Chishango (Triopsidae) ndi mtundu wama crustaceans ang'onoang'ono ochokera ku gawo laling'ono la Notostraca. Mitundu ina imawonedwa ngati zamoyo zakale, zomwe zimayambira kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Carboniferous, yomwe ndi zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo. Pamodzi ndi nkhanu za akavalo, shchitni ndi mitundu yakale kwambiri. Adakhalapo Padziko Lapansi kuyambira nthawi ya ma dinosaurs, ndipo sanasinthe konse kuyambira pamenepo, kupatula kuchepa kwa kukula. Izi ndi nyama zakale kwambiri zomwe zilipo masiku ano.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Shchiten
Gawo loti Notostraca limaphatikizapo banja limodzi la Triopsidae, ndipo pali mitundu iwiri yokha - Triops ndi Lepidurus. Pofika zaka za m'ma 1950, mitundu 70 ya kafadala inapezeka. Mitundu yambiri yamavuto ikufotokozedwa kutengera kusintha kwa ma morphological. Panali kuwunikanso kawiri kofunikira pamabanja - Linder mu 1952 ndi Longhurst mu 1955. Adakonzanso ma taxa ambiri ndikuzindikira mitundu 11 yokha pamitundu iwiri. Misonkhoyi yakhazikitsidwa kwazaka zambiri ndipo imawonedwa ngati chiphunzitso.
Kanema: Shchiten
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito ma molekyulu a phylogenetics awonetsa kuti mitundu khumi ndi imodzi yomwe ikudziwika pano ili ndi anthu ambiri obalalikana.
Shield nthawi zina amatchedwa "zotsalira zamoyo", chifukwa zotsalira zakale za m'munsi zidapezeka m'miyala ya Carboniferous nyengo, kwinakwake, zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo. Mtundu umodzi womwe ulipo, crustacean shield (T. cancriformis), sunasinthe kuyambira nthawi ya Jurassic (pafupifupi zaka 180 miliyoni zapitazo).
Pali zotsalira zakale zambiri zamatekinoloje. Kusakhala kwakusintha kwakuthupi komwe kwachitika m'banjamo pazaka 250 miliyoni zakukhalapo kwa nyamazi kukuwonetsa kuti ma dinosaurs awonanso zikopa za mawonekedwe awa. Kazachartra ndi gulu lomwe latha, lodziwika kuchokera ku zinthu zakale za Triassic ndi Jurassic zochokera ku Western China ndi Kazakhstan, ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi Shields ndipo atha kukhala a Notostraca.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Shiten amawoneka bwanji
Zikondazo ndizotalika masentimita 2-10, ndi carapace yayikulu mkatikati ndi mimba yayitali, yopyapyala. Izi zimapanga mawonekedwe ofanana ndi tadpole. Carapace ndiyofewa ngati dorso-ventrally, yosalala. Kutsogolo kumaphatikizapo mutu, ndi maso awiri amiyala omwe ali palimodzi pamutu. Tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono timachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo nthawi yachiwiri nthawi zina pamakhala palibe. Miphika yam'kamwa imakhala ndi tinyanga ta nthambi imodzi komanso yopanda nsagwada.
Mbali ya Ventral ya scutellum yowonetsa mpaka 70 ya miyendo. Thupi limakhala ndi "mphete zamthupi" zambiri zomwe zimawoneka ngati magawo amthupi, koma sizimawonetsa magawo ake oyambira nthawi zonse. Mphete khumi ndi chimodzi zoyambirira za thupi zimapanga nthitiyo ndikunyamula miyendo iwiri, iliyonse yomwe imakhalanso ndi maliseche. Mwa mkazi, amasintha, ndikupanga "thumba la ana". Mgulu woyamba kapena iwiri ya miyendo ndiyosiyana ndi inayo ndipo mwina imagwira ntchito ngati ziwalo zomveka.
Magawo ena onse amapanga m'mimba. Chiwerengero cha mphete zamthupi chimasiyanasiyana pakati pa mitundu komanso pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo kuchuluka kwa miyendo iwiri pamphete iliyonse kumatha kukhala sikisi. Miyendo imachepa pang'onopang'ono pamimba, ndipo m'magawo omaliza samapezeka. Mimba imathera mu telson ndi nthambi zazitali, zowonda, zophatikizana. Maonekedwe a telson amasiyanasiyana pakati pa magulu awiriwa: ku Lepidurus, kuyerekezera kozungulira kumafikira pakati pa ma caudal ramuses, pomwe ku Triops kulibe chiwonetsero chotere.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu ina imatha kutembenuka pinki ngati hemoglobin wambiri ali m'magazi awo.
Mtundu wa chishango nthawi zambiri umakhala wabulauni kapena wotuwa wachikasu. Kumbali yoyandikira pamimba, nyamayo ili ndi zowonjezera zazing'onoting'ono ngati tsitsi (pafupifupi 60), zomwe zimayenda mwanzeru ndikulola munthuyo kulozera chakudya pakamwa. Amuna ndi akazi amasiyana kukula komanso mawonekedwe aumboni. Amuna amakonda kukhala ndi carapace yayitali pang'ono ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomangirira poswana. Kuphatikiza apo, zazikazi zimakhala ndi thumba la mazira.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe chishango chikuwonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe crustacean iyi imapezeka.
Kodi Shield amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Common shiten
Shield imapezeka ku Africa, Australia, Asia, South America, Europe (kuphatikiza UK), ndi madera ena a North America komwe nyengo ili yoyenera. Mazira ena amakhalabe osakhudzidwa ndi gulu lapitalo ndipo amaswa pamene mvula imanyowetsa madera awo. Nyama iyi yasintha modekha kuti izipezeka kumayiko onse kupatula ku Antarctica. Amapezeka pazilumba zambiri za Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean.
Malo okhala chishango amapezeka:
- Mitundu ya Eurasia, mitundu iwiri imakhala kumeneko kulikonse: Lepidurus apus + Triops cancriformis (chikopa cha chilimwe);
- America, mitundu monga Triops longicaudatus, Triops newberryi, ndi zina zalembedwa;
- Australia, pali ma subspecies angapo omwe amapezeka paliponse, pansi pa dzina loti Triops australiensis;
- Africa, idakhala nyumba yamtundu - Triops numidicus;
- Mitundu ya Triops granarius yasankha South Africa, Japan, China, Russia, ndi Italy. Zishango zimapezeka padziko lonse lapansi m'madzi amchere, amchere, kapena amchere amchere, komanso m'madzi osaya, nkhalango, ndi moorlands. M'minda ya mpunga, Triops longicaudatus amaonedwa kuti ndi tizilombo chifukwa zimasungunuka matope, kuletsa kuwala kuti kusalowe mmera wa mpunga.
Kwenikweni, zishango zimapezeka pansi pamadzi ofunda (pafupifupi 15 - 31 ° C). Amakondanso kukhala m'madzi amchere kwambiri ndipo sangalekerere pH yochepera 6. Maiwe omwe amakhala ayenera kusungira madzi kwa mwezi umodzi osasintha kutentha kwakukulu. Masana, zishango zimapezeka pansi mosungiramo kapena makulidwe ake, kukumba ndi kutolera chakudya. Amakonda kudziika m'manda usiku.
Kodi chishango chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chishango cha Crustacean
Zishango ndizodziwika bwino, zimalamuliranso ngati nyama zowononga, zimadya nyama zonse zazing'ono kuposa iwo. Anthu amakonda amakonda nyama detritus m'malo mwazomera, koma amadya zonse ziwiri. Mphutsi za tizilombo, komanso zooplankton zosiyanasiyana, ndizomwe zimayambanso kudya. Amakonda mphutsi za udzudzu kuposa mphutsi zina.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Akasowa chakudya, mitundu ina ya ndevu imatha kudya ana kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zawo zachifuwa kusefa chakudya pakamwa. Mitundu ya thrips longicaudatus imachita bwino kwambiri kutafuna mizu ndi masamba azomera zophukira monga mpunga.
Kwenikweni, zikopa zimakhala pansi, zikufufuza pansi kufunafuna chakudya. Amagwira ntchito usana ndi usiku, koma kuti azisangalala ndi zipatso amafunikira kuyatsa. Izi zimachitika kuti zishangozo zili pamwamba pamadzi, zidatembenuzidwa mozondoka. Sizikudziwika bwinobwino zomwe zimakhudza khalidweli. Lingaliro loyambirira lakusowa kwa oxygen silinatsimikizidwe. Khalidwe lofananalo limawoneka mu shtitrai m'madzi odzaza ndi mpweya. Mwina, mwanjira imeneyi nyama ikufunafuna chakudya chokha, mabakiteriya omwe amapezeka pamwamba pake.
Mabakiteriya ena opatsirana amtundu wa Echinostome amagwiritsa ntchito T. longicaudatus ngati chamoyo. Kuphatikiza apo, zowonjezera zowonjezera zimaperekedwa chifukwa chakukumba kosalekeza kwa crustacean uyu m'chigawo cha dziwe ndikukweza matope. Shitney amadziwika kuti amachepetsa kwambiri kukula kwa udzudzu pakudya mphutsi zawo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Summer Shield
Zishango ndi mitundu yokhayokha; anthu awo amapezeka mosiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana amadzi. Izi ndichifukwa chakulosera kwamtsogolo komwe kumachitika akakhala m'magulu akulu. Tinyama tating'onoting'ono timeneti timagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu otchedwa phyllopods kuti ayendetse m'madzi. Amasuntha tsiku lonse ndipo amapezeka kuti akuyandama pamadzi.
Zigawenga zimakhala ndi ma exopop omwe amawalola kuti azikumba m'matope posaka chakudya. Amagwira ntchito kwambiri masana. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti shtitti imatha kutsitsa kagayidwe kachakudya chakudya chikasowa kapena ngati zovuta zina zachilengedwe sizili bwino. Amakhetsa mosalekeza, makamaka kutaya chipolopolo chawo chocheperako koyambirira kwa moyo wawo.
Amagwiritsa ntchito maso awo kuzindikira zakudya ndi omwe angakhale abwenzi lawo (ngati kubereka kumachitika pogonana). Kumbuyo kwa diso lakumbuyo, chiwalo cha occipital, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira chemoreception, ndiye kuti, pakuwona kukondoweza kwamankhwala mkati mwa thupi kapena chilengedwe.
Zishango zimakhala ndi nthawi yayifupi, kuthengo komanso ukapolo. Amakhala ndi moyo kuthengo masiku 40 mpaka 90, pokhapokha madzi akamauma posachedwa. Mu ukapolo, amatha kukhala moyo pafupifupi masiku 70 mpaka 90.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Pair ya chishango
M'magawo ochepa a Notostraca, ngakhale m'zinthu zamtundu, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamitundu yoswana. Anthu ena amaberekana, ena amadzipangira okhaokha akazi, ndipo enanso ndi ma hermaphrodites olumikiza amuna ndi akazi. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa amuna mwa anthu kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri.
Munthawi yogonana, umuna umachoka mthupi la mwamunayo kudzera ma pores osavuta, ndipo mboloyo palibe. Zotupazo zimatulutsidwa ndi mkazi kenako nkuzisungira m'thumba loboola ana. Ziphuphu zimasungidwa ndi mkazi kwa kanthawi kochepa asanagone, ndipo mphutsi zimakula molunjika popanda kusinthidwa.
Mkazi amasunga mazirawo m thumba la dzira kwa maola angapo pambuyo pa umuna. Ngati zinthu zili bwino, mkaziyo amaikira mazira oyera kapena ma cyst m'magawo osiyanasiyana omwe ali m dziwe. Ngati zinthu sizili bwino, mkazi amasintha mazira kuti akalowe mvula ndipo sangaswe mpaka zinthu zitayamba bwino. Mulimonsemo, gawo loyamba la mphutsi pambuyo poikapo ndi metanauplii (crustacean larval site).
Pakadali pano, ali ndi lalanje ndipo amakhala ndi miyendo itatu ndi diso limodzi. Patatha maola ochepa, amataya mawonekedwe awo ndipo telson ayamba kupanga plankton. Pakadutsa maola 15, mboziyo imachotsedwanso ndipo imayamba kufanana ndi chishango chachikulire.
Achinyamata amapitilizabe kusungunuka ndikukhwima m'masiku angapo otsatira. Pakatha masiku asanu ndi awiri, nkhandwe imatenga mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a wamkulu ndipo imatha kuikira mazira chifukwa yakula msinkhu.
Adani achilengedwe azishango
Chithunzi: Shiten amawoneka bwanji
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadyetsa mbalame zam'madzi. Mitundu yambiri ya mbalame imadya nyamakazi ndi akulu. Kuphatikiza apo, achule a m'nkhalango, ndi mitundu ina ya achule, nthawi zambiri amadyetsa zishiti. Nthawi zina chakudya chikasowa, anthuwa amatha kuyamba kudya anzawo.
Pochepetsa kuchepa kwa intraspecific, ma shtitnik amakonda kukhala osungulumwa, osawunikira kwambiri komanso osawonekera kuposa gulu lalikulu. Mitundu yawo yofiirira imagwiranso ntchito ngati kubisala, ndikuphatikizana ndi matope pansi pa dziwe lawo.
Zowopsa zazikulu zomwe zimasaka zowoneka bwino ndizo:
- mbalame;
- achule;
- nsomba.
Zishango zimawerengedwa kuti ndi ogwirizana ndi anthu kumenyana ndi West Nile Virus pomwe amadya mphutsi za udzudzu wa Culex. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zida zachilengedwe ku Japan pakudya namsongole m'minda ya mpunga. T. cancriformis ndiye amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazolinga izi. Ku Wyoming, kupezeka kwa T. longicaudatus nthawi zambiri kumawonetsa mwayi woti achule azingotengeka.
Shrimp ogulidwa nthawi zambiri amasungidwa m'madzi am'madzi ndipo amadyetsa zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi kaloti, ma pellets ndi zouma zouma. Nthawi zina amadyetsedwa shrimp kapena daphnia. Popeza amatha kudya pafupifupi chilichonse, amapatsidwanso nkhomaliro nthawi zonse, ophwanya, mbatata, ndi zina zambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Shchiten
Palibe chomwe chimawopseza anthu a shtitney. Ndiwo nzika zakale zapadziko lapansi lapansi ndipo pazaka zapitazi adazolowera kukhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Zinyama zotchinga zimayenda mtunda wautali kwambiri ndi nyama kapena mphepo, motero zimakulitsa malo ake ndikuletsa kuchuluka kwa anthu akutali.
Pakakhala zinthu zabwino, gawo lochepa chabe la anthu limayamba kukula, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wawo wopulumuka. Ngati achikulire otukuka afa osasiya ana, ma cysts otsalawo amatha kuyambiranso. Mitundu yowuma yamitundu ina yamphongo imagulitsidwa m'makiti oswana monga ziweto zam'madzi.
Mwa okonda cyst, otchuka kwambiri ndi awa:
- Mitundu yaku America - T. longicaudatus;
- European - T. cancriformis
- Waku Australia - T. australiensis.
Mitundu ina ya akapolo imaphatikizaponso T. newberryi ndi T. granarius. Mitundu yofiira (albino) ndiyofala pakati pa okonda ndipo akhala ngwazi zamakanema ambiri pa YouTube. Zishango ndizodzichepetsa. Chofunika kukumbukira ndikuti amafunikira mchenga wabwino ngati dothi, ndipo safunika kuyikidwa limodzi ndi nsomba, chifukwa amatha kudya nsomba zazing'ono, ndipo zazikulu zimadya.
Chishango - nyama zakale kwambiri, zomwe nthawi ya Triassic zidafika kutalika kwa mita ziwiri. M'madzi akulu, akhala gawo lofunikira la chakudya. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti atha kuvulaza mwachangu ndi nsomba zazing'ono, komanso ma crustaceans ena.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12.09.2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:13
