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo choyambirira
Chimbalangondo chachikazi chachikazi sichinabereke chaka chilichonse, koma kamodzi zaka 2-3. Monga zimbalangondo zamakono, kutha msinkhu kumatha pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Mkazi adabweretsa ana 1-2 pakati. Mwamuna sanatenge gawo lililonse m'moyo wawo.
Ana amabadwa opanda thandizo, akhungu. Amayi a dzenje nthawi zonse amasankha mapanga otere kuti pakhale gwero lamadzi, ndipo ulendo wopita kumalo othirira sunatenge nthawi yayitali. Ngozi zabisalira paliponse, motero kusiya ana anu osatetezedwa kwa nthawi yayitali kunali kowopsa.
Kwa zaka 1.5-2, achichepere anali pafupi ndi akazi ndipo kenako adakula. Pakadali pano, ana ambiri amwalira mu zikhadabo ndi mkamwa mwa adani ena, omwe anali ambiri m'nthawi zakale.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kalelo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1700, akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale anapeza mapiri odabwitsa achilengedwe m'mbali mwa nyanja zam'mapiri ndi mitsinje m'mapanga ku Austria ndi France. Malinga ndi akatswiri, zimbalangondo zamphanga zidakwera pa iwo pamaulendo ataliatali apansi kenako ndikulunga m'madzi. Chifukwa chake, adayesetsa kulimbana ndi tiziromboti tomwe tidawawononga. Ankachita njirayi kangapo. Nthawi zambiri panali zikhadabo zazikulu zawo pamtunda wopitilira mamita awiri kuchokera pansi, pa stalagmites wakale m'mapanga akuya kwambiri.
Adani achilengedwe a chimbalangondo
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo chachikulu
Mwa akulu, anthu athanzi kumeneko kunalibe adani m'malo awo achilengedwe kupatula amuna akale. Anthu adafafaniza zimphona zocheperako zochuluka kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito nyama ndi mafuta ngati chakudya. Pofuna kugwira nyama, maenje akuya adagwiritsidwa ntchito, momwe adayendetsedwera ndi moto. Pamene zimbalangondo zinagwera mumsampha, iwo anaphedwa ndi mikondo.
Chosangalatsa: Zimbalangondo zamphanga zinasowa pa Dziko Lapansi kale kwambiri kuposa mikango yamphanga, mammoths, ndi Neanderthals.
Zimbalangondo zazing'ono, zimbalangondo zodwala komanso zakale zidasakidwa ndi adani ena, kuphatikizapo mikango yamphanga. Poganizira kuti pafupifupi munthu aliyense wamkulu anali ndi matenda akulu ndipo amafooka ndi njala, ndiye kuti olusa nthawi zambiri amatha kugwetsa chimbalangondo chachikulu.
Komabe, mdani wamkulu wamphanga zimbalangondo, zomwe zidakopa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zimphona izi ndipo pomaliza pake adaziwononga, sanali munthu wakale konse, koma kusintha kwanyengo. Mapaziwo adalowa m'malo mwa nkhalango, padalibe zakudya zazomera zochepa, chimbalangondo chimayamba kuchepa, ndikuyamba kufa. Zinyamazi zimasakanso nyama zokhotakhota, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mafupa awo omwe amapezeka m'mapanga momwe zimbalangondo zimakhala, koma kusaka kumatha bwino kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Cave Bear
Zimbalangondo zamphanga zinatha zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo. Chifukwa chenicheni chakusowa kwawo sichinakhazikitsidwe, mwina chinali kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zingapo zakupha. Asayansi apereka ziganizo zingapo, koma palibe zomwe zili ndi umboni weniweni. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, chifukwa chachikulu chinali njala chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Koma sizikudziwika chifukwa chake chimphona ichi chidapulumuka m'nyengo zingapo za ayezi popanda kuwononga anthu ambiri, ndipo chomalizirachi chidamupha.
Asayansi ena amati kukhazikika kwachangu kwamunthu wakale kumalo achilengedwe a zimbalangondo kunapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke pang'onopang'ono. Pali lingaliro kuti ndi anthu omwe adafafaniza nyamazi, popeza nyama yawo idakhalapo nthawi zonse pazakudya zaomwe amakhala kale. Chotsutsana ndi izi ndikuti panthawiyo anthu anali ochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa zimphona zamapanga.
Sizingatheke kupeza chifukwa chodalirika. Mwinanso, popeza kuti anthu ambiri anali ndi vuto lalikulu la mafupa ndi mafupa omwe sangathenso kusaka ndi kudyetsa, adakhala nyama yosavuta nyama zina, idathandizanso kuti zimphona zisowe.
Nkhani zina za ma hydra ndi zimbalangondo zowopsa zidachitika pambuyo popezeka mochititsa chidwi ndi zigaza zakale, mafupa omwe adatsalira phanga chimbalangondo. Ma ores ambiri asayansi a Middle Ages amanamizira mabodza a zimbalangondo momwe amachitira mafupa a zimbalangondo. Mu chitsanzo ichi, mutha kuwona kuti nthano za zirombo zowopsa zitha kukhala ndi magwero ena osiyana.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.11.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 15.12.2019 pa 21:19