Chikumbu chapansi Kodi kachilomboka kamene kali ndi msana wamitundu yambiri kamakhala pafupifupi kulikonse. Palinso mayina ena: zophulika, zodumpha, kafadala wam'munda. Zina mwa izo ndizothandiza kuzomera zolimidwa, ndipo zina ndizovulaza zokha. Kodi kafadala ndi ndani tsopano tayesa kudziwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chikumbu chakumtunda
Zinyama zazing'ono (Carabidae) ndi banja la kafadala, tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, monga arthropods, of the beetles. Dzina la kafadala limachokera ku mawu oti "buzz". Akatswiri a tizilombo amadziŵa mitundu pafupifupi 40,000 ya kachilomboka, ndipo mitundu yosachepera 3,000 imapezeka ku Russia kokha. Onsewa ndi amtundu umodzi, koma nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi kusiyana pakati pawo: kukula, mtundu, komanso mawonekedwe.
Kanema: Chikumbu chapansi
Zinyama zapansi, monga lamulo, zimakhala zakuda, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi chitsulo chowala chobiriwira, buluu ndi golide. Nthawi zina mumatha kupeza mithunzi yofiira komanso yofiira. Mukayang'anitsitsa pachitsulo chachitsulo, mutha kuwona mikwingwirima yambiri yoonda kwambiri. Kutalika kwakuthupi kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kachilomboka kumasiyana pa 1 mpaka 10 cm.
Mitundu yosangalatsa kwambiri ya kafadala:
- nthaka kachilomboka ku Caucasus. Amakhala makamaka kumpoto kwa Caucasus, koma amapezeka ku Krasnodar Territory. Chikumbu cha ku Caucasus chili ndi mtundu wowala wabuluu, nthawi zina wofiirira kapena wobiriwira. Chiwerengero cha mitunduyi chikuchepa mwachangu, ndichifukwa chake adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia;
- Ground kachilomboka Crimea. Mitunduyi imapezeka kokha m'dera la Crimea Peninsula ndipo imagwira ntchito makamaka usiku. Chikumbu chimakhala chachikulu - kutalika kwa thupi lake kumafika 6 cm.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kumbuyo kwa thupi, kachilomboka kamene kali ndi timadzi tokhala ndi madzi owopsa, koma osati owopsa, mothandizidwa ndi omwe "amaponyera" adani ake pamtunda wa mamita awiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe kachilomboka kamaonekera
Mutu wa mitundu yonse ya kachilomboka kamakhala kakang'ono ndipo nthawi zambiri amatsogolera kutsogolo. Pamwamba pake pali mtundu wa zala zamkamwa zokhala ndi nsagwada zolimba komanso zowongoka. Mawonekedwe a nsagwada akhoza kukhala osiyana ndipo zimadalira zomwe amakonda mtundu winawake.
Mwachitsanzo, nyama zolusa zimadziwika ndi zida zazitali zooneka ngati chikwakwa, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zimagwira ndikugwira nyama yawo mwamphamvu. Kumbu la ndiwo zamasamba limadziwika ndi nsagwada zazikulu komanso zopindika, zomwe ndizoyenera kugaya ulusi wazomera.
Kukula kwa maso a kachilomboka kamadalira momwe amakhalira: pakubowola ndi mitundu yamphanga ndizochepa kwambiri, sizimawoneka, mumtundu wausiku ndizokulirapo, mumtundu wa crepuscular ndi masana maso amakhala akulu. Ntchentche za kachilomboka nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa, zomwe zimakhala ndimagawo khumi ndi anayi.
Maonekedwe a thupi ambiri ndi owulungika, otambasuka pang'ono, komabe, palinso mitundu ina yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe osiyana:
- kuzungulira, biconvex;
- wamasamba;
- convex ndi constriction ndi mutu waukulu, ofanana ndi nyerere;
- yozungulira, yammbali imodzi yokhotakhota;
- woboola tsinde.
Zinyama zapansi, monga tizilombo tonse, tili ndi miyendo 6, yopangidwa ndi magawo asanu. Maonekedwe, mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe awo zimadalira momwe mayendedwe akuyendera. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu yobowola imadziwika ndi miyendo yayifupi komanso yayitali yokhala ndi mano akuthwa, pomwe ina yonse ndi yayitali komanso yopyapyala. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa tibia ya paw iliyonse pali mphako yapadera yomwe kafadala amayeretsa tinyanga tawo.
Mapiko a kachilomboka amatha kukhala osiyana ngakhale mwa oimira mitundu yomweyo: yayifupi kapena yayitali, yopangidwa bwino kapena ayi. Elytra ya nyongolotsi ndi yolimba, imatha kukhala yofananira kapena yokutidwa ndi ma grooves kapena ma bulges amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwa mitundu yopanda mapiko, elytra imakula limodzi ndikuimira gawo limodzi.
Kugonana kwamankhwala ogona pansi kumafotokozedwa momveka bwino. Mwachitsanzo, akazi nthawi zonse amakhala akulu kuposa amuna. Mwa amuna, zotsogola ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono timakulitsanso komanso kutuluka. Mtundu wa kachilomboka ukhoza kukhala wosiyana, koma ndi matani akuda kwambiri, komanso utoto wachitsulo komanso wowoneka bwino. Mitundu ya zikumbu zomwe zimakhala pazomera komanso pafupi ndi matupi amadzi nthawi zambiri zimawala: zamtambo, zobiriwira, zofiirira.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe kachilomboka kamaonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe kachikumbu kameneka kamakhala.
Kodi kachilomboka kamakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha ku Russia
Nankafumbwe ndi tizilombo tomwe timafalitsidwa pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi, kupatula ku Antarctica. Amapezeka ku Europe ndi Asia, Africa, Australia, North ndi South America, komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana nyengo. Pali mitundu ya zamoyo zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi moyo m'malo otentha kwambiri komanso mitundu yomwe imatha kupirira chilala.
Popeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kachilomboka ndi yayikulu kwambiri, imatha kupezeka kumadera otentha ndi otentha, m'malo otentha, ku taiga ndi tundra. Malo awo amakhalanso osiyana kwambiri: dera lamapiri ndi nkhalango, mapiri ndi zipululu, nkhalango zam'mapiri ndi zipululu, nkhalango zotentha komanso mapiri.
Kwa moyo wawo wonse, nyongolotsi zapansi, monga lamulo, sankhani:
- zigawo zakumtunda (m'minda, madambo ndi malo am'munda);
- khungwa la mitengo yakale ndi masamba omwe agwa (m'nkhalango ndi m'mapaki);
- ming'alu, mapanga ndi ming'alu (m'mapiri).
Mwa mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka, akatswiri a entomomics amasiyanitsanso mitundu yambiri yamasana ndi usiku, koma osungika pang'ono. Chofunika chake chagona poti chikhazikitso chodziwika bwino cha zochitika za kafadala si kupezeka kapena kupezeka kwa dzuwa nthawi ina, koma kumawonjezera chinyezi chamlengalenga. Zowonadi, nthawi yachaka, chinyezi chimawonjezeka, mitundu yamadzulo imakhala yogwira masana.
Kodi kachilomboka amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Crimean ground beetle
Monga mukudziwa, kachilomboka kamakhala m'minda, m'nkhalango, m'mapaki, m'malo mwaiwe, m'minda, mwonse, momwe mumakhala nyama zing'onozing'ono zambiri zomwe zimathamanga, kukwawa kapena kuwuluka. Zakudya zomwe amakonda kafadala wapansi: nkhono, slugs, mphutsi za tizilombo tina, mbozi, nsabwe za m'masamba.
Chifukwa cha "menyu" iyi, nyongolotsi zakutchire zimalemekezedwa kwambiri ndi wamaluwa, chifukwa amathandizira kwambiri polimbana ndi tizirombo. Mfundo yosaka mu kachilomboka pansi ndi yosavuta. Chikumbu chikawona nyama yake ndipo chatsala pang'ono kuchilwisa, timadziti tina tofa nato tomwe timatuluka timatuluka m'mafupa ake a nsagwada. Chikumbu chimapopera nyama yake ndi madzi awa, chimadikirira kwa mphindi zochepa ndikuyamba kudya.
Madzi awa amakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa komanso kupeputsa wovutikayo, ndikusandutsa gruel theka-madzi. Chikumbu chimayamwa guleyu ndikubwerera kubisalako masiku angapo - kugaya chakudya ndi kupumula. Patatha masiku angapo, kachilomboka kanatuluka m'nyumbamo ndikuyambanso kusaka.
Pakati pa kafadala pali mitundu yodya nyama, mitundu yokhala ndi zakudya zosakanikirana, komanso osadya nyama. Pakati pazomalizazi, zowopsa pazomera ndi m'modzi mwa omwe amayimira mtundu wa Zabrus - kafadala. Amadyetsa makamaka mbewu zazing'ono zosakhwima: rye, tirigu, balere, oats, chimanga, zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto osayerekezereka kuulimi.
Mphutsi za kachilomboka zimadyetsa pafupifupi mofanana ndi achikulire, kupatula mitundu yochepa chabe. Mu mphutsi, chiwonongeko pa mphutsi za tizilombo tina chimakhalanso chofala.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: kachilomboka
Mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka imakhala ndi moyo wapadziko lapansi, posankha masamba owola omwe awola kapena udzu wouma chaka chatha. Komabe, palinso kachilomboka komwe kamakhala pazomera, nthaka kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Nthawi zambiri, kafadala amakonza pobisalira pakati pa masamba omwe agwa, pansi pamiyala, kumizu ya mitengo, muudzu. Mitundu ina yamtunduwu imakhala panthambi zamitengo mpaka kutalika mpaka mita zitatu. Zomwe zimakhala m'malo awo ndi kutentha, kutentha kwambiri, ndi mthunzi.
Malinga ndi zomwe apeza posachedwapa asayansi, zikumbu zimayesedwa ngati tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kusaka osati tizilombo kokha, komanso nyama zazikulu, mwachitsanzo, abuluzi ang'onoang'ono.
Nankafumbwe nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku, ngakhale pali mitundu ya masana yokha. Madzulo, mamembala onse am'banja laling'ono amapita kukasaka, ndipo m'mawa kwambiri, ngakhale kusanache, aliyense amabisala mumithunzi.
Ndi kuyamba kwa nthawi yophukira, pakati pakanjira, apa ndi pakati pa Okutobala, pomwe kutentha kwapakati pa tsiku kumakhala kotsika kale, zikumbu zimalowa pansi mpaka theka la mita ndikubisalira. Pafupifupi pakati pa mwezi wa Marichi kapena pambuyo pake, kutengera nyengo, nyongolotsi zimatulukira kumtunda ndikupitilizabe moyo wawo.
Kutalika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kachilomboka kumasiyana, komanso kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, pali tizilomboti tomwe timakhala chaka chimodzi chokha ndipo timabereka ana amodzi m'moyo wawo wawufupi. Palinso mitundu yomwe imakhala zaka 2-5 kapena kupitilira apo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Garden ground kachilomboka
Kuberekana pansi kafadala kumayambira miyezi 9-12.
Akatswiri odwala tizilombo amasiyanitsa mitundu yotsatirayi ya kachilomboka ka pachaka:
- nyengo yodzikongoletsera imachitika mchaka (kukula kwa mphutsi kumachitika mchilimwe, ndipo tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timabisala nthawi yachisanu);
- nyengo yokhwima imapezeka nthawi yachilimwe kapena nthawi yophukira (mphutsi zimabisala, kulibe kutentha kwa chilimwe);
- nyengo yokwanira imachitika nthawi yachilimwe kapena nthawi yophukira (mphutsi zimabisala, pali nyengo yotentha);
- nyengo yosinthira mosiyanasiyana (kubereka kumatha kukhala nthawi iliyonse ya chaka, zonse za mphutsi ndi zikumbu zazikulu kupitirira nthawi);
- nyengo yokwatirana ndi chitukuko zimatenga nthawi yopitilira chaka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu ina ya kachilomboka kamene kamakhala kumtunda ndi kotentha kumaberekana kawiri pachaka.
Zinyama zapansi ndi tizilombo tosintha kwathunthu, ndiye kuti, pakukula kwawo, amadutsa magawo anayi: dzira, mphutsi, pupa, imago. Pakatikati panjira, nyengo yokhwima ya kachilomboka kamayamba kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi. Ikakwerana, yaikazi imapanga clutch pakuya masentimita 3-5. Clutch imodzi imatha kukhala ndi mazira 20-80. Malo omanga nyumba ayenera kukhala amdima, ofunda komanso achinyezi. Nthaka iyenera kukhala yolemera mu humus.
Mwa mitundu ya kafadala, yomwe imadziwika ndi kusamalira ana, mazira ophatikizira amakhala ochepa ndipo ndi akulu, mwa mitundu ina mazirawo amakhala ochepa, koma alipo ochulukirapo. Maonekedwe ake, mazira amatha kukhala oval ovalika kapena silinda yozungulira kumapeto kwake ndi chipolopolo chofewa chachikasu kapena choyera, kudzera momwe mphutsi imatha kuwonekera kumapeto kwa makulitsidwe.
Mu mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka, kusamalira ana kumaphatikizapo kusankha malo abwino kwambiri oikira mazira, koma pali mitundu yomwe imatenga mitundu yovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Pterostichini pansi kachilomboka, mkazi amateteza zowalamulira mpaka mphutsi zaswa, kuzitchinjiriza kuzipinda za kachilomboka kena komanso kumatenda a nkhungu.
Ku Madagascar pansi kafadala Scartini, mkazi amateteza mazira nthawi yonseyi, kenako amakhala ndi mphutsi kwakanthawi, ndikuwadyetsa mbozi ndi mavenda. Ku Harpalini ground kafadala, wamkazi amayala chipinda chogona ndi mbeu ina yazomera, yomwe imadyedwa ndi mphutsi zoswedwa.
Mphutsi zapansi zimakhala ndi thupi lokhalitsa (mpaka masentimita awiri m'litali) lokhala ndi mutu waukulu, pakamwa lalikulu, pamimba pakati, ndi miyendo yayifupi. Nthawi zambiri amadyera chimodzimodzi ndi kafadala wamkulu. Pakukula, mphutsi zimasungunuka katatu. Pupae wa kachilomboka pansi ndi wamaliseche, wopanda chipolopolo, mofanana kwambiri ndi achikulire. Amagona pakupsinjika komwe kumapangidwa m'nthaka; mitundu ina ya ana amakhala ngati chimfine. Gawo la ana nthawi zambiri limatenga masiku 7-12.
Natural adani a nthaka kafadala
Chithunzi: Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Zimadziwika kuti kachilomboka kamadyetsa tizirombo tambiri ta minda ndi minda yamasamba, ndi mphutsi zawo, zomwe zimawalepheretsa kuti zichulukane mwachangu ndipo potero zimabweretsa phindu lalikulu. Chifukwa chake ngati pali zinyama m'munda, simuyenera kuziwononga, chifukwa maubwino ake ndiopindulitsa. Zinayerekezeredwa kuti, pafupifupi, kachilomboka kamodzi pansi pa nyengo amatha kuwononga mbozi, ziboliboli ndi mphutsi 150-300. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka ndimadongosolo a nkhalango, minda, minda ndi minda yamasamba.
Ngakhale kuti mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka ndi tizilombo tomwe timadya, kachilomboka, mazira awo ndi mphutsi sizitsutsa kudya mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo, mwachitsanzo, nyerere, komanso mitundu yambiri ya mbalame zazing'ono ndi zazikulu. Komanso, mphalapala ndi mbira zimakonda kudya zikumbu, ndipo m'nkhalamo ngakhale nyama zikuluzikulu monga zimbalangondo komanso nkhumba zamtchire sizinyansidwa ndi kafadala.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nyerere zimakonda kukwera muzisumbu za kachilomboka ndikutenga mazira awo, kaya amoyo kapena mphutsi, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina sizidandaula kukoka kachilomboka kakang'ono kakufa mchiswe. Nyerere sizimakhudza kafadala wamoyo, chifukwa iwonso amatha kudya. Kupatula apo, nyongolotsi zapansi zimapopera nyama zawo ndi madzi, zomwe zimawasandutsa amoyo kukhala gruel.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe kachilomboka kamaonekera
Nankafumbwe ndi banja lalikulu kwambiri la tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, komwe, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana kwa akatswiri a tizilombo, muli mitundu 25-50,000. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi tizilombo tomwe timadya, timeneti timathandiza kwambiri kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisafalikire.
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa kachilomboka pansi, pali mitundu yambiri yomwe manambala akuchepa:
- kachilomboka Shagreenevaya (komwe kumapezeka ku Europe konse komanso ku Europe gawo la Russia; kafadala amalembedwa mu Red Book of the Smolensk Region, Chuvash Republic, Lithuania, Belarus);
- nthaka kachilomboka ku Caucasus (amakhala kumpoto kwa Caucasus, komanso ku Krasnodar Territory, adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, Georgia);
- Crimean ya nthaka (yomwe imapezeka kokha ku Peninsula ya Crimea; chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino, ndiyotchuka kwambiri pakati pa osonkhanitsa, ndichifukwa chake nambala yake ikuchepa, imalembedwa mu Red Book of Ukraine);
- kachilomboka kakununkhira (kamakhala m'nkhalango m'maiko ambiri aku Europe, ku Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, m'maiko ena aku Central Asia; tizilombo tinalembedwa mu Red Book of Europe ndi Red Book of Russia);
- nthaka kachilomboka Lopatin-Yankovsky (wopezeka ku Europe gawo la Russia; zolembedwa mu Red Book of Russia ngati mtundu wosowa kwambiri).
Kuteteza kachilomboka
Chithunzi: Chikumbu chapansi kuchokera ku Red Book
Chiwerengero cha mitundu yosawerengeka ya kafadala wapansi nthawi zonse ikuchepa m'malo awo onse.
Izi zimathandizidwa ndi izi:
- kudula mitengo;
- kukulitsa malo azisangalalo;
- Kufooka kwa kachilomboka kuti kasamuke;
- chithandizo chambiri cha nkhalango ndi nthaka yaulimi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi fungicides;
- Pofuna kusungira mitundu yosawerengeka ya kachilomboka ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwawo, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa lamulo lokhazikika lakusonkhanitsa tizilombo, kumangidwanso kwamapaki a nkhalango m'malo awo, komanso kuyambitsa kuswana kwambiri mu ukapolo.
Kuphatikiza apo, zomalizazi zakhala zikuchitidwa kale kuthana ndi tizirombo ta mbewu zaulimi. Pachifukwa ichi, zili ndi zotengera zapadera - zitsime (zamadzi) ndi dothi komanso mulifupi wa moss kapena masamba owola. Mitundu ingapo ya kachilomboka, madzi ndi chakudya chawo mwachizolowezi zimayikidwa pamenepo. Zinyama zazing'ono zimakhala pamenepo, zimakwirirana komanso kuikira mazira bwinobwino.
Pambuyo powaswa, mphutsi zimachotsedwa ndikuikidwa padera. Mphutsi nthawi zambiri zimadyetsedwa ndi nkhono, mbozi, slugs, ma earthworms. Kwa nyengo yozizira, khola lokhala ndi mphutsi limayikidwa mchipinda chapansi kapena firiji.
M'chaka, pamene mphutsi pupate, zotengera nawo zimasamutsidwa kupita kuchipinda chotentha. Pambuyo pa milungu ingapo ya masiku, mbozi zazikulu zimatuluka m'nthaka, kenako zimatulutsidwa kumadera okhala ndi tizirombo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kachilomboka pansi sikofala, chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kubzala kafadala akagwidwa.
Ambiri wamaluwa ndi wamaluwa, pakuwona tizilombo monga kachilomboka patsamba lawo, samaganiza ngakhale pang'ono kapena okayikira kuti tizilombo titha kukhala tothandiza kwambiri.Chifukwa chake, akadzawawona, nthawi yomweyo amayesa kuwawononga. Pali mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka, ndipo pakati pawo pali mtundu umodzi wokha womwe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - kachilomboka (humpbacked peun).
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/22/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 21.08.2019 pa 21:43
