Mphungu ya Griffon Ndi mtundu wachilengedwe wachilengedwe wokula modabwitsa wokhala ndi mapiko mpaka mamitala atatu, komanso mbalame yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri ku Europe. Ndi chiwombankhanga cha Dziko Lakale komanso membala wa banja lolanda nkhandwe. Imayenda bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha mafunde otentha pofunafuna chakudya kumadera ofunda, ovuta amayiko ozungulira nyanja ya Mediterranean.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Griffon Vulture
Griffon Vulture ndi chiwombankhanga cha Old World kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, Spain Highlands, kumwera kwa Russia, ndi ku Balkan. Wotuwa pamwamba ndi bulauni yofiirira yokhala ndi mitsempha yoyera pansipa, mbalameyi ndi yayitali pafupifupi mita. Mtundu wamiyala uli ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yofananira, kuphatikiza mitundu ina yodziwika bwino. Ku South Asia, mitundu itatu yamphamba, chiwombankhanga cha Asiatic griffon (G. bengalensis), chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mphuno zazitali (G. Kupweteka kumayambitsa impso kulephera.
Kanema: Griffon Vulture
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Vulture wautali, wopanda khosi lopindika ndi kusinthika kwa mbalame zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito milomo yawo kutsegula mitembo ya nyama zakufa. Kupezeka kwa nthenga pakhosi ndi kumutu kumapangitsa kuti izi zitheke. Zaka zingapo zapitazo ku Saudi Arabia, kazitape wa nkhandwe adagwidwa ndi mayendedwe a kachipangizo ka GPS ku University of Tel Aviv. Chochitikachi chinapangitsa kukula kwa azondi a mbalame.
Ndi mbalame zaphokoso zomwe zimalankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana, monga kulira ndi kulira kwinaku zikudya, pomwe mitengo imamveka mbalame ina ikatseka.
Mapiko akulu amathandiza mbalamezi kuuluka pamwamba mlengalenga. Izi zimawathandiza kusunga mphamvu zomwe zikadawonongeka ngati ataponya mapiko awo. Masomphenya awo apadera amawathandiza kuwona zakufa kumtunda. Ziombankhanga za Griffon zimatha kutenthetsa popanda kuthandizira kagayidwe kake, komwe kumawathandiza kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu ndi madzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe chiwombankhanga cha griffon chikuwonekera
Gawo lakumtunda la griffon vulture ndi lofiirira, ndipo mapikowo ndi akuda ndikutulutsa kwakuda. Mchira ndi wamfupi komanso wakuda. Thupi lakumunsi limasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira bulauni mpaka bulauni. Khosi lalitali, lamaliseche limakutidwa ndi loyera, loyera pansi. Pansi, kumbuyo kwa khosi, kusowa kwa nthenga kumasiya khungu lopanda kanthu, lofiirira, lofanana ndi lomwe nthawi zina amadzionetsera pachifuwa pake, lomwe limawonetsa kuzizira kwake kapena chisangalalo chake, kuyambira zoyera mpaka kubuluu kenako mpaka kufiyira, kutengera kuchokera pamalingaliro ake.
Nthenga za nthenga zoyera kapena zofiirira zimauluka mozungulira khosi ndi mapewa. Maso agolide ofiira amatulutsa moyo kumutu, wokhala ndi mlomo wamphamvu komanso wotumbululuka wolumikizidwa kuti ung'ambika mnofu. Anthu osakhwima amakhala ndi mawonekedwe achikulire, koma ndi akuda kwambiri. Zidzawatengera zaka zinayi kuti akhale ndi nthenga zachikulire pang'onopang'ono.
Kuuluka kwa chiwombankhanga cha griffon ndi chiwonetsero chenicheni cha ukoma. Imanyamuka kwakanthawi kochepa, osasuntha mapiko ake, pafupifupi osaganizirika ndi kuyeza. Kutalika komanso kotakata, zimanyamula mosavuta thupi loyera mosiyana ndi nthenga zakuda zapachiyambi ndi zapakati. Mbalameyi ikanyamuka pansi kapena pakhoma, imachita zikwapu pang'onopang'ono komanso mozama, pomwe mpweya umathamangira ndikunyamula chilombocho. Kufikira kumakhala kokongola momwe amafikira: mapikowo amachepetsa kuphulika, ndipo mapapo amakhala kutali ndi thupi, okonzeka kukhudza thanthwe.
Kodi griffon vulture amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Griffon Vulture ku Russia
Mwachilengedwe, chiwombankhanga cha griffon chimakhala m'mapiri ndi mapiri ku North Africa ndi kumwera kwa Eurasia. Amatha kukhala mamita 3000 pamwamba pamadzi.
Pali mitundu iwiri yodziwika bwino ya ma griffon vultures:
- mwadzina G. f. Fulvus, yomwe imafalikira kudera la Mediterranean, kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, Peninsula ya Iberia, kumwera kwa France, kuphatikiza zilumba za Majorca, Sardinia, Crete ndi Cyprus, Balkan, Turkey, Middle East, Arabia ndi Iran kupita ku Central Asia;
- subspecies G. fulvescens imapezeka ku Afghanistan, Pakistan ndi kumpoto kwa India mpaka Assam. Ku Europe, idabwezeretsedwanso bwino m'maiko angapo komwe idasowanso kale. Ku Spain, anthu ambiri amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa kotala, makamaka ku Castile ndi León (Burgos, Segovia), Aragon ndi Navarra, kumpoto kwa Castile La Mancha (kumpoto kwa Guadalajara ndi Cuenca) komanso kum'mawa kwa Cantabria. Kuphatikiza apo, pali anthu ambiri kumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa chilumbachi - m'mapiri a kumpoto kwa Extremadura, kumwera kwa Castile La Mancha ndi mapiri angapo a Andalusia, makamaka zigawo za Jaén ndi Cadiz.
Pakadali pano, ma Eurasian Griffon Vultures amaberekera ku Spain komanso ku Great Cause ku Massif Central (France). Amapezeka makamaka kumadera a Mediterranean, okhala kumadera a Balkan, kumwera kwa Ukraine, m'mphepete mwa Albania ndi Yugoslavia, akufika ku Asia kudzera ku Turkey ndikufika ku Caucasus, Siberia komanso Western China. Sipezeka kawirikawiri ku North Africa. Anthu ambiri ku Europe ndi anthu aku Spain. Mitunduyi imakhala yotetezedwa kwambiri ndikubwezeretsedwanso ku France, koma ili pangozi zosiyanasiyana.
Zifukwa za izi ndizambiri:
- nyengo yovuta ya phiri lalitali imapha anapiye;
- chisanadze zisa ndi kuchotsa mazira ndi anapiye;
- ziweto zakutchire zikuchepa ndipo sizimatulutsa mitembo yokwanira madera;
- njira zopitilira zamankhwala zoyika maliro nyama zakufa zimabera zolusa nyama izi;
- nyama yodula yololedwa ku nkhandwe ndipo amadyedwa ndi ziwombankhanga zomwe zimafa chifukwa cha izo;
- mizere yamagetsi;
- anataya zidutswa za lead.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe chiwombankhanga cha griffon chimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi griffon vulture imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Griffon Vulture akuthawa
Griffon Vulture amapeza chakudya chake uku akuuluka. Wovutikayo akamva kamphepo kayaziyazi, amagwiritsa ntchito izi kuwuluka. Dzuwa likatentha, chiwombankhanga cha griffon chimakwera kumwamba mpaka chimakhala chosafikika. Kumeneko amauluka kwa maola ambiri, osachotsa maso ake pansi, ndi ziwombankhanga zina, zomwe, zikasintha pang'ono pamalingaliro kapena kuthawa, zitha kuwulula nyama yakufa yomwe idzawapatse chakudya.
Pakadali pano, amatsika ndikuyandikira ndi ziwombankhanga zina, zikuyenda pamwamba pamtunda. Kenako amayamba kutembenuka mosalekeza, aliyense akumuyang'ana mnzake osasankha kumtunda. M'malo mwake, ziwombankhanga ndi ma corvids aku Egypt nthawi zambiri amabwera koyamba ndikudya mbali zofewa za nyamayo. A Griffon Vultures ndiye amakhazikitsa olamulira awo, amasonkhana m'malo osiyanasiyana kuti asonkhane m'malo omwewo. Ena amathawira pansi osatera, pomwe ena amazungulira kumwamba.
Pomaliza, m'modzi mwa iwo amakhala kutali ndi chimango, pafupifupi mita zana. Zina zonse zimatsatira mwachangu kwambiri. Kenako kulimbana kwa maulamuliro ndi kupondereza kwakanthawi kwa ena kumayamba. Pambuyo pazitsutso zingapo ndikuwonetsa zina zowopseza, chiwombankhanga, chomwe chimalimba mtima kuposa ena onse, chimangoyang'ana kunyama, komwe chiwombankhanga chomwe chayamba kale kutsegulira m'mimba ndikuyamba kudya zamkati.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mimbulu ya Griffon imadyetsa kokha nyama zakufa. Samaukira chamoyo chilichonse ndipo amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali popanda chakudya.
Mbalame ya Griffon imagwira ntchito yapadera pakudya, ndikupangitsa kuti isasinthe. Amachita bwino kudya nyama zakufa motero amateteza kufalikira kwa matenda ndikulimbikitsa mtundu wa "kukonzanso kwachilengedwe".
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame Griffon Vulture
Makanema apaulendo ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri m'moyo wa chiwombankhanga cha griffon. Ndegezi zimachitika mu Novembala-Disembala ndipo ndizosaiwalika kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mwayi wokawona. Ngakhale mawonetsedwewa sakhala okongola ngati achiwombankhanga ena, ndi chizindikiro chakuwombana kwakanthawi kochepa kopangidwa ndi mbalame zonse ziwiri, pamene imodzi ikuthamangitsa inayo kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yoswana. Ndegezi zimatha kuchitika chaka chonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimasonkhanitsa mbalame zina zomwe zimalumikizana ndi zam'mbuyomu.
Pamwambamwamba, timiyangati ting'onoting'ono timazungulira pang'onopang'ono, mapiko atatambasulidwa ndi olimba, atayandikana kapena atakwirana kwambiri kotero kuti amawoneka kuti amalumikizidwa ndi waya wosaoneka. Chifukwa chake, zimauluka mlengalenga, munthawi yochepa, zikutsatirana kapena kuwuluka mofananira, mogwirizana kwathunthu. Chiwonetsero ichi chimatchedwa "tandem flight".
Munthawi imeneyi, ziwombankhanga za griffon zimagona komwe chisa chamtsogolo chimangidwire. Amakhalira m'midzi, amasonkhana awiriawiri kuti apange chisa m'dera lomwelo. Madera ena amatha kukhala ndi mazana awiriawiri. Zili m'malo osiyanasiyana, nthawi zina mpaka 1600-1800 mita, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi mita 1000-1300.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mtundu wosavuta kucheza nawo, griffon vulture amapanga mikwingwirima yayikulu kutengera kuchuluka kwa madera omwe apatsidwa. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka pamalo omwewo monga kuswana, kapena pafupi kwambiri.
Mbalame za Griffon zimamanga chisa mumiyala yamiyala yomwe anthu amavutikira kuyipeza. Amapangidwa ndi timitengo tating'onoting'ono tokhala masentimita awiri kapena awiri m'mimba mwake, udzu ndi nthambi zokongola kwambiri. Chisa chimasiyana ndi mbalame zamtundu wina ndi zina ndipo ngakhale chaka ndi chaka chimodzimodzi. Amatha kukhala masentimita 60 mpaka 120 m'mimba mwake. Mkati mwake mumatha kukhala ndi chidebe chokhazikika bwino ndi udzu, kapena kabowo kophweka kamene kali ndi nthenga za ziwombankhanga zina zomwe zimapezeka pakhonde lapafupi. Zodzikongoletsera zimasinthiratu monga mawonekedwe a wovalayo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Griffon Vulture ku Crimea
Mbalame yaikazi ya griffon imaikira dzira limodzi loyera, nthawi zina mu Januware, makamaka mu February. Onse awiri amasinthana kusinthanitsa dzira limodzi kawiri patsiku. Kusinthaku ndi kwamwambo kwambiri, zolusa zimayenda modabwitsa komanso mosamala kwambiri.
Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 52 mpaka 60. Mwana wankhukuyo ndi wofooka kwambiri potaswa, ali ndi zochepa, ndipo amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 170. Masiku oyamba amoyo wawo ndi owopsa, chifukwa amatengedwa kupita kumapiri komanso pamalo okwera kwambiri. Chipale chofewa nthawi ino, ndipo anapiye ambiri sangathe kupirira zovuta ngati izi, ngakhale makolo awo amawasamalira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Griffon vulture amakonda dzuwa ndipo amadana ndi mvula. Ichi ndichifukwa chake makolo nthawi zonse amaweta nkhuku ndikusinthana pafupipafupi.
Pakadutsa milungu itatu, mwana wankhuku amakhala wokutidwa kwambiri ndipo mabelu ake ofooka amayamba kulimba. Makolo amamudyetsa m'masiku oyamba ndi msuzi wokhazikika. Patatha miyezi iwiri, akulemera kale makilogalamu 6.
Pamsinkhu uwu, achinyamata amakhala ndi chidwi chapadera ngati awopsezedwa kapena ngakhale agwidwa. Amasanza molunjika ndi unyinji wambiri wa nyama yophika. Kuopa kuchitapo kanthu kapena kukwiya? Kumbali inayi, sateteza motsutsana ndi olowererapo ndipo samaluma, ngakhale, kukhala wokhulupirika pamaganizidwe a makolo ake, nthawi zina amatha kukhala wankhanza. Nthenga zimawoneka patadutsa masiku 60 kenako zimakula ngati msinkhu.
Zimatenga miyezi inayi yathunthu kuti mbalame zazing'ono ziuluke momasuka. Komabe, sali wodziimira payekha, ndipo makolo ake amamudyabe. Achichepere nthawi zambiri amatsata achikulire pofunafuna chakudya, koma samafika pafupi ndi mitemboyo, amakonda kubwerera kumudzi ndikukhala limodzi mpaka makolo awo akabwerera ndikuwadyetsa kwambiri.
Nyengo ikaswana, mbalame zam'madzi zotchedwa griffon, zomwe zimaswana kumpoto kapena kumtunda kwa mapiri, zimasunthira kumwera, koma sizitalika kwenikweni. Ambiri, komabe, amawoneka kuti amangokhala.
Adani achilengedwe a ziwombankhanga za griffon
Chithunzi: Griffon Vulture
Mimbulu ya Griffon ilibe nyama zolusa. Koma ziwopsezo zomwe akukumana nazo ndizopatsa chidwi. Pakadali pano, chowopseza chawo chachikulu ndikugundana ndi zingwe zamagalimoto ndi magalimoto pomwe akuyandama pofunafuna chakudya ndi poyizoni.
Nyama ya pafamu ikafa, mlimi amatha kupha nyama kuti athane ndi nyama zosafunikira (monga nkhandwe kapena akambuku). Ziphezi sizisankhidwa ndipo zimapha chilichonse chomwe chimadya nyama. Tsoka ilo, chiwombankhangachi chimasakidwanso chifukwa cha timitengo (kapena mankhwala achikhalidwe omwe ndi chikhalidwe cha ufiti).
Alimi ena adatenga nawo gawo poteteza ziwombankhanga za griffon ndikuwonjezera mwayi wawo wopulumuka pokhazikitsa malo odyera mbalame. Mwachitsanzo, ng'ombe yawo imodzi ikafa, mlimi amatenga nyama ija kupita nayo ku "malo odyera" ndikuisiya kumeneko kuti miimba idye mwamtendere.
Ku Serengeti, mwachitsanzo, kupha nyama zomwe zidadyedwa ndi ma griffon adadya zimachokera 8 mpaka 45% ya mitembo, ndipo mitembo yotsala imachokera ku nyama zomwe zidafera zifukwa zina. Koma popeza miimba idalandira chakudya chochepa kwambiri kuchokera pakupha nyama zolusa, amayenera kudalira chakudya chawo, makamaka mitembo, yomwe imapezeka pazifukwa zina. Chifukwa chake, miimba imeneyi imagwiritsa ntchito chakudya chosiyana ndi chakudyacho ndipo atha kukhala osocheretsa anthu osamuka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe chiwombankhanga cha griffon chikuwonekera
Chiwerengero cha chiwombankhanga cha griffon chikuyerekeza anthu 648,000 mpaka 688,000 okhwima. Ku Europe, chiwerengerochi chikuwerengedwa kuti ndi 32,400-34,400 awiriawiri, omwe ndi 64,800-68,800 okhwima. Mwambiri, mtundu uwu pakadali pano amadziwika kuti ndiwowopsa kwambiri, ndipo masiku ano kuchuluka kwawo kukukulira. Mu 2008, panali Spain pafupifupi mitundu 30,000 ya awiriawiri. Anthu ambiri ku Europe amakhala kuno. Ku Castile ndi Leone, pafupifupi 6,000 awiriawiri (24%) amapanga pafupifupi kotala la anthu aku Spain.
Pambuyo pochepetsa anthu m'zaka za zana la 20 chifukwa chakupha poizoni, kusaka komanso kuchepetsa chakudya, mitunduyi yawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa m'malo ena, makamaka Spain, French Pyrenees ndi Portugal. Ku Europe, mitundu yoswana imayamba pakati pa 19,000 mpaka 21,000 awiriawiri, pafupifupi 17,500 ku Spain ndi pafupifupi 600 ku France.
Kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni mosaloledwa ndi komwe kumayambitsa kufa kwachilendo m'miyezi ya griffon, komanso ngozi zamagetsi. Minda ina yamphepo yomwe ili m'malo oyandikizana ndi chakudya komanso njira zosamukira anthu ambiri amafa. Nthawi yayitali yobereka ya griffon vulture imapangitsa kuti ikhale pachiwopsezo chazovuta zamasewera.
Chifukwa chakuchulukana kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu, chiwombankhanga cha griffon sichikuwoneka ngati chikuwopsezedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, ikukumana ndi ziwopsezo zingapo, monga kuchokera kwa alimi kuyika mitembo ya poizoni kuti athane ndi nyama zolusa. Zowopseza zazikuluzikulu zikuphatikiza ukhondo waulimi ndi chisamaliro cha ziweto, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ziweto zochepa zimafa komanso mwayi wocheperako mpheta. Amavutikanso ndi kuwombera kosaloledwa, kusokonezedwa ndi magetsi pamagetsi amagetsi.
Mlonda wa Griffon Vulture
Chithunzi: Griffon Vulture wochokera ku Red Book
Mbalame ya griffon nthawi ina inali ponseponse ku Bulgaria.Komabe, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 - makamaka chifukwa chakuchepa kwa chakudya, kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kuzunzidwa ndi poyizoni - amakhulupirira kuti zatha. Mu 1986, pafupi ndi tawuni yaying'ono ya Madzharovo m'mapiri a Eastern Rhodope, padapezeka gulu la ziwombankhanga, zokhala ndi mbalame pafupifupi 20 ndi magulu awiri oswana. Chifukwa cha kuyeserera kosalekeza, ndi chifukwa chochepa kwambiri pomwe ziwombankhanga za ku Bulgaria zikupitilizabe kubwerera kwawo.
Kuyambira 2016, Rewilding Europe, mothandizana ndi Rewilding Rhodopes Foundation, Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB) ndi anzawo ena angapo, yakhazikitsa ntchito yazaka zisanu ya Vultures ya VIVU. Poyang'ana madera otsekera mapiri a Rhodope ku Bulgaria, komanso gawo la mapiri a Rhodope kumpoto kwa Greece, cholinga cha ntchitoyi ndikuthandizira kubwezeretsa ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ziwombankhanga zakuda ndi ma griffon m'dera lino la Balkan, makamaka pokweza kupezeka kwa nyama zachilengedwe ndikuchepetsa kufa kwa anthu zinthu monga kupha nyama mosavomerezeka, poizoni komanso kugundana ndi zingwe zamagetsi.
Chiwerengero cha ziwombankhanga zaku griffon mdera lachi Greek la Rhodope Mountains zikuchulukanso. Awiri awiriawiri adalembedwa, kubweretsa chiwerengero chonse cha Rhodope Griffon Vultures kupitilira ma 100 awiriawiri. A Caput insulae ku Croatia ali ndi malo obwezeretsanso ziwombankhanga za poizoni, zovulala komanso zazing'ono, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimathera munyanja pakuyesa ndege, komwe amasamaliridwa mpaka atabwereranso ku chilengedwe. Ma labyrinth okonzedwa bwino komanso olinganizidwa bwino a Tramuntana ndi Belezh ndi malo abwino oti mufufuze zachilengedwe.
Mphungu ya Griffon Ndi khosi lalitali kwambiri lamutu wokhala ndi mutu ndi khosi loyera, thupi lofiirira komanso nthenga zakuda. Zisa zake zimakhala m'miyala, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'matumba otayirira omwe akudutsa zigwa ndi mapiri, koma nthawi zonse kufunafuna kukwera ndi kutentha. Mpaka pano ndi mbalame yofala kwambiri yomwe imaswana kwambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 22.10.2019
Tsiku losintha: 12.09.2019 nthawi ya 17:50
