Khokhlach

Khokhlach (Cystophora cristata) - adatchedwa dzina kuchokera pakhungu lamatumba lomwe limapezeka pakamwa pa amuna. Mapangidwe awa nthawi zina amatchedwa bang (crest), kapu kapena thumba. Ndi khungu lokulira m'mphuno ndipo lili pamlingo woyang'ana. Popuma, makutu a thumba amapachikidwa pakamwa. Mwamuna wokwiya, kutsegula m'mphuno kumatsekedwa, ndipo kakhosi kamalandira mpweya kuchokera m'mapapu. Blister yofiira nthawi zina imawonekera kuchokera kumphuno imodzi. Amuna nthawi zina amadzitukumula modabwitsa chifukwa chongosangalala - "kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi".

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Khokhlach

Katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Germany a Johann Illiger anali woyamba kukhazikitsa pinnipeds ngati mtundu wina wa taxonomic. Mu 1811 adapatsa dzinali banja. Katswiri wazowona za nyama ku America Joel Allen adasanthula ma pinniped mu 1880 monograph History of the Pinnipeds of North America. Munali ma walrus, mikango yam'nyanja, zimbalangondo zam'madzi ndi zisindikizo. M'bukuli, adasanthula mbiriyakale yamazina, adapereka zidziwitso kwa mabanja ndi mibadwo, ndipo adalongosola mitundu yaku North America ndikufotokozanso mwachidule za mitundu ina kumayiko ena.

Kanema: Khokhlach

Pakadali pano, zakale sizinapezeke. Chimodzi mwazakale zakale zidapezeka zidapezeka ku Antwerp, Belgium ku 1876, komwe kudakalipo kuyambira nthawi ya Pliocene. Mu 1983, nkhani idasindikizidwa yonena kuti zakale zina zidapezeka ku North America, mwina zili ndi zotchinga. Mwa mafotokozedwe atatuwa, chodalirika kwambiri ndi tsamba la Maine. Mafupa ena amaphatikizapo scapula ndi humerus, omwe amakhulupirira kuti adachokera ku post-Pleistocene. Mwa zidutswa ziwiri zakale zomwe zidapezeka, imodzi idasankhidwa kuti ndi mtundu wina, ndipo inayo sinadziwikebe.

Zidindo za zidindo ndi ma walrus zidasiyanitsa pafupifupi zaka 28 miliyoni zapitazo. Otariidae adachokera ku North Pacific Ocean. Zakale zakale za Pithanotaria zomwe zidapezeka ku California zidayamba zaka 11 miliyoni zapitazo. Mtundu wa Callorhinus udayambiranso m'mbuyomu mu miliyoni 16. Mikango yam'nyanja, zisindikizo zam'madzi ndi mikango yakumwera idagawikiranso, pomwe mitundu yotsirizayi idalanda m'mbali mwa gombe la South America. Ambiri mwa Otariidae ena afalikira ku Southern Hemisphere. Zakale zakale za Odobenidae - Prototaria zidapezeka ku Japan, ndipo mtundu womwe udatha wa Proneotherium udapezeka ku Oregon - wazaka 18-16 miliyoni.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Kodi chophimba chimawoneka bwanji

Amuna okhazikika amakhala ndi ubweya wa imvi wabuluu wokhala ndi malo amdima, osagwirizana thupi lonse. Kutsogolo kwake kuli kwakuda ndipo utoto uwu umafikira mpaka m'maso. Miyendo ndi yocheperako polumikizana ndi thupi, koma ndi yamphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa zisindikizo izi kusambira komanso kusiyanasiyana. Amphaka okhala ndi ziwombankhanga amawonetsa kutengera mawonekedwe azakugonana. Amuna amatalika pang'ono kuposa akazi ndipo amafika 2.5 mita m'litali. Akazi amakhala pafupifupi 2.2 m. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndikulemera. Amuna amalemera mpaka 300 kg, ndipo akazi amalemera mpaka 160 kg. Chopadera kwa amuna ndi thumba lamphuno lotuluka lomwe lili kutsogolo kwa mutu.

Chosangalatsa: Kufikira zaka zinayi, amuna alibe chikwama. Ikapanda kutengeka, imapachikidwa kumtunda. Amuna amatulutsa septum yamphuno yofiira, yonga baluniyo mpaka itatuluka pamphuno limodzi. Amagwiritsa ntchito thumba la m'mphuno posonyeza chiwawa komanso kuti akope chidwi cha akazi.

Zisindikizo zokhala ndi zodindira zili ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi zisindikizo zina. Ali ndi mphuno zazikulu kwambiri m'banja. Chigaza ndi chachifupi chotseka pakamwa. Amakhalanso ndi thambo lomwe limatulukira kumbuyo kwambiri kuposa gawo lina lililonse. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mafupa amphuno limafikira kumapeto kwa chibwano chapamwamba. Njira ya incisor ndiyapadera, yokhala ndi ma incisors awiri apamwamba ndi amodzi otsika. Mano ndi ochepa ndipo mano ake ndi ochepa.

Pakubadwa, utoto wazisindikizo zazing'ono ndi siliva mbali yakuthambo, yopanda mawanga, ndi imvi yabuluu mbali yamkati, yomwe imalongosola dzina lawo lotchedwa "buluu". Ana amatalika masentimita 90 mpaka 105 pobadwa ndipo amakhala ndi makilogalamu 20. Pakhoza kukhala kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi azaka pafupifupi 1 chaka.

Kodi ziboda zotchinga zimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Chisindikizo chokhazikika

Zisindikizo zotsekedwa nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kuchokera ku 47 ° mpaka 80 ° kumpoto. Anakhazikika m'mbali mwa gombe lakum'mawa kwa North America. Maulendo awo amafikanso kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Europe, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Norway. Amayang'ana kwambiri pachilumba cha Bear ku Russia, Norway, Iceland ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Greenland. Nthawi zambiri, amapezeka pagombe la Siberia.

Mwanawankhosa wa Crested amapezeka ku North Atlantic Ocean, ndipo nthawi zina amakulitsa kumpoto mpaka ku North Ocean. Amaberekera pa ayezi wamapaketi ndipo amakhala nawo pafupifupi chaka chonse. Pali malo anayi oberekera: pafupi ndi Magdalena Isles ku St. Lawrence Bay, kumpoto kwa Newfoundland, m'dera lotchedwa Front, m'chigawo chapakati cha Davis Strait, komanso pa ayezi ku Greenland Sea pafupi ndi Jan Mayen Island.

Mayiko omwe chidindo chopezeka chimapezeka ndi awa:

• Canada;
• Greenland;
• Iceland;
• Norway;
• Bahamas;
• Bermuda;
• Denmark;
• France;
• Germany;
• Ireland;
• Portugal;
• Russia;
• England;
• United States of America.

Nthawi zina nyama zazing'ono zimawoneka kumwera mpaka ku Portugal ndi ku Canary Islands ku Europe komanso kumwera ku Caribbean ku Western Atlantic. Apezekanso kunja kwa dera la Atlantic, ku North Pacific komanso mpaka kumwera ku California. Ndiwochita bwino osiyanasiyana omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Zisindikizo zokhala ndi ndodo nthawi zambiri zimamira pansi mpaka kufika mamita 600, koma zimatha kufikira mamita 1000. Zisindikizo zikakhala pamtunda, zimapezeka m'malo okhala ndi ayezi wambiri.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa kumene nsomba hooded amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe chidindo ichi chimadya.

Amadya chovala ndani?

Chithunzi: Khokhlach ku Russia

Zisindikizo za Hohlayai zimadya nyama zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi, makamaka nsomba monga bass, herring, polar cod ndi flounder. Amadyetsanso octopus ndi shrimp. Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti m'nyengo yozizira komanso nthawi yophukira zisindikizo izi zimadya kwambiri nyamayi, ndipo nthawi yotentha amasinthira makamaka ku nsomba, makamaka polar cod. Choyamba, kukula kwachichepere kumayamba kudyetsa pafupi ndi gombe. Amadya makamaka squid ndi crustaceans. Kusaka bakha wokhala ndi nsalu sikovuta, chifukwa amatha kulowa pansi panyanja kwanthawi yayitali.

Arctic algae ndi phytoplankton zikayamba kuphulika, mphamvu zawo zimasinthidwa kukhala zidulo. Zakudyazi zimadyedwa ndi zitsamba ndipo zimakweza unyolo kuti udye nyama zowononga kwambiri monga chisindikizo. Mafuta amchere, omwe amayamba pansi pa unyolo wa chakudya, amasungidwa m'matumba a adipose ndipo amatenga nawo gawo pakulimbitsa kwa nyama.

Chakudya chachikulu cha anthu ovala zovala ndi awa:

• chakudya choyambirira: nyamakazi zam'madzi ndi ma molluscs;
• chakudya cha nyama zazikulu: nsomba, ma cephalopods, nkhanu zam'madzi.

Anthu ogonjera amatha kutulutsa mawu monga kubangula, komwe kumamveka pansi. Komabe, njira yofunika kwambiri yolumikizirana ndi yochokera m thumba la mphuno ndi septum. Amatha kupanga nyemba zosiyanasiyana pakati pa 500 mpaka 6 Hz, izi zimamveka pamtunda komanso m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri amawonedwa akusuntha matumba okhala ndi mpweya wokwanira komanso septa yammphuno mmwamba ndi pansi kuti apange mawu amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Njira yolankhuliranayi imakhala ngati chiwonetsero chazofuna kwa mkazi, komanso ngati chiwopsezo kwa mdani.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Khokhlach

Amphaka okhala ndi ziweto zambiri ndi nyama zokhazokha, kupatula pomwe zimaswana kapena kusungunuka. Munthawi ziwirizi, amasonkhana pamodzi chaka chilichonse. Kupita kwinakwake mu Julayi. Kenako amaikidwa m'malo osiyana siyana. Zambiri zomwe zimadziwika za iwo zidaphunziridwa munthawi ya zochitika zawo. Chikwama champhuno chotupa nthawi zambiri chimakwera amuna akamachita mantha kapena akufuna kukopa chidwi cha akazi. Ma dive okhazikika nthawi zambiri amakhala mphindi 30, koma ma dive ataliatali akuti.

Chosangalatsa: Chisindikizo sichikuwonetsa zizindikilo za hypothermia mukamayenda. Izi ndichifukwa choti kunjenjemera kumatha kubweretsa kuchuluka kwa kufunika kwa mpweya ndipo chifukwa chake, kumachepetsa nthawi yomwe munthu wokhazikika amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi. Pamtunda, zisindikizo zimanjenjemera chifukwa cha kuzizira, koma zimachedwetsa kapena kuima kotheratu pambuyo pomiza m'madzi.

Anthu okhala ndi zovala amakhala okha ndipo samapikisana nawo kudera kapena olamulira anzawo. Zisindikizozi zimasunthika ndikutsatira kayendedwe kena chaka chilichonse kuti ziziyandikira kwambiri madzi oundana. M'chaka, anthu ovala nsalu atakhazikika m'malo atatu: St. Lawrence, Davis Strait ndi gombe lakumadzulo kwa America, lokutidwa ndi ayezi.

M'nyengo yotentha, amasamukira m'malo awiri, kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Greenland. Atasungunuka, zisindikizo zimabalalika ndikupanga maulendo ataliatali kumpoto ndi kumwera ku North Atlantic nthawi yakugwa ndi yozizira isanakumanenso mchaka.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Ana atavala zovala

Kwa kanthawi kochepa, pamene mayi akubala ndi kusamalira mwana wake wamwamuna, amuna angapo amakhala pafupi kuti apeze ufulu wokwatirana. Munthawi imeneyi, amuna ambiri amawopsezana wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito thumba lawo lamphuno lotupa, komanso mpaka kukankhana kunja kwa malo oswanirana. Amuna nthawi zambiri samateteza madera awo, amangoteteza malo omwe pali mkazi yemwe atengeke. Amuna okwatirana opambana ndi akazi m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri kukondana kumachitika mu Epulo ndi Juni.

Amayi amafika msinkhu wazaka zapakati pa 2 mpaka 9, ndipo akuti azimayi ambiri amabala ana awo oyamba azaka pafupifupi zisanu. Amuna amakula msinkhu pambuyo pake, pafupifupi zaka 4-6, koma nthawi zambiri amayamba zibwenzi pambuyo pake. Zazikazi zimabereka mwana wa ng'ombe aliyense kuyambira mu Marichi mpaka Epulo. Nthawi yobereka ndi masiku 240 mpaka 250. Pakubadwa, ana obadwa kumene amatha kuyenda ndikusambira mosavuta. Amakhala odziimira pawokha ndikudziponyera iwowo atangosiya kuyamwa.

Chosangalatsa: Pakukula, mwana wosabadwa - mosiyana ndi zisindikizo zina - amathira tsitsi labwino, lofewa, lomwe limalowedwa m'malo ndi ubweya wokulirapo mchiberekero chachikazi.

Bakha wokhala ndi zovundikira amakhala ndi nthawi yayifupi kwambiri yodyetsa nyama iliyonse, kuyambira masiku 5 mpaka 12. Mkaka wachikazi uli ndi mafuta ambiri, omwe amapanga 60 mpaka 70% yamafuta ake ndipo amalola mwanayo kuti awonjezere kukula kwake munthawi yochepa yakudyayi. Ndipo amayi panthawiyi amataya makilogalamu 7 mpaka 10 tsiku lililonse. Zazikazi zimapitilizabe kuteteza ana awo munthawi yochepa yosiya kuyamwa. Amamenyana ndi ziweto zomwe zimatha kudya, kuphatikizapo zisindikizo zina ndi anthu. Amuna samachita nawo polera ana.

Adani achilengedwe a anthu ovala zovala

Chithunzi: Khokhlach m'chilengedwe

Posachedwa, anthu ndi omwe adadya nyama yosindikiza. Nyamazi zakhala zikusakidwa kwa zaka 150 popanda malamulo okhwima. Pakati pa 1820 ndi 1860, zisindikizo zopitilira 500,000 ndi zisindikizo zoimbira zeze zimagwidwa chaka chilichonse. Poyamba, ankasakidwa mafuta ndi zikopa zawo. Pambuyo pa 1940s, zisindikizo zidasakidwa chifukwa cha ubweya wawo, ndipo imodzi mwazinthu zamtengo wapatali kwambiri inali chisindikizo chokhomedwa, chomwe chinkatengedwa ngati chamtengo wapatali kanayi kuposa zisindikizo zina. Gawo losakira lidayambitsidwa mu 1971 ndipo lidakhazikitsidwa anthu 30,000.

Zilombo zakutchire zanyama zomwe zadya nyama monga sharki, zimbalangondo zakumtunda, ndi anamgumi opha. Zimbalangondo zakumtunda zimadya makamaka zisindikizo za zeze ndi ndevu, koma zimayambanso kusaka zisindikizo zokhala ndi ziboliboli zikaswana pa ayezi ndikukhala zinthu zowoneka bwino komanso zosavutikira.

Nyama zomwe zimasaka munthu wobisala ndi monga:

• zimbalangondo zakumtunda (Ursus maritimus);
• Nsomba za ku Greenland (S. microcephalus);
• Mbalame zakupha (Orcinus orca).

Louse wokhazikika nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nyongolotsi za parasitic monga Heartworms, Dipetalonema spirocauda. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timachepetsa moyo wa nyama. Amphaka okhala ndi ziwombankhanga ndiwo nyama zowononga zambiri monga polar cod, squid ndi mitundu ingapo yama crustaceans. Atenga gawo lofunikira pantchito zokomera nzika za Greenland ndi Canada, omwe amasaka zisindikizo izi kuti apeze chakudya. Anaperekanso zinthu zamtengo wapatali kuphatikizapo zikopa, mafuta ndi ubweya. Komabe, kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zinthuzi kudakhudza anthu omwe anali ndi zovala.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Momwe munthu womangira zovala zowonekera bwino amawonekera

Anthu ovala nsalu atsekedwa ambiri kuyambira zaka za zana la 18. Kutchuka kwa zikopa zawo, makamaka zikopa za buluu, zomwe ndi zikopa za zisindikizo za ana, kwadzetsa kuchepa kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, panali mantha kuti anthu ovala zodzikongoletserawo akhoza kukhala pangozi yakutha.

Malamulo adakhazikitsidwa mu 1958, kenako ma quotas mu 1971. Zomwe zachitika posachedwa zikuphatikiza mapangano ndi mgwirizano, kuletsa kusaka m'malo monga Gulf of St. Lawrence, ndikuletsa kugula zinthu zakunja. Ngakhale izi zachitika, kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo kukupitilira kuchepa pazifukwa zosadziwika, ngakhale kutsikako kwachepa pang'ono.

Chosangalatsa: Zimaganiziridwa kuti anthu onse adzatsika ndi 3.7% pachaka, kuchepetsedwa kwa mibadwo itatu kudzakhala 75%. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwakuchepa kwake kungangokhala 1% pachaka, kutsika kwa mibadwo itatu kungakhale 32%, zomwe zimayenerera zotsekedwa ndi zotchingira ngati nyama zomwe zili pachiwopsezo.

Ngakhale kulibe kuyerekezera kwenikweni kwa zisindikizo, anthu amawerengedwa kuti ndiochulukirapo, alipo anthu zikwi mazana angapo. Zisindikizo pagombe lakumadzulo zafufuzidwa kanayi pazaka 15 zapitazi ndipo zikuchepa pamlingo wa 3.7% pachaka.

Chiwerengero cha anthu m'madzi aku Canada chidakwera mzaka za 1980 ndi 1990, koma kuchuluka kwakuchulukirachepetsa pakapita nthawi, ndipo ndizosatheka kudziwa zomwe zikuchitika pano popanda kafukufuku wowonjezera. Momwe madzi oundana am'madzi amasinthira, kuchepetsa malo okhala ndi ayezi ofunikira kuti anthu onse okhala ndi zovundikira azitolera ndikuwuluka, pali zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira kuti ziwerengero mzigawo zonse zitha kutsika kwambiri.

Kuteteza anthu ovala zovala

Chithunzi: Khokhlach wochokera ku Red Book

Njira zingapo zotetezera, mapulani oyang'anira mayiko, kuchuluka kwa mayikidwe, mapangano ndi mapangano apangidwa kuti azisunga zokhoma kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1870. Malo okonzera kusindikiza ndi kuswana amatetezedwa kuyambira 1961. Hohlach akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book ngati mtundu wosatetezeka. Ma Quotas olanda nyama ku Jan Mayen akhala akugwira kuyambira 1971. Kusaka kudaletsedwa ku Gulf of St. Lawrence mu 1972, ndipo magawo adakhazikitsidwa kwa anthu otsala ku Canada, kuyambira 1974.

Kuletsedwa kwa zinthu zogulitsa kunja kwa 1985 kudapangitsa kuchepa kwa zisindikizo zokhala ndi zotchingira chifukwa chakuchepa kwa msika woyamba waubweya. Kusaka ku Greenland sikuchepera ndipo kumatha kukhala pamilingo yomwe siyokhazikika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kuswana. Katundu wakumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Atlantic watsika ndi pafupifupi 90% ndipo kutsikaku kukupitilizabe. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Atlantic nzachikale, chifukwa chake gawoli silikudziwika.

Zifukwa zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa amphaka okhala ndi zofiirira ndi awa:

• kuboola mafuta ndi gasi.
• njira zoyenda (zoyendera ndi makonde ogwirira ntchito).
• kulanda nyama ndikuchepetsa zakudya.
• malo osunthira ndikusintha.
• mitundu / matenda owopsa.

Khokhlach - yekhayo mwa mtundu wa Cystophora. Kuchuluka kwake kuyenera kuwerengedwanso data yatsopano ikangopezeka.Kutengera kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuchuluka kwa malo, malo okhala, kusiyanasiyana kwa zakudya, kusamuka, kulondola kwa malo okhala, kuzindikira kusintha kwa madzi oundana am'madzi, kuzindikira kusintha kwa masamba azakudya, komanso kuchuluka kwakukula kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, tambala wokhala ndi zovundikira amatumizidwa ku mitundu itatu yoyambirira yam'madzi aku Arctic. zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/24/2019

Idasinthidwa: 21.08.2019 pa 23:44