Ziwombankhanga (lat. Aquila)

Ziwombankhanga (lat. Aquila) ndi mbalame zamtundu winawake zazikuluzikulu za banja la Hawk ndi dongosolo lofanana ndi Hawk. Zowononga nthenga zotero zimakhala ndi dzina lawo laku Russia chifukwa cha mizu yakale ya Slavonic "op", kutanthauza kuti "kuwala".

Kufotokozera kwa ziwombankhanga

Mbiri ya mbalame yayikulu yakudya idayambira kale, koma pachikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri padziko lapansi, chiwombankhanga lero chimapanga ulemerero ndi mwayi, kupambana ndi mphamvu. Mitundu yambiri ya ziwombankhanga yomwe imadziwika pakadali pano imadziwika modabwitsa, ndipo kutalika kwa achikulire ena kumakhala masentimita 80-95... Komanso, ziwombankhanga zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zazikulu. Kulemera kwa thupi la mphungu nthawi zambiri kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa 3-7 kg. Kupatula kwake ndi mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri: chiwombankhanga chaching'ono ndi chiwombankhanga.

Maonekedwe

Oimira amtunduwu amadziwika ndi thupi lalikulu lokhala ndi minyewa yokwanira yokwanira komanso miyendo yayitali, yolimba, yoluka nthenga mpaka kumapazi. Dera lamutu la ziwombankhanga ndi lolimba, lokhala ndi khosi lolimba komanso lolimba. Miso yayikulu imadziwika ndi kuyenda kosafunikira, koma dera lotukuka bwino la khosi limalipiriridwa ndi kusowa pang'ono kotere.

Chimodzi mwazosiyana zazikulu pakati pa ziwombankhanga ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa zikhadabo, komanso mulomo wamphamvu kwambiri wokhala ndi malekezero opindika, zomwe zimapatsa mbalame zoterezo zikhalidwe zosayembekezereka. Mankhanira ndi milomo ya chiwombankhanga zimakula pa moyo wa mdani, koma ntchito zofunika za mbalame zimathandizira kuti zizigwira ntchito mwamphamvu. Oyimira onse a banja la Hawk ndi mtundu wa Eagles ali ndi mapiko ataliatali komanso otakata, kutalika kwake komwe kumafikira 250 cm, komwe kumalola mbalame yodya nyama kuti iwuluke kwa nthawi yayitali kumtunda wopitilira 600-700 mita.

Ndizosangalatsa! Ziwombankhanga, ngakhale zili ndi mphepo yamphamvu yokwanira, zimatha kuthana ndi mafunde am'mlengalenga, chifukwa chake zimangoyenda mosavutikira nyama yomwe imawona pamtunda wa 300-320 km / h.

Mwa zina, ziwombankhanga mwachilengedwe zimawona bwino kwambiri, chifukwa chake mbalame zodya nyama zimatha kuyang'anitsitsa kuchokera kutalika kwambiri ngakhale nyama yaying'ono kwambiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayimilidwa ndi abuluzi, njoka ndi mbewa, ndi mawonekedwe owonera amathandizira mbalameyo kuti ifufuze mosavuta malo otseguka mpaka 12 m²... Kumva kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ziwombankhanga zazikulu, makamaka pofuna kulumikizana, komanso mphamvu yakununkhira kwa mbalame imakula bwino.

Mtundu wa nthenga zazikulu za chiwombankhanga zimasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa mitundu ya nyama, chifukwa chake zitha kukhala zowoneka bwino kwambiri kapena zotsutsana ndi zamawangamawanga. Kuuluka kwa chiwombankhanga chamtundu uliwonse kumasiyanitsidwa ndi zisonyezo zapadera zoyendetsera ntchito, limodzi ndi ziphuphu zakuya komanso zamphamvu za mapiko.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Ziwombankhanga ndi mbalame zokhazokha, zokhoza kusankha m'modzi yekha moyo wawo wonse, chifukwa chake oimira banja la Hawk ndi mtundu wa Eagles nthawi zambiri amakhala awiriawiri. Pofuna kupeza chakudya, nyama zolusa nthenga zimatha kuzungulira mumlengalenga kwa maola angapo ndikusaka nyama... Mwambiri, kusaka sikutenga nthawi yochulukirapo, motero ziwombankhanga zimakhala gawo lalikulu lamoyo wawo zikuwona zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira. Mwa zina, chakudya chimasungidwa pakukoka kwa chiwombankhanga kwa masiku angapo, zomwe zimathetsa kufunikira kwa mbalame yodya nyama tsiku lililonse.

Mphungu zimakhala motalika bwanji

Pafupifupi, mwachilengedwe kapena mwachilengedwe, ziwombankhanga zimakhala mpaka kotala la zana, koma pali mitundu yomwe kutalika kwake kumakhala kotalikirapo. Mwachitsanzo, ziwombankhanga zakuda ndi ziwombankhanga zagolide zomwe zili mu ukapolo zitha kukhala zaka makumi asanu, ndipo ziwombankhanga zodziwika bwino zakhala zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu.

Mitundu ya mphungu

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wama molekyulu omwe asayansi aku Germany adachita zaka zosachepera theka la zana zapitazo, nthumwi zamitundu yonse zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi gulu la Аquila, Нiеrаеtus, Lophatus ndi Istinаetus, komanso mtundu womwe udatha Narragornis, ndi gulu limodzi lokhalokha. Komabe, ziwombankhanga zenizeni zochokera pagulu la Akula ndizo kholo lofanana la onse.

Pakadali pano, mawonekedwe amachitidwe onse amtunduwu amadziwika ndi gawo lokonzanso, lomwe limatsagana ndi lingaliro lakanthawi koti aphatikize mtundu wa Aquila:

• Mphungu za Hawk (Аquila fаsciata) - kale mtundu wa Hieraaetus fаssiаtus. Wapakati kutalika mapiko ndi 46-55 masentimita, ndi okwana mbalame kutalika 65-75 masentimita ndi kulemera kwa 1.5-2.5 makilogalamu. Mtundu wakumbuyo wa mbalame yayikulu ndi bulauni yakuda, mchira ndi wotuwa ndikupezeka kwa mdima wakuda. Dera lam'mimba ndilobowoleza kapena loyera ndi kupezeka kwa mizere yakuda yakuda ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yodutsa pa nthenga m'chigawo cha tibia ndi undertail. Akazi amtunduwu ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa amuna;
• Mphungu zamphongo (Аquila renata) - kale mtundu wa Hieraaetus pennatus. Kukula ndi kufanana kwa thupi la mtundu uwu kumafanana ndi ankhandwe ang'onoang'ono, koma chilombocho chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a mphungu kwambiri. Kukula kwa nyama yolusa yamphongo: kutalika kwa 45-53 cm, wokhala ndi mapiko a 100-132 masentimita ndikulemera pafupifupi 500-1300 g. Zazimuna ndi zazimuna sizimasiyana mtundu, ndipo mlomo wakuda ndi wamfupi komanso wopindika mwamphamvu. Mtunduwo umaimiridwa ndi "ma morphs" awiri - mtundu wakuda ndi wopepuka, koma chosinthika chachiwiri chimapezeka nthawi zambiri;
• Ziwombankhanga zaku India (Аquila kiеnеrii) - kale Нiеraаеtus kienеrii. Mbalameyi ndi yaing'ono, kukula kwake kuyambira masentimita 46 mpaka 61 ndi mphako ya mapiko opapatiza ndi osongoka pang'ono pamlingo wa masentimita 105 mpaka 140. Mchirawo ndi wozungulira pang'ono. Mbalame yayikulu imakhala ndi thupi lakuda lakuda, kukwawa koyera, chibwano ndi pakhosi. Miyendo ndi thupi lakumunsi ndi lofiirira-bulauni ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kwambiri. Kugonana kwamtundu wamtunduwu sikuwonetsedwa;
• Mphungu zagolide (Аquila chrysаеtоs) Ndi oimira akulu ndi olimba amtunduwo, omwe amakhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi pakati pa 76-93 cm, okhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 180-240. Akazi ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa amuna, ndipo kulemera kwawo kumatha kusiyanasiyana mkati mwa 3.8-6.7 kg. Mlomo wa mbalamewo umakhala wofanana ndi mitundu iyi - chiwombankhanga, m'malo mwake chimakanikizidwa m'malo ofananira ndi kutalika kwake, kokhotakhota kopindika ngati kokhomerera kutsika;
• Manda (Akula helias) Ndi nyama zolusa zazikulu zamapiko okhala ndi mapiko aatali komanso otambalala, komanso mchira wowongoka. Kutalika kwa mbalame kumakhala masentimita 72-84, mapiko ake ndi 180-215 masentimita ndipo amalemera osapitirira 2.4-4.5 kg. Malo okhalamo manda ndi ziwombankhanga zagolidi nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika;
• Mphungu zamiyala (Аquila rarakh) Ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zili ndi kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 60-70 cm, yokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 160-180 ndikulemera kwa 1.8-2.5 kg. Ma Morphs amasiyana malinga ndi msinkhu wosiyanasiyana mu mtundu wa maula, mawonekedwe a subspecies ndi mawonekedwe ena osiyana;
• Mphungu za steppe (Akula niralensis) Kodi nyama zolusa zimakhala zazitali masentimita 60-85, mapiko a mapiko a 220-230 masentimita ndipo amalemera makilogalamu 2.7-4.8. Mtundu wa nthenga za mbalame zazikulu zimayimiriridwa ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda, nthawi zambiri kumakhala malo ofiira m'dera la occiput komanso nthenga zoyambirira zakuda. Nthenga za mchira ndi zofiirira zakuda ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yopingasa;
• Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu (Аquila сlаngа) ndi Mphungu Yocheperako (Аquila romarina) - mbalame zodya nyama kuchokera kubanja la Hawk, zomwe zimayenera kukhala chifukwa cha mbalame zamtundu wa Lophaetus kapena Istinaetus;
• Mphungu za Kaffir (Аquila verreuxii) Ndi taxon yaku Latin. Mbalame yodya nyama imasiyana kutalika kwa thupi pakati pa 70-95 cm yokhala ndi kulemera kwa 3.5-4.5 kg wokhala ndi mapiko a mapiko a mita ziwiri;
• Ziwombankhanga za Moluccan (Akula gurneyi) - mbalame zazikuluzikulu, zodziwika ndi anthu ochepa, kutalika kwa thupi mkati mwa masentimita 74-85, mapiko a mapiko a masentimita 170-190. Kulemera kwazimayi pafupifupi makilogalamu atatu;
• Mphungu zasiliva (Аquila wаhlbergi) - mbalame zodya nyama zakutchire zotalika masentimita 55-60 ndi mapiko osapitirira masentimita 130-160. Mitunduyi imapezeka m'maiko ambiri aku Africa;
• Mphungu zowona (Аquila audax) Kodi nyama zodya nthenga zamasana zam'banja la Yastrebiny, zimafika kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi mapiko otalika kupitirira mamitala angapo. Akazi amakhala okulirapo kuposa amuna, ndipo kulemera kwawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala 5 kg.

Aquila kuroshkini, kapena Pliocene, ndi mitundu ina ya ziwombankhanga zakale. Ziwombankhanga zapakatikati zamtunduwu ndizofanana ndi ma morphology ndi ziwombankhanga zamakono.

Malo okhala, malo okhala

Magawo ndi magawo omwe amafalitsa ziwombankhanga ndi otakata, ndipo mtundu wa malo okhalamo zimatengera mtundu wa mbalame zodya nyama. Komabe, kwa mamembala onse, kusankha malo, kutali ndi malo okhala anthu ndi chitukuko, ndichikhalidwe, chifukwa chake ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimakonda mapiri kapena malo otseguka.

Mwachitsanzo, ziwombankhanga zagolide zomwe zimakhala mdera la dziko lathu, kuphatikiza kumpoto kwa Caucasus ndi gawo lakumwera kwa Primorye, chisa, mwalamulo, m'malo ovuta kufikako, ndi abale awo aku Australia, ziwombankhanga zagolide zopindika, amakhala omasuka momwe angathere m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango ku New Guinea. Chiwombankhanga chimasankha malo okhalapo ndi achipululu ngati malo okhalamo, okhala m'magawo kuyambira Transbaikalia mpaka kugombe la Black Sea.

Ziwombankhanga zakhala zikusankhidwa kale ndi madera a nkhalango za Ukraine, zigawo za steppe za Kazakhstan, nkhalango ku Czech Republic, Romania ndi Spain. Komanso, mbalame zolusa izi zimapezeka m'malo ochepa a Iran ndi China, ku Slovakia ndi Hungary, Germany ndi Greece. Mitundu yambiri yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito mamembala ena a mbalame ngati mbalame zophunzitsidwa mosavuta, ndipo nthawi yaulamuliro wa mafumu aku Russia, ziwombankhanga zagolide zidaphunzitsidwa mwapadera, pambuyo pake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poluma nkhandwe ndi mimbulu.

Zakudya za chiwombankhanga

Zokwera mbalame zodya nyama zitha kuyimiriridwa ngakhale ndi nyama zazikulu zazikulu, kuphatikiza nkhandwe, nkhandwe ndi mphalapala, koma nthawi zambiri nkhwangwa zazing'ono, komanso mbalame ndi nsomba, zimagwidwa ndi mbalamezi. Pakalibe nyama yotalika kwa nthawi yayitali, ziwombankhanga zimatha kudya nyama yakufa, pomwe kusaka kumachitika ndi nyama zodya nthenga osati pamtunda komanso m'madzi.

Ndizosangalatsa! Nyama zambiri zimagwera m'gulu la nyama zodziwika bwino, kuphatikizapo wakuda lofura, nkhalango ndi nkhuku zoweta, zopindika ndi zitsamba, nkhunda zobiriwira ndi zoweta, ma kingfisher ndi agologolo.

Wogwidwa, monga lamulo, amadyedwa ndi mbalame nthawi yomweyo kapena kudyetsedwa ndi anapiye. Mwa zina, njoka zapoizoni kwambiri zimawonongedwa ndi mitundu ina ya ziwombankhanga. Mukadya chakudya, chiwombankhanga chimadya madzi ambiri, ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali chimayesetsa kutsuka mosamala nthenga zake.

Kubereka ndi ana

Mbalame zodya nyama, kuphatikizapo ziwombankhanga, zimakula msinkhu pofika zaka pafupifupi zisanu. Nthawi zambiri, ziwombankhanga zamtundu uliwonse zimakhazikika pazitsamba kapena mitengo, koma nthawi zina zimapezeka pamiyala, kuphatikizapo ziwombankhanga zam'mapiri. Onse awiri amagwira ntchito yomanga chisa, koma nthawi zambiri azimayi amayesetsa khama, luso komanso nthawi pantchito imeneyi. Chisa chomalizidwa ndi chodalirika chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbalame kwa zaka zingapo.

Nthawi zina mbalame zodya nyama zimagwira zisa za anthu ena, zopangidwa ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu, kuphatikiza khwangwala ndi mphamba... Akazi amaikira mazira kamodzi pachaka, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kumatha kufikira zidutswa zitatu. Zomwe zimachitika posamalira mazira zimadalira mtundu wa chiwombankhanga. Anapiye a ziwombankhanga obadwa nthawi yomweyo amawonetsa kukonda kwawo. Pakulimbana kotere, ziwombankhanga zofooka kwambiri kapena zosakhazikika bwino zimafa chifukwa chakukwapula kwamphamvu komwe zimalandira kuchokera pakamwa pawo.

Ndizosangalatsa! Masewera okhathamira a ziwombankhanga amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino am'mlengalenga, momwe anthu onse amatenga nawo mbali, ndipo chibwenzi chimatsatizana ndikutsatirana, kuwuluka mozungulira, kuyenda mozungulira kwambiri ndikuzungulira mozungulira.

Makolo akuluakulu ndi mphungu zam'manda, zomwe zimasanganitsa mazira kwa mwezi umodzi ndi theka. Pakangotha ​​miyezi itatu yakwana anawo, akuluwo amayamba kuphunzitsa anapiye kuwuluka. Chifukwa chakukonzekera bwino, mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimadya nyama zimatha kupanga maulendo ataliatali m'nyengo yozizira.

Ntchito yolera anapiye a ziwombankhanga, yomwe imamanga pansi ndikumanga nyumba pogwiritsa ntchito nthambi, ndiyosangalatsanso. Mazirawo amawotha moto ndi akazi, ndipo amunawo amabweretsa chakudya ku nkhuku zawo. Makolo onse awiri amasamalira anapiye obadwa. Ana ang'onoang'ono amatha kuyendayenda mpaka atapeza awiri abwino.

Adani achilengedwe

Ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu zonse zachilengedwe, mphamvu zawo ziwombankhanga tsopano zili mgulu lodana ndi chilengedwe. Mumikhalidwe yachilengedwe, mbalame zotere komanso zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi adani ochepa, koma mbalame zazikulu zimatha kufa chifukwa cholimbana kosagwirizana ndi mdani wamphamvu kapena nkhandwe wamba.

Masiku ambiri a njala ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa ziwombankhanga, chifukwa chake kufunikira kwakanthawi ndi kolimba kwa nyama yodya nyama kumalimbikitsa mbalame zotere kuchokera kumalo otentha kuti zisamukire kumayiko akumwera, kutsatira mitundu ina ya mbalame zosamuka.

Zofunika! M'zaka zokhala ndi chakudya chokwanira chokwanira cha nyama, ana ambiri amphongo anapulumuka chisa, koma pakalibe chakudya, mwalamulo, ng'ombe imodzi yokha imatsalira.

Monga zikuwonetseredwa ndikuwona kambiri ndi maphunziro asayansi, kulima kwa madera atsopanowo ndikuwonongeka kwa nyama zakutchire kumayambitsa kusowa kwa chakudya komwe kodziwika ndi chiwombankhanga, chomwe chimayambitsa kufa kwa mbalame zambiri ndi njala. Mwa zina, ziwombankhanga, mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zambiri, nthawi zambiri zimafa zikakumana ndi zingwe zamagetsi, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa choyesera zolusa nthenga kuti zikonzekere zisa zawo pamtengo wamba wamagetsi.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Pakadali pano, mbalame zodya nyama kuchokera kubanja la Hawk, zoyimiriridwa ndi:

• Chiwombankhanga cha Hawk (A.fаsciata kapena H.fsciatus);
• Chiwombankhanga cha Indian hawk (Lhorhotriorchis kieneri);
• Berkut (A. chrysaetos);
• Mphungu yamwala (A. arakh);
• Mphungu ya Kaffir (A.verreauuxii);
• Mphungu ya siliva (A. wahlbergi);
• Chiwombankhanga (A. audax).

Mbalamezi zidapatsidwa mwayi woti zisawonongeke "Mitundu Yowopsa":

• Manda (A. helias);
• Manda aku Spain (A. adalberti);
• Chiwombankhanga chachikulu (A. clanga).

Mitundu yomwe ili pangozi imayimilidwa ndi Steppe Eagle (A. niralensis), ndipo pafupi ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi Moluccan Eagle (Аquila gurneyi). Chiwombankhanga chaching'ono (A. renata kapena H. rennatus) ndi malo oikidwa m'manda m'maiko angapo akuphatikizidwa patsamba la Red Book.

Mphungu ndi munthu

Chiwombankhanga ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zazikulu zaku Russia, ndipo chithunzi chake chitha kuwoneka pazovala zadziko lathu... Komabe, chodandaula chachikulu cha akatswiri a mbalame, ziwombankhanga zili m'gulu la mitundu yosawerengeka kwambiri ya nyama zodya nthenga zomwe zalembedwa patsamba la Red Book.

Mbalame zonyada zatsala pang'ono kutha pafupifupi, makamaka chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, ndipo kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu sikunayambike chifukwa chophwanya malamulo komanso zinthu zosiyanasiyana za anthropogenic, komanso chifukwa cha chilengedwe cha ziwombankhanga zomwe zikuwonongeka chaka chilichonse. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ndi Buku Lofiyira lomwe limathandizira kuzindikira ndikulemba mitundu ya ziwombankhanga zomwe zili pachiwopsezo kapena kumapeto kwa kutha kwathunthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha zinthu ndi anthu kukhala abwinoko.

Kanema wonena za ziwombankhanga